- •2. How may the verbs be subdivided into in accordance with their lexical meaning?
- •3. What do dynamic and stative verbs denote? What are terminative and non-terminative verbs? What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
- •4. What grammatical categories do the finite forms of the verb have? What are they? What are synthetic and analytical forms?
- •5. What factors govern the choice between aspect forms?
- •6. When is it obligatory or possible to use present tense forms to express future or past events?
- •7. Different ways of expressing future time.
- •8. What does the grammatical category of voice indicated? How many voices are there in English and what are they?
- •9. How is the Passive Voice formed in English? What are the main types of translation of the Passive Voice into Russian?
- •10. What types of Passive constructions are there in English?
- •11. What are the main restrictions to the use of passive constructions?
- •13. What is the difference in the indication of a posterior event by a common form or a continuous form?
- •14. When is a perfect form not used?
- •15. What is the “stative passive”? Give examples.
- •16. What is the difference in presentation of the event by the constructions “used to do” and “would do”?
- •17. The difference between “gone (to)” and “been (to)”?
- •18. Troublesome verbs.
- •19. What is a “Sequence of Tenses”?
- •20. Direct and indirect speech.
- •21. What nouns are called countable and uncountable?
- •22. What groups of concrete nouns do you know?
- •23. What groups of uncountable nouns do you know?
- •24. How do countable nouns form their plural form?
- •25. Irregular plural nouns.
- •26. What nouns can be countable or uncountable depending upon their meaning in the context?
- •27. What cases does the English noun have? Do these cases have endings?
- •28. What is the genitive case? How is it formed?
- •29. What nouns can be used in the genitive case?
- •30. What are “participle adjectives”?
- •31. What adjectives have degrees of comparison and how are they formed?
- •32. In what cases do adjectives follow nouns they refer to?
- •33. What adjectives are always used attributively?
- •34. What adjectives are always used predicatively?
- •35. What do adjectives denote?
- •37. What is the order of the prepositive adjectives?
- •38. Comparative construction.
- •39. Substantivized adjectives.
- •40. Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adjectives.
- •41. Adjectives after verbs.
- •42. What Morphological Characteristics do adverbs have?
- •43. What groups of adverbs do you know?
- •44. What is the position of adverbs in the sentence?
- •45. What adverbs form degrees of comparison synthetically?
- •46. What adverbs form degrees of comparison analytically?
- •Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •47. Word order – adverbs with a verb.
- •48. Semantic groups of pronouns.
- •49. Number and case forms of pronouns.
- •50. Forms of “other”.
- •51. Expressions of quantity.
- •52. What pronouns have a conjoint form and an absolute form?
- •53. What pronouns are used to form emphatic constructions?
- •54. What pronouns are used to specify objects from the point of view of their number or quantity?
- •55. What pronouns would you use to make a statement of a general character?
- •56. What may prepositions indicate?
- •57. How can prepositions be subdivided in accordance with their meaning?
- •58. How can prepositions be classified in accordance with their structure?
- •63. “For, during and while” – grammatical difference.
- •64. Does a noun always co-occur with an article?
- •65. What other noun modifiers are frequent in English?
- •66. What article indicates that the object denoted by the noun is unique or specifically known to the speaker(writer) and the hearer(reader)?
- •67. What is a limiting attribute?
- •68. What groups of nouns are preferably used without articles?
- •69. When can we use the article “a” before words beginning with a vowel?
- •70. When do we use the article “an” before words beginning with a consonant?
- •71. What article do we use when we give a person’s job title or their unique position?
- •72. When can we use the article “the” before the names of particular people?
- •73. When can we use the indefinite article or sometimes “zero article” with a name?
- •74. What articles are traditionally used with proper names denoting individual living being? What change of meaning of the proper name does the indefinite article indicate?
- •75. What proper names denoting inanimate objects are preferably used without articles or with the definite article?
- •76. The usage of articles with the names of meals.
- •77. What articles do we use with such nouns as: “school, prison, hospital, university, church”?
- •78. What articles should we use for musical instruments?
- •79. Usage of articles with the names of countries, mountains, islands.
- •80. Usage of articles with the names of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes.
- •1.2.2. Voice
- •1.2.3. Aspect
- •85. Infinitive constructions. Complex Subject. Complex Object. For – Construction.
- •1. The objective with the infinitive construction
- •1) The subject
- •87. What is Gerund? How to distinguish it from the Participle 1 and the Verbal Noun? How to translate the Gerund into Russian?
- •88. What is the Participle 1? How to translate it into Russian?
- •89. What is the Participle 2? The functions of the Participle 2 in the sentence?
