- •2. How may the verbs be subdivided into in accordance with their lexical meaning?
- •3. What do dynamic and stative verbs denote? What are terminative and non-terminative verbs? What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
- •4. What grammatical categories do the finite forms of the verb have? What are they? What are synthetic and analytical forms?
- •5. What factors govern the choice between aspect forms?
- •6. When is it obligatory or possible to use present tense forms to express future or past events?
- •7. Different ways of expressing future time.
- •8. What does the grammatical category of voice indicated? How many voices are there in English and what are they?
- •9. How is the Passive Voice formed in English? What are the main types of translation of the Passive Voice into Russian?
- •10. What types of Passive constructions are there in English?
- •11. What are the main restrictions to the use of passive constructions?
- •13. What is the difference in the indication of a posterior event by a common form or a continuous form?
- •14. When is a perfect form not used?
- •15. What is the “stative passive”? Give examples.
- •16. What is the difference in presentation of the event by the constructions “used to do” and “would do”?
- •17. The difference between “gone (to)” and “been (to)”?
- •18. Troublesome verbs.
- •19. What is a “Sequence of Tenses”?
- •20. Direct and indirect speech.
- •21. What nouns are called countable and uncountable?
- •22. What groups of concrete nouns do you know?
- •23. What groups of uncountable nouns do you know?
- •24. How do countable nouns form their plural form?
- •25. Irregular plural nouns.
- •26. What nouns can be countable or uncountable depending upon their meaning in the context?
- •27. What cases does the English noun have? Do these cases have endings?
- •28. What is the genitive case? How is it formed?
- •29. What nouns can be used in the genitive case?
- •30. What are “participle adjectives”?
- •31. What adjectives have degrees of comparison and how are they formed?
- •32. In what cases do adjectives follow nouns they refer to?
- •33. What adjectives are always used attributively?
- •34. What adjectives are always used predicatively?
- •35. What do adjectives denote?
- •37. What is the order of the prepositive adjectives?
- •38. Comparative construction.
- •39. Substantivized adjectives.
- •40. Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adjectives.
- •41. Adjectives after verbs.
- •42. What Morphological Characteristics do adverbs have?
- •43. What groups of adverbs do you know?
- •44. What is the position of adverbs in the sentence?
- •45. What adverbs form degrees of comparison synthetically?
- •46. What adverbs form degrees of comparison analytically?
- •Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •47. Word order – adverbs with a verb.
- •48. Semantic groups of pronouns.
- •49. Number and case forms of pronouns.
- •50. Forms of “other”.
- •51. Expressions of quantity.
- •52. What pronouns have a conjoint form and an absolute form?
- •53. What pronouns are used to form emphatic constructions?
- •54. What pronouns are used to specify objects from the point of view of their number or quantity?
- •55. What pronouns would you use to make a statement of a general character?
- •56. What may prepositions indicate?
- •57. How can prepositions be subdivided in accordance with their meaning?
- •58. How can prepositions be classified in accordance with their structure?
- •63. “For, during and while” – grammatical difference.
- •64. Does a noun always co-occur with an article?
- •65. What other noun modifiers are frequent in English?
- •66. What article indicates that the object denoted by the noun is unique or specifically known to the speaker(writer) and the hearer(reader)?
- •67. What is a limiting attribute?
- •68. What groups of nouns are preferably used without articles?
- •69. When can we use the article “a” before words beginning with a vowel?
- •70. When do we use the article “an” before words beginning with a consonant?
- •71. What article do we use when we give a person’s job title or their unique position?
- •72. When can we use the article “the” before the names of particular people?
- •73. When can we use the indefinite article or sometimes “zero article” with a name?
- •74. What articles are traditionally used with proper names denoting individual living being? What change of meaning of the proper name does the indefinite article indicate?
- •75. What proper names denoting inanimate objects are preferably used without articles or with the definite article?
- •76. The usage of articles with the names of meals.
- •77. What articles do we use with such nouns as: “school, prison, hospital, university, church”?
- •78. What articles should we use for musical instruments?
