- •2. How may the verbs be subdivided into in accordance with their lexical meaning?
- •3. What do dynamic and stative verbs denote? What are terminative and non-terminative verbs? What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
- •4. What grammatical categories do the finite forms of the verb have? What are they? What are synthetic and analytical forms?
- •5. What factors govern the choice between aspect forms?
- •6. When is it obligatory or possible to use present tense forms to express future or past events?
- •7. Different ways of expressing future time.
- •8. What does the grammatical category of voice indicated? How many voices are there in English and what are they?
- •9. How is the Passive Voice formed in English? What are the main types of translation of the Passive Voice into Russian?
- •10. What types of Passive constructions are there in English?
- •11. What are the main restrictions to the use of passive constructions?
- •13. What is the difference in the indication of a posterior event by a common form or a continuous form?
- •14. When is a perfect form not used?
- •15. What is the “stative passive”? Give examples.
- •16. What is the difference in presentation of the event by the constructions “used to do” and “would do”?
- •17. The difference between “gone (to)” and “been (to)”?
- •18. Troublesome verbs.
- •19. What is a “Sequence of Tenses”?
- •20. Direct and indirect speech.
- •21. What nouns are called countable and uncountable?
- •22. What groups of concrete nouns do you know?
- •23. What groups of uncountable nouns do you know?
- •24. How do countable nouns form their plural form?
- •25. Irregular plural nouns.
- •26. What nouns can be countable or uncountable depending upon their meaning in the context?
- •27. What cases does the English noun have? Do these cases have endings?
- •28. What is the genitive case? How is it formed?
- •29. What nouns can be used in the genitive case?
- •30. What are “participle adjectives”?
- •31. What adjectives have degrees of comparison and how are they formed?
- •32. In what cases do adjectives follow nouns they refer to?
- •33. What adjectives are always used attributively?
- •34. What adjectives are always used predicatively?
- •35. What do adjectives denote?
- •37. What is the order of the prepositive adjectives?
- •38. Comparative construction.
- •39. Substantivized adjectives.
- •40. Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adjectives.
- •41. Adjectives after verbs.
- •42. What Morphological Characteristics do adverbs have?
- •43. What groups of adverbs do you know?
- •44. What is the position of adverbs in the sentence?
- •45. What adverbs form degrees of comparison synthetically?
- •46. What adverbs form degrees of comparison analytically?
- •Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •47. Word order – adverbs with a verb.
- •48. Semantic groups of pronouns.
- •49. Number and case forms of pronouns.
- •50. Forms of “other”.
- •51. Expressions of quantity.
- •52. What pronouns have a conjoint form and an absolute form?
- •53. What pronouns are used to form emphatic constructions?
- •54. What pronouns are used to specify objects from the point of view of their number or quantity?
- •55. What pronouns would you use to make a statement of a general character?
- •56. What may prepositions indicate?
- •57. How can prepositions be subdivided in accordance with their meaning?
- •58. How can prepositions be classified in accordance with their structure?
- •63. “For, during and while” – grammatical difference.
- •64. Does a noun always co-occur with an article?
- •65. What other noun modifiers are frequent in English?
- •66. What article indicates that the object denoted by the noun is unique or specifically known to the speaker(writer) and the hearer(reader)?
- •67. What is a limiting attribute?
- •68. What groups of nouns are preferably used without articles?
- •69. When can we use the article “a” before words beginning with a vowel?
- •70. When do we use the article “an” before words beginning with a consonant?
- •71. What article do we use when we give a person’s job title or their unique position?
- •72. When can we use the article “the” before the names of particular people?
- •73. When can we use the indefinite article or sometimes “zero article” with a name?
- •74. What articles are traditionally used with proper names denoting individual living being? What change of meaning of the proper name does the indefinite article indicate?
- •75. What proper names denoting inanimate objects are preferably used without articles or with the definite article?
- •76. The usage of articles with the names of meals.
- •77. What articles do we use with such nouns as: “school, prison, hospital, university, church”?
- •78. What articles should we use for musical instruments?
- •79. Usage of articles with the names of countries, mountains, islands.
- •80. Usage of articles with the names of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes.
- •1.2.2. Voice
- •1.2.3. Aspect
- •85. Infinitive constructions. Complex Subject. Complex Object. For – Construction.
- •1. The objective with the infinitive construction
- •1) The subject
- •87. What is Gerund? How to distinguish it from the Participle 1 and the Verbal Noun? How to translate the Gerund into Russian?
- •88. What is the Participle 1? How to translate it into Russian?
- •89. What is the Participle 2? The functions of the Participle 2 in the sentence?
- •1. Attribute.
- •2. Adverbial Modifier
- •3. Predicative
- •90. Parenthesis. Dangling or Misrelated Participle.
- •91. Constructions with the Participle
- •92. Gerundial Constructions
- •93. The Infinitive. The syntactical and morphological features of the Infinitive.
- •II. The morphological features of the infinitive (The forms of the infinitive)
- •97. What verbals can be used as subject or object?
- •98. What are the verbs which can be followed by –ing or to with a difference of meaning?
76. The usage of articles with the names of meals.
The noun denoting meal can be countable or uncountable. A countable noun can be singular (banana) or plural (bananas). In this case we use the usual rules for the usage of countable nouns.
An uncountable noun has only one form (for example rice). In this case we use the “zero article”.
