
- •2. How may the verbs be subdivided into in accordance with their lexical meaning?
- •3. What do dynamic and stative verbs denote? What are terminative and non-terminative verbs? What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
- •4. What grammatical categories do the finite forms of the verb have? What are they? What are synthetic and analytical forms?
- •5. What factors govern the choice between aspect forms?
- •6. When is it obligatory or possible to use present tense forms to express future or past events?
- •7. Different ways of expressing future time.
- •8. What does the grammatical category of voice indicated? How many voices are there in English and what are they?
- •9. How is the Passive Voice formed in English? What are the main types of translation of the Passive Voice into Russian?
- •10. What types of Passive constructions are there in English?
- •11. What are the main restrictions to the use of passive constructions?
- •13. What is the difference in the indication of a posterior event by a common form or a continuous form?
- •14. When is a perfect form not used?
- •15. What is the “stative passive”? Give examples.
- •16. What is the difference in presentation of the event by the constructions “used to do” and “would do”?
- •17. The difference between “gone (to)” and “been (to)”?
- •18. Troublesome verbs.
- •19. What is a “Sequence of Tenses”?
- •20. Direct and indirect speech.
- •21. What nouns are called countable and uncountable?
- •22. What groups of concrete nouns do you know?
- •23. What groups of uncountable nouns do you know?
- •24. How do countable nouns form their plural form?
- •25. Irregular plural nouns.
- •26. What nouns can be countable or uncountable depending upon their meaning in the context?
- •27. What cases does the English noun have? Do these cases have endings?
- •28. What is the genitive case? How is it formed?
- •29. What nouns can be used in the genitive case?
- •30. What are “participle adjectives”?
- •31. What adjectives have degrees of comparison and how are they formed?
- •32. In what cases do adjectives follow nouns they refer to?
- •33. What adjectives are always used attributively?
- •34. What adjectives are always used predicatively?
- •35. What do adjectives denote?
- •37. What is the order of the prepositive adjectives?
- •38. Comparative construction.
- •39. Substantivized adjectives.
- •40. Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adjectives.
- •41. Adjectives after verbs.
- •42. What Morphological Characteristics do adverbs have?
- •43. What groups of adverbs do you know?
- •44. What is the position of adverbs in the sentence?
- •45. What adverbs form degrees of comparison synthetically?
- •46. What adverbs form degrees of comparison analytically?
- •Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •47. Word order – adverbs with a verb.
- •48. Semantic groups of pronouns.
- •49. Number and case forms of pronouns.
- •50. Forms of “other”.
- •51. Expressions of quantity.
- •52. What pronouns have a conjoint form and an absolute form?
- •53. What pronouns are used to form emphatic constructions?
- •54. What pronouns are used to specify objects from the point of view of their number or quantity?
- •55. What pronouns would you use to make a statement of a general character?
- •56. What may prepositions indicate?
- •57. How can prepositions be subdivided in accordance with their meaning?
- •58. How can prepositions be classified in accordance with their structure?
- •63. “For, during and while” – grammatical difference.
- •64. Does a noun always co-occur with an article?
- •65. What other noun modifiers are frequent in English?
- •66. What article indicates that the object denoted by the noun is unique or specifically known to the speaker(writer) and the hearer(reader)?
- •67. What is a limiting attribute?
- •68. What groups of nouns are preferably used without articles?
- •69. When can we use the article “a” before words beginning with a vowel?
- •70. When do we use the article “an” before words beginning with a consonant?
- •71. What article do we use when we give a person’s job title or their unique position?
- •72. When can we use the article “the” before the names of particular people?
- •73. When can we use the indefinite article or sometimes “zero article” with a name?
- •74. What articles are traditionally used with proper names denoting individual living being? What change of meaning of the proper name does the indefinite article indicate?
- •75. What proper names denoting inanimate objects are preferably used without articles or with the definite article?
- •76. The usage of articles with the names of meals.
- •77. What articles do we use with such nouns as: “school, prison, hospital, university, church”?
- •78. What articles should we use for musical instruments?
- •79. Usage of articles with the names of countries, mountains, islands.
- •80. Usage of articles with the names of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes.
- •1.2.2. Voice
- •1.2.3. Aspect
- •85. Infinitive constructions. Complex Subject. Complex Object. For – Construction.
- •1. The objective with the infinitive construction
- •1) The subject
- •87. What is Gerund? How to distinguish it from the Participle 1 and the Verbal Noun? How to translate the Gerund into Russian?
