- •2. How may the verbs be subdivided into in accordance with their lexical meaning?
- •3. What do dynamic and stative verbs denote? What are terminative and non-terminative verbs? What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
- •4. What grammatical categories do the finite forms of the verb have? What are they? What are synthetic and analytical forms?
- •5. What factors govern the choice between aspect forms?
- •6. When is it obligatory or possible to use present tense forms to express future or past events?
- •7. Different ways of expressing future time.
- •8. What does the grammatical category of voice indicated? How many voices are there in English and what are they?
- •9. How is the Passive Voice formed in English? What are the main types of translation of the Passive Voice into Russian?
- •10. What types of Passive constructions are there in English?
- •11. What are the main restrictions to the use of passive constructions?
- •13. What is the difference in the indication of a posterior event by a common form or a continuous form?
- •14. When is a perfect form not used?
- •15. What is the “stative passive”? Give examples.
- •16. What is the difference in presentation of the event by the constructions “used to do” and “would do”?
- •17. The difference between “gone (to)” and “been (to)”?
- •18. Troublesome verbs.
- •19. What is a “Sequence of Tenses”?
- •20. Direct and indirect speech.
- •21. What nouns are called countable and uncountable?
- •22. What groups of concrete nouns do you know?
- •23. What groups of uncountable nouns do you know?
- •24. How do countable nouns form their plural form?
- •25. Irregular plural nouns.
- •26. What nouns can be countable or uncountable depending upon their meaning in the context?
- •27. What cases does the English noun have? Do these cases have endings?
- •28. What is the genitive case? How is it formed?
- •29. What nouns can be used in the genitive case?
- •30. What are “participle adjectives”?
- •31. What adjectives have degrees of comparison and how are they formed?
- •32. In what cases do adjectives follow nouns they refer to?
- •33. What adjectives are always used attributively?
- •34. What adjectives are always used predicatively?
- •35. What do adjectives denote?
- •37. What is the order of the prepositive adjectives?
- •38. Comparative construction.
- •39. Substantivized adjectives.
- •40. Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adjectives.
- •41. Adjectives after verbs.
- •42. What Morphological Characteristics do adverbs have?
- •43. What groups of adverbs do you know?
- •44. What is the position of adverbs in the sentence?
- •45. What adverbs form degrees of comparison synthetically?
- •46. What adverbs form degrees of comparison analytically?
- •Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •47. Word order – adverbs with a verb.
- •48. Semantic groups of pronouns.
- •49. Number and case forms of pronouns.
- •50. Forms of “other”.
- •51. Expressions of quantity.
- •52. What pronouns have a conjoint form and an absolute form?
- •53. What pronouns are used to form emphatic constructions?
- •54. What pronouns are used to specify objects from the point of view of their number or quantity?
- •55. What pronouns would you use to make a statement of a general character?
- •56. What may prepositions indicate?
- •57. How can prepositions be subdivided in accordance with their meaning?
- •58. How can prepositions be classified in accordance with their structure?
- •63. “For, during and while” – grammatical difference.
- •64. Does a noun always co-occur with an article?
- •65. What other noun modifiers are frequent in English?
- •66. What article indicates that the object denoted by the noun is unique or specifically known to the speaker(writer) and the hearer(reader)?
- •67. What is a limiting attribute?
- •68. What groups of nouns are preferably used without articles?
- •69. When can we use the article “a” before words beginning with a vowel?
- •70. When do we use the article “an” before words beginning with a consonant?
- •71. What article do we use when we give a person’s job title or their unique position?
- •72. When can we use the article “the” before the names of particular people?
- •73. When can we use the indefinite article or sometimes “zero article” with a name?
- •74. What articles are traditionally used with proper names denoting individual living being? What change of meaning of the proper name does the indefinite article indicate?
- •75. What proper names denoting inanimate objects are preferably used without articles or with the definite article?
- •76. The usage of articles with the names of meals.