- •79. Usage of articles with the names of countries, mountains, islands.
- •80. Usage of articles with the names of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes.
- •1.2.2. Voice
- •1.2.3. Aspect
- •85. Infinitive constructions. Complex Subject. Complex Object. For – Construction.
- •1. The objective with the infinitive construction
- •1) The subject
- •87. What is Gerund? How to distinguish it from the Participle 1 and the Verbal Noun? How to translate the Gerund into Russian?
- •88. What is the Participle 1? How to translate it into Russian?
- •89. What is the Participle 2? The functions of the Participle 2 in the sentence?
- •1. Attribute.
- •2. Adverbial Modifier
- •3. Predicative
- •90. Parenthesis. Dangling or Misrelated Participle.
- •91. Constructions with the Participle
- •92. Gerundial Constructions
- •93. The Infinitive. The syntactical and morphological features of the Infinitive.
- •II. The morphological features of the infinitive (The forms of the infinitive)
- •97. What verbals can be used as subject or object?
- •98. What are the verbs which can be followed by –ing or to with a difference of meaning?
11. What are the main restrictions to the use of passive constructions?
1) The passive construction is impossible with such verbs as "have", "possess", "cost", "belong", "resemble", "suit", "last" and some others (stative verbs).
2)With the verbs "teach", "ask", "answer", "envy" the passive construction will be possible only with its subject denoting a living being.
He was taught a lesson.
He was asked a question.
He was answered a question.
He was envied his good luck.
3) With the verbs "alarm", "vex", "irritate", "distress", "trouble" (causing a change of emotional state) the predicate will generally express the physical state of the person denoted by the subject and not the action which the person experiences.
I saw that he was alarmed and unhappy.
4) Indirect passive constructions and prepositional passive constructions are preferably used with a limited number of verbs.
list of verbs followed by indirect passive constructions:
allow, award, give, grant, offer, pay, promise, refuse, show
list of verbs followed by Prepositional passive constructions:
account (for smth.), agree (upon smth.), allude (to smth.), arrive (at smth.), call (for smth.), call
(upon smb.), comment (upon smth.), do away (with smth.), depend (on smth.), dispose (of smth.), interfere (with smth.), laugh (at smb./smth.), listen (to smb./smth.), look (after smb.), look (into smth.), provide (for smb./ smth.), refer (to smth.), rely (on smb./smth.). run (over smb.), send (for smb.), speak (about smb./smth.), stare (at smb.), talk (about smb./smth.), tamper (with smth.)
12. What is the difference in the presentation of repeated actions by the continuous form and the common form? Can the continuous form be used with stative verbs? Which of them can be used as progressive verbs with the difference in meaning?
Repeated actions when presented as objective facts will be denoted by the common form.
often
He seldom read such books
never reads
sometimes
The continuous form, however, may sometimes be used to present a repeated action as if "constantly in progress" when the speaker wants to express his negative or unpleasant emotions by exaggerating the frequency of the occurrence of the action.
He was always calling me a kid, though I was sixteen and he only eighteen. (He called me a kid too often, and I disliked him for it.)
She was constantly grumbling. (She grumbled too often. It got on my nerves.)
The use of the continuous form in an unusual context gives the sentence an emotive charge. But repeated events presented as objective facts in a neutral context will be denoted by the non-continuous form.
He always called me a kid, but he was much older than me and I did not mind. She often grumbled. But who would have acted differently in her place?
The continuous form is generally used to express a continual process. Consequently with verbs denoting not actions, but states and physical or mental perceptions ("stative verbs") such as "be", "see", "feel", "hear", "know", "understand", etc. this form is very rare.
I hear you perfectly.
I know him to be one of our students.
But even with these verbs the continuous form may sometimes be used in emotive speech if the speaker wants to present this state or perception as temporary.
I know that I am being a baby but I can't help it. (I am grown up but at this moment I am behaving as if I were not and I am ashamed of it.)
He is being a gentleman. (He is just acting the gentleman. He is trying hard to behave like a gentleman, but I know that it won't be for long.)