- •88. What is the Participle 1? How to translate it into Russian?
- •89. What is the Participle 2? The functions of the Participle 2 in the sentence?
- •1. Attribute.
- •2. Adverbial Modifier
- •3. Predicative
- •90. Parenthesis. Dangling or Misrelated Participle.
- •91. Constructions with the Participle
- •92. Gerundial Constructions
- •93. The Infinitive. The syntactical and morphological features of the Infinitive.
- •II. The morphological features of the infinitive (The forms of the infinitive)
- •97. What verbals can be used as subject or object?
- •98. What are the verbs which can be followed by –ing or to with a difference of meaning?
88. What is the Participle 1? How to translate it into Russian?
The Participle 1 is the non-finite form of the verb which is partly a verb because it is formed of verbs, and partly an adjective because it denotes the quality or the feature of an object.
It is also called the present participle.
Listen to that singing bird.
Here the word singing denotes the quality of a bird, so it is partly an adjective. But at the same time it is part of the verb to sing and it denotes an action.
The present participle is translated into Russian by:
the Russian "действительное причастие"
The man writing something at the table is my brother. - Человек, что-то пишущий за столом, мой брат.
the Russian "деепричастие"
Having slept for two hours he felt rested. - По спав два часа , он почувствовал себя отдохнувшим.
the Subordinate clause
When crossing the street, first look to the left. - Когда переходите улицу, посмотрите сначала налево.
-
Voice
Tense
Active
Passive
Indefinite
asking
being asked
Perfect
having asked
having been asked
89. What is the Participle 2? The functions of the Participle 2 in the sentence?
Participle II has no tense-forms. It expresses either that the action of the participle precedes the action of the finite form of the verb, or that it is simultaneous to the action of the finite form. In most cases it denotes priority or refers to no particular time.
He is a man loved and admired by everybody. She took the long forgotten letter out of the bag.
Participle II of most verbs has only one form. If the verb is regular, we add -ed (-d) to the infinitive: work - worked. Participle II of irregular verbs is their "third" form. It should be noted that some irregular verbs have two different forms of Participle II:
-
awake
- awaked/awoken
mow
- mowed/mown
burn
- burned/burnt
show
- showed/shown
dream
- dreamed/dreamt
spell
- spelled/spelt
hang
- hanged/hung
spill
- spilled/spilt
lean
- leaned/leant
swell
- swelled/swollen
leap
- leaped/leapt
tread
- trodden/trod
learn
- learned/learnt
wake
- waked/woken
light
- lighted/lit
Note also that the form hanged is used when hang means “to kill somebody by trying a rope around their neck”.
Some verbs have different participle forms for verbal and adjectival use. Cf.:
You have drunk too much. He has shaved and washed. The trousers have shrunk. The ship has sunk.
The Functions of the Participle II in the Sentence
1. Attribute.
Participle II as an attribute can be used in pre-positions and post-position. In pre-position participle II can be used singly or in phrase. The basic principles determining the use of participle II are the same as those operating with single participle I. However, participle II has its own peculiarities. Note that participle II of intransitive verbs is rarely used in pre-position: *the arrived guests.
There are some exceptions. Firstly, participles II of a few words {accumulated, dated, escaped, faded, fallen, retired, swollen, vanished, wilted) can precede nouns they modify: a fallen tree, a retired colonel, wilted flowers. These participles always have an active meaning. Secondly, when participle II of an intransitive verb is modified by an adverb, it can be used in pre-position: the newly arrived guests.
Participle II of many transitive verbs can be used in pre-position. However, participles that refer to an action rather than a state are much less commonly used. Cf.: a damaged car, a broken cup, but *the built plant, *the mentioned book. The use of many participles varies according to the context; they are more common in pre-position when they have permanent reference, or when they are modified by an adverb:
a married man (permanent characteristic),
the newly-born baby,
the above-mentioned writer,
the recently-built plant.
A participial phrase used in pre-position is always detached and has an additional meaning of an adverbial modifier:
Annoyed by his words, she went out of the room (reason).
Participle II in post-position can be used singly:
Money lent is money spent (proverb),
or in a phrase:
They came to a tree broken by the recent storm.
A participial phrase in post-position can also be detached:
His comedies, loved by many people all over the world, have been translated into many languages.
There are a number of participles which are normally used in postposition:
the place visited,
the items taken/left,
the money sent/spent,
the letters received/shown,
all the people involved/questioned,
the grant obtained,
the drawbacks found/discovered.
These participles usually refer to something dynamic, not permanent.