- •77. What articles do we use with such nouns as: “school, prison, hospital, university, church”?
- •78. What articles should we use for musical instruments?
- •79. Usage of articles with the names of countries, mountains, islands.
- •80. Usage of articles with the names of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes.
- •1.2.2. Voice
- •1.2.3. Aspect
- •85. Infinitive constructions. Complex Subject. Complex Object. For – Construction.
- •1. The objective with the infinitive construction
- •1) The subject
- •87. What is Gerund? How to distinguish it from the Participle 1 and the Verbal Noun? How to translate the Gerund into Russian?
- •88. What is the Participle 1? How to translate it into Russian?
- •89. What is the Participle 2? The functions of the Participle 2 in the sentence?
- •1. Attribute.
- •2. Adverbial Modifier
- •3. Predicative
- •90. Parenthesis. Dangling or Misrelated Participle.
- •91. Constructions with the Participle
- •92. Gerundial Constructions
- •93. The Infinitive. The syntactical and morphological features of the Infinitive.
- •II. The morphological features of the infinitive (The forms of the infinitive)
- •97. What verbals can be used as subject or object?
- •98. What are the verbs which can be followed by –ing or to with a difference of meaning?
8. What does the grammatical category of voice indicated? How many voices are there in English and what are they?
Voice is the grammatical category of the verb which shows the relation between the doer of the action and the action, or the object and the addressee of the action and the action.
Peter wrote a letter to Mary
(doer) (action) (object) (addressee)
There are two voices in English: the active voice and the passive voice. The verb is used in active voice when the subject of the sentence denotes the doer of the action, the action proceeds from the subject.
Peter wrote a letter to Mary.
The verb will be used in the passive voice when subject of the sentence denotes the object or the addressee of the action.
A letter was sent to her. She was sent a letter.
9. How is the Passive Voice formed in English? What are the main types of translation of the Passive Voice into Russian?
The passive voice is formed in English “to be + participle II”
The forms of the passive voice will be used with the following communicative aims:
to denote an action, the doer of which is unknown or cannot be easily stated
The letter was written in a neat beautiful handwriting.
"Why were you here this afternoon?" — "We were directed to Mespelbrunn from Innsbruck." (Me.)
to denote an action, the doer of which is evident from the situation and the mention of it would be redundant
She got a letter from Peter in May. It was written before his departure to Manchester.
He was rung up by Miss Marple and asked if he should come even at a quarter past three. (Chr.)
to denote an action, the doer of which is of major importance for the given communication, to draw the attention of the reader/ listener to the doer
The letter was written by Mary (not by Peter).
The letter was written by Mary. It was from her letter that we learnt about Peter's departure to Manchester.
"We'll go there tomorrow. We have been recommended by one of your school friends — Mary What-d'you-call-her to stay at the Gasthof Bozen." Frances nodded. "Mary Easton will do." (Me.)
Note: The passive voice is sometimes formed with the help of the auxiliary "get", but this passive voice form is rather restricted. It is mainly found in colloquial American English.
She eventually ended up in San Francisco and got paid for hanging around a ship yard.(Bid.) He was such a nice fellow. He got asked to almost everything at the mount (Brv.)
10. What types of Passive constructions are there in English?
There are two main types of passive constructions: the non-prepositional passive construction and the prepositional passive construction.
The non-prepositional passive construction is formed by verbs for which a prepositional object is not obligatory (love, do, invite, make, write, etc.) The subject of the sentence in this case corresponds to the direct object of the active construction (if it denotes the object of an action) or the indirect object of the active construction (if it denotes the addressee of the action).
He sent her a letter – active construction
A letter was sent to her – direct passive
She was sent a letter – indirect passive
The prepositional passive construction will be formed from verbs for which a prepositional object is obligatory (call upon, look at, insist on, etc.) The subject of the passive construction in this case will be correspond to the prepositional object of the active construction.
He was called upon=They called upon him.
The item was insisted on=They insisted on this item.