1) I eat a banana every day. (countable in the singular form)
2) I like bananas. (countable in the plural form)
3) I eat rice every day. (uncountable)
4) I like rice. (uncountable)
We cannot normally use a/an with uncountable nouns. We don’t say ‘a water’ or ‘a rice’. But we can also use a.....of:
a bowl of rice;
a drop of water;
a cup of tea.
77. What articles do we use with such nouns as: “school, prison, hospital, university, church”?
We don’t use “the” when we are thinking of the general idea of these places and what they are used for. Compare:
1) Mark’s brother is in prison for robbery.
but
Mark went to the prison to visit his brother.
2) Jack had an accident last week. He was taken to hospital. He’s still in hospital now. (as a patient)
but
Jill has gone to the hospital to visit Jack. She’s at the hospital now. (as a visitor)
3) When I leave school, I want go to university.
but
Excuse me, where is the university, please? (= the university building)
4) Mrs. Kelly goes to church every Sunday. (to a religious service)
but
The workmen went to the church to repair the roof. (not for a religious service)
78. What articles should we use for musical instruments?
For musical instruments we should use the definite article – “the”.
For example:
I can play the piano.
Jack wants to know how to play the guitar.
Compare with:
I often listen to the radio.
I often watch television.
79. Usage of articles with the names of countries, mountains, islands.
Names of countries, states, provinces, cities, towns, villages take no article.
e.g. France, Great Britain, California, Brittany, Moscow, Brighton, Appledore, etc.; also: West Germany, Old England, Ancient Greece, Soviet Russia, etc.
But: the Ukraine, the Netherlands, the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Hague, the Riviera.
If the name of a country has a common noun such as "kingdom", "state", "union", "republic", "federation", etc. the definite article is used.
e.g. the USSR, the USA, the United Kingdom, the Russian Federation, etc.
Names of mountain chains and groups of islands take the definite article.
e.g. the Alps, the Rocky Mountains/the Rockies, the Andes, the British Isles, the Canaries/the canary Islands, the Bahamas
But: Elbrus (a separate mountain peak,), Everest, Etna, Kilimanjaro
Cyprus (a separate island), Corsica, Sicily, Bermuda
Mind the difference:
New York City, but the City of New York; also: the Strait of Dover, the Lake of Geneva, the Cape of Good Hope.
80. Usage of articles with the names of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes.
Names of oceans, seas, straits, channels, canals, rivers, lakes, deserts, falls usually take the definite article.
e.g. the Pacific (Ocean), the Atlantic (Ocean), the Indian (Ocean);
the Baltic (Sea), the Mediterranean (Sea), the Red Sea;
the Magellan Strait;
the English Channel;
the Thames, the (River) Amazon, the Nile, the Rhine;
the Baikal, the Niagara Falls, etc.
But: Hudson Bay
Mind the difference:
the Baikal but Lake Baikal.
81. Usage of articles with the names of streets, squares, parks; important buildings and institutions. Are there are any exceptions?
But: the Strand, the High Street, the Haymarket, the Mall.
Very often foreign names take the definite article: the Rue de Rivoli (in Paris), the Gorki Park (in Moscow), (the) Red Square (in Moscow).
82. Usage of articles with newspapers, organizations, companies, airlines.
83. Usage of articles with shops, banks, hotels, churches.
84. What non-finite forms of the verb are there in English? What grammatical categories are typical of them?
There are the following non-finite forms of the verb, or verbals: the infinitive, the gerund and the participle (participle I or participle II).
The verbals have much in common in their grammatical features, therefore a comparative survey of the verbals will be given here.
Semantics
The verbals (like the finite forms of the verb) express actions, states or processes (see above, "The Verb", 1.1.0).
1.2.0. Morphological Characteristics
The three verbals: the infinitive, the gerund and the participle I — have the grammatical categories of order and voice. The infinitive has also a third grammatical category — aspect.*
1.2.1. Order
The category of order is built up by two forms: perfect and non-perfect.
Perfect non-perfect
Infinitive to ask, to give to have asked, to have given
Gerund asking, giving having asked, having given
Participle I asking, giving having asked, having given
The perfect form is used to present the event as prior to another event (generally prior to the event expressed by the predicate verb).
I am glad to have given her this book. (I am glad that I gave her the book. I gave her the book then, and now I am glad.)
I was glad to have given her this book. (I was glad that I had given her the book. I gave her the book and was glad afterwards.)
The non-perfect form will be generally used to present the event as non-prior to another event (simultaneous, posterior or referring to no particular time).
I enjoyed reading the book. (While reading the book I enjoyed the process, i.e. simultaneously.)
We very much approve of his reading such books. (We approve that he reads such books, but do not specify the time when he does it.
He took the book from the library, reading it on his way home. (He took the book from the library and read it on his way home, i.e. afterwards.)
Note: The perfect infinitive when used after the verbs, "intend", "expect", "hope", "mean" and also after the modal verbs "should", "ought", "be" has the additional meaning of unreality — it will indicate that the action denoted by the infinitive was not carried out.
He intended (ought) to have home. (It was his intention or it was necessary for him to do it, but it did not happen.)
Harriet was surprised although she realized when she thought about it that she ought not to have been. (Brm.)
(See also "The Modal Verbs", 1.4.4.)