- •1. Attribute.
- •2. Adverbial Modifier
- •3. Predicative
- •90. Parenthesis. Dangling or Misrelated Participle.
- •91. Constructions with the Participle
- •92. Gerundial Constructions
- •93. The Infinitive. The syntactical and morphological features of the Infinitive.
- •II. The morphological features of the infinitive (The forms of the infinitive)
- •97. What verbals can be used as subject or object?
- •98. What are the verbs which can be followed by –ing or to with a difference of meaning?
1) The subject
For Mother to ask Philip for mercy meant that she was upset. - To, что мать просила милости у Филиппа, означало, что она расстроена.
But in this function the for-to-infinitive construction is usually found in sentences with the introductory subject it.
It is useless for me to interfere. - Мне бесполезно вмешиваться.
2) a predicative
That was for you to do. - Это ты должен был делать.
2а. part of a predicate.
The house was easy for us to find. — Нам легко было найти этот дом.
3) a complex object
She didn 't care for this to happen. - Она не хотела, чтобы это случилось.
4) an attribute
There was no chance for her to find a good job. – У нее не было шанса найти хорошую работу.
5) an adverbial modifier
a) purpose
Dorian stepped aside for the girl to pass. – Дориан отошел, чтобы дать девушке пройти.
b) result
He was done enough for me to hate him. – Он сделал достаточно, чтобы я его возненавидела.
They spoke too fast for us to understand. – они говорили так быстро, что мы не могли их понять.
86. Grammatical categories of the Gerund. What do they indicate? When may the active form of the Gerund be passive in meaning?
The Gerund has the grammatical categories of tense and voice.
-
Voice
Tense
Active
Passive
Indefinite
asking
being asked
Perfect
having asked
having been asked
The active form of the gerund indicates that the doer of the action is denoted by the subject of the sentence, the passive form - that the doer of the action is not denoted by the subject.
I'm looking forward to sending my children to the country for the holiday. — Я очень хочу отправить детей в деревню на каникулы.
I'm looking forward to being sent to London on business. Я очень хочу, чтобы меня отправили в Лондон в командировку.
Note: In certain cases the gerund though active in form may be passive in meaning. It occurs when the gerund is used after the verbs "want", "need", "deserve", "require" and after the adjective "worth".
The house needs painting. — Этот дом необходимо покрасить.
This museum is worth visiting. — Этот музей стоит посетить.
The perfect form is used to present the event as prior to another event (expressed by the predicate verb).
I'm surprised at your having missed so many lessons this term. - Я удивлен, что ты пропустил ...
The non-perfect form is generally used to present the event as non-prior to another event (simultaneous, posterior or referring to no particular time).
I'm surprised at his missing lessons so often. - Я удивлен, что он пропускает ...
87. What is Gerund? How to distinguish it from the Participle 1 and the Verbal Noun? How to translate the Gerund into Russian?
The Gerund is the non-finite form of the verb that combines features of both the verb and the noun. On the one hand, it expresses an action:
Running is my favourite sport. I like to hear good singing.
Besides, if it is formed from a transitive verb it can take object, as ordinary verbs.
I hate losing my temper.
On the other hand, the gerunds denote the names of objects or realia. We can put ordinary nouns instead of them.
You won't do any good by crying (by tears).
And the gerunds can be also followed by preposition, just as nouns do.
He is fond of swimming in deep water.
He crossed the room without looking at the people.
The Verbal Noun is formed with the help of an -ing ending which is added to a verb, possesses features of an ordinary noun, can be used in the singular or in the plural form and can be proceeded by an article (Participle I and Gerund never do that):
The sitting(s) of the committee will begin on Monday. Where did they get these findings?
The Participle I is the non-finite form of the verb which is partly a verb because it is formed of verbs and expresses an action, and partly an adjective because it denotes the quality or the feature of an object. It cannot be followed by prepositions and cannot be proceeded by articles.
The woman sitting there is our teacher.
The Gerund can be translated into Russian by:
Noun
Reading English books every day will improve your knowledge of the language. – Ежедневное чтение английских книг улучшит ваше знание языка.
Infinitive
Does you son like skating? – Ваш сын любит кататься на коньках?
The Russian «деепричастие»
He left the room without saying good-bye. – Он вышел из комнаты, не простившись.
Verb
I remember hearing this song in my childhood. — Я помню , что слышал эту песню в детстве.
Subordinate clause
The patients' quick recovery depends on their following the doctor's advice. - Быстрое выздоровление больных зависит от того, будут ли они следовать советам врача.