- •2. How may the verbs be subdivided into in accordance with their lexical meaning?
- •3. What do dynamic and stative verbs denote? What are terminative and non-terminative verbs? What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
- •4. What grammatical categories do the finite forms of the verb have? What are they? What are synthetic and analytical forms?
- •5. What factors govern the choice between aspect forms?
- •6. When is it obligatory or possible to use present tense forms to express future or past events?
- •7. Different ways of expressing future time.
- •8. What does the grammatical category of voice indicated? How many voices are there in English and what are they?
- •9. How is the Passive Voice formed in English? What are the main types of translation of the Passive Voice into Russian?
- •10. What types of Passive constructions are there in English?
- •11. What are the main restrictions to the use of passive constructions?
- •13. What is the difference in the indication of a posterior event by a common form or a continuous form?
- •14. When is a perfect form not used?
- •15. What is the “stative passive”? Give examples.
- •16. What is the difference in presentation of the event by the constructions “used to do” and “would do”?
- •17. The difference between “gone (to)” and “been (to)”?
- •18. Troublesome verbs.
- •19. What is a “Sequence of Tenses”?
- •20. Direct and indirect speech.
- •21. What nouns are called countable and uncountable?
- •22. What groups of concrete nouns do you know?
- •23. What groups of uncountable nouns do you know?
- •24. How do countable nouns form their plural form?
- •25. Irregular plural nouns.
- •26. What nouns can be countable or uncountable depending upon their meaning in the context?
- •27. What cases does the English noun have? Do these cases have endings?
- •28. What is the genitive case? How is it formed?
- •29. What nouns can be used in the genitive case?
- •30. What are “participle adjectives”?
- •31. What adjectives have degrees of comparison and how are they formed?
- •32. In what cases do adjectives follow nouns they refer to?
- •33. What adjectives are always used attributively?
- •34. What adjectives are always used predicatively?
- •35. What do adjectives denote?
- •37. What is the order of the prepositive adjectives?
- •38. Comparative construction.
- •39. Substantivized adjectives.
- •40. Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adjectives.
- •41. Adjectives after verbs.
- •42. What Morphological Characteristics do adverbs have?
- •43. What groups of adverbs do you know?
- •44. What is the position of adverbs in the sentence?
- •45. What adverbs form degrees of comparison synthetically?
- •46. What adverbs form degrees of comparison analytically?
- •Irregular forms of the degrees of comparison of adverbs
- •47. Word order – adverbs with a verb.
- •48. Semantic groups of pronouns.
- •49. Number and case forms of pronouns.
- •50. Forms of “other”.
- •51. Expressions of quantity.
- •52. What pronouns have a conjoint form and an absolute form?
- •53. What pronouns are used to form emphatic constructions?
- •54. What pronouns are used to specify objects from the point of view of their number or quantity?
- •55. What pronouns would you use to make a statement of a general character?
- •56. What may prepositions indicate?
- •57. How can prepositions be subdivided in accordance with their meaning?
- •58. How can prepositions be classified in accordance with their structure?
- •63. “For, during and while” – grammatical difference.
- •64. Does a noun always co-occur with an article?
- •65. What other noun modifiers are frequent in English?
- •66. What article indicates that the object denoted by the noun is unique or specifically known to the speaker(writer) and the hearer(reader)?
- •67. What is a limiting attribute?
- •68. What groups of nouns are preferably used without articles?
- •69. When can we use the article “a” before words beginning with a vowel?
- •70. When do we use the article “an” before words beginning with a consonant?
- •71. What article do we use when we give a person’s job title or their unique position?
- •72. When can we use the article “the” before the names of particular people?
- •73. When can we use the indefinite article or sometimes “zero article” with a name?
- •74. What articles are traditionally used with proper names denoting individual living being? What change of meaning of the proper name does the indefinite article indicate?
- •75. What proper names denoting inanimate objects are preferably used without articles or with the definite article?
- •76. The usage of articles with the names of meals.
- •77. What articles do we use with such nouns as: “school, prison, hospital, university, church”?
- •78. What articles should we use for musical instruments?
- •79. Usage of articles with the names of countries, mountains, islands.
- •80. Usage of articles with the names of oceans, seas, rivers, lakes.
- •1.2.2. Voice
- •1.2.3. Aspect
- •85. Infinitive constructions. Complex Subject. Complex Object. For – Construction.
- •1. The objective with the infinitive construction
- •1) The subject
- •87. What is Gerund? How to distinguish it from the Participle 1 and the Verbal Noun? How to translate the Gerund into Russian?
- •88. What is the Participle 1? How to translate it into Russian?
- •89. What is the Participle 2? The functions of the Participle 2 in the sentence?
- •1. Attribute.
- •2. Adverbial Modifier
- •3. Predicative
- •90. Parenthesis. Dangling or Misrelated Participle.
- •91. Constructions with the Participle
- •92. Gerundial Constructions
- •93. The Infinitive. The syntactical and morphological features of the Infinitive.
- •II. The morphological features of the infinitive (The forms of the infinitive)
- •97. What verbals can be used as subject or object?
- •98. What are the verbs which can be followed by –ing or to with a difference of meaning?
26. What nouns can be countable or uncountable depending upon their meaning in the context?
Some nouns can be countable or uncountable depending upon the meaning in which they are used in the context To this group there belong:
1. Common concrete collective nouns
family, crew, committee.
If they denote all the people forming the collective taken together, they function as countables:
This family is large. These families are large.
If they denote members of the collective viewed separately, they are uncountable and function as Pluralia Tantum
My family are early risers.
The Rainbow family were well known timber merchants. (Eyre} "I", I said, "am going to take care of a little boy on San Cristobal. The family is kin to my mother."
Note: Among collective nouns there is a group of words which always denote members of the group taken separately ("names of multitude"):
police, gentry, cattle, poultry, etc. They always function as Pluralia Tantum: Charles, the police are interested. That's why I ran away.
Some collective nouns always denote the collective as one undivided whole and thus are Singularia Tantum:
the bourgeoisie, the aristocracy, the peasantry, machinery, foliage.
I have looked at the machinery of the sugar mills myself, and none of it is new.
2. Abstract nouns, denoting feelings, emotions, qualities
love, hatred, joy, pleasure, strength, weakness
These nouns are generally used as Singularia Tantum. Occasionally, however, when they indicate special manifestations of the abstract ideas, they become countables, may be used in the singular with the indefinite article and are sometimes pluralized.
He hates weakness.
She had a weakness for good clothes.
She had many small vanities and weaknesses.
What did she know of the possible hatreds in or against the family? There had been one fall already, accident or not. Hatred or something deeper.
Note: Abstract nouns ending in "-ics" (acoustics, phonetics, mathematics, etc.) when used as names of sciences often agree with the verb in the singular.
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics. But they agree with the verb in the plural when denoting the quality of somebody or something.
Her phonetics have become much better this year.
27. What cases does the English noun have? Do these cases have endings?
The nouns (though not all of them) have two cases: the common case and the genitive case. The common case has no ending; the genitive case is formed by adding "-'s" to the stem of the singular or the apostrophe -' to the plural stem.
the boy the boy's books
the boys the boys' books
The common case has a wide range of meanings and applications. The English noun in the common case (alone or preceded by a preposition) will be found in contexts similar to those in which in Russian there will be different cases: nominative, dative, accusative, instrumental or prepositional.
The boy was reading a book. мальчик
I gave the book to the boy мальчику
I saw a boy there. мальчика
I went there with the boy с мальчиком
I spoke to her about the boy о мальчике