45. What adverbs form degrees of comparison synthetically?

one-syllable adverbs

Positive degree	Comparative degree	Superlative degree
-	-er	-est

fast –faster –fastest

tight-tighter-tightest

low-lower-lowest

Synthetic forms mainly employ endings. For example, to form 3d person from the 1^st you can use ending “-s”: I write – he writes, to form past tense from the present – the ending “-d” or “-ed”

More often English verb forms are built up analytically – with the help of one (or more) auxiliary verbs: shall, will – for future tense forms; to be – for passive voice forms or continuous; to have – for perfect forms.

46. What adverbs form degrees of comparison analytically?

two-syllable and many- syllable adverbs

Positive degree	Comparative degree	Superlative degree
-	more	most

neatly—more neatly—most neatly

frequently—more frequently—most frequently

recently—more recently—most recently

Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adverbs

well—better —best

badly—worse—worst

much—more—most

little —less —least

far—farther—farthest

—further —furthest

47. Word order – adverbs with a verb.

48. Semantic groups of pronouns.

Pronouns, unlike nouns or adjectives, do not denote substances or qualities, but they refer to the substances or qualities expressed by nouns and adjectives in the same context or situation.

Peter went to Mary’s place yesterday.

He went to her place yesterday as he wanted to tell her the news.

According to their meaning pronouns are generally subdivided into:

• Personal

I, you, he, she, it, we, they.

• Possessive

My (mine), your (yours), her, his, its, our, your, their.

• Demonstrative

This, that, these, those.

• Indefinite

Each, either, both, some, any, every, one, everyone, everybody, everything, anyone, anybody, anything, all, many, much, few, little, other, another.

• Negative

Neither, nobody, nothing, none, no one.

• Reflexive

Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

• Interrogative

Who, what, whose, which, whom, whoever, whichever, whatever.

• Reciprocal

Each other, one another.

• Connective (are used to connect the subordinate clause to the principal clause)

Who, whom, which, whose, that.

49. Number and case forms of pronouns.

Number: Personal and demonstrative pronouns have two number forms: singular and plural.*

Personal: I — we; you — you; he, she, it — they

Demonstrative: this — these; that — those**

Case: The personal pronouns and the interrogative or connective pronoun "who" have two cases: the nominative case and the objective case.**

Nominative: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they; who

Objective: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them; whom

The negative pronoun "nobody" and the indefinite pronouns "everybody", "somebody", "anybody" have the common case and the genitive case; their use is similar to the use of cases in nouns.

nobody — nobody's; somebody — somebody's;

everybody — everybody's; anybody — anybody's.

	Demonstrative pronouns	Reflexive pronouns	Personal pronouns		Indefinite pronouns
case number			nominative	objective	common	genitive
Singular	this that	myself yourself himself herself itself	I you he she it	me you him her it	somebody's anybody's everybody's someone's anyone's everyone's one's other's another's someone else's	somebody anybody everybody someone anyone everyone one other another someone else
Plural	these those	ourselves yourselves themselves	we you they	us you them	others	others'

Negative pronouns		Interrogative pronouns		Reciprocal pronouns		Connective pronouns
common	genitive	nominative	objective	common	genitive	nominative	objective
nobody no one	nobody's no one's	who	whom	each other one another	each other's another's	who	whom