Карабан

Завдання Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на переклад займенників this/these, that/those:

1. This suggests that Maynor's argument may be wrong. 2. This brings us to our final consideration. 3. This has the same effect. 4. This fulfills Jock's condition. 5. This is what Smith refers to as sharing. 6. That is very unlikely. 7. That is not true. 8. Again, this is a matter to which we return later. 9. That, too, has unnecessary implications. 10 These occur on an expanding free surface. 11. These are serious restrictions to the commercial use of many similar materials. 12. These, however, are precisely the unique attributes of the Deity. 13. We now turn to other cases of reduction. These are of various types. 14. They can use other new techniques, although these are rather costly. 15. This is a study of a specific instance, although based on less detailed observations. 16. This is what we expect in all similar situations. 17. These have split the process into two varieties. 18. This is further evidence, then, for the revised condition formulated in Chapter 2. 19. These are mistakes of the vagueness of research purposes. 20. This has been corroborated in an empirical study conducted at Bar Ilan University. 21. Only practice can teach the division of a pilot's efforts between the instruments. This varies in different maneuvers. 22. This is due to the following reasons. 23. That is the term used by only a few researchers. 24. That is, there is a quantitative and qualitative variation.

25. This is, of course, a correct result, and if we integrate to obtain the long-term behavior, that, too, will be correct. 26. This is why it is useful to introduce another concept. 27. But these are vague speculations which must be motivated much more carefully. 28. This led him to some conclusions and assumptions that cannot in fact be maintained. 29. I will also ignore here other constructions. These may also be analyzed as lacking surface characteristics. 30. I realize that my critique might be interpreted as personally aimed at Laird: this is not at all my intention. 31. Reed-Hill [35] has also shown how Schmidt factors vary for {1121} and {1122} types of zirconium. These would be nearly the same for titanium. 32. The principal categories of the theory are examined in turn. Two of these are related to my theory. 33. Technically complete working groups within the divisions are the sections. These range in size from 20 to 100 persons. 34. Several departures from the rule have been registered. These are assumed to be negligible. 35. The lateral movements are unique and these have been calculated by Rossi (1993). 36. During this thermomechanical processing, changes occur in both chemistry and structure, and these alter the stability of austenite. 37. Nevertheless, it will be useful to begin

this survey with those processes that are in fact associated with the elimination of dislocations. These are of two distinct types. 38. There are two other factors which have retarded the use of this technique. The first of these is the reluctance of designers to use ultrahigh-strength steels. 39. This is all the more remarkable, given that this position represents a fundamental change from the position taken by him in his earlier formulation of his theory. 40. This is not to deny that any judgments we make about the adequacy of a total system are highly fallible. 41. This was not simply a matter of the belief of the prematurity of attempting such a theory. 42. Up to the present time over 1000 failed components have been examined and individual reports filed. These are classified and filed under various headings.

5. Займенник-замінник one

1. Займенник-замінник one у функції підмета перекладається звичайно іменником, який він заміщує, або не перекладається взагалі (особливо коли він має означення):

Construction joints are needed to limit the length, height and volumes of individual monoliths. The vertical ones are used as part of a system of crack control. Робочі шви необхідні для обмеження довжини, вишини та обсягу окремих монолітів. Вертикальні робочі шви використовуються як частина системи запобігання розтріскуванню.

2. Займенник-замінник one перекладається також як “він”, "той" або "такий" (передусім у тих випадках, коли йому передує означений артикль the):

No serious difficulties are foreseen in the construction of the machine, if one were desired.

Не передбачається жодних серйозних труднощів у створенні цієї машини, якби її захотіли зробити.

The Platon's problem appears to be concerned with three elements. The one that modern science still deals with is the "facts" of observation. Платонівська проблема, здається,

пов'язана з трьома питаннями. Те, яке все ще вирішує сучасна наука — це питання "фактів" спостереження.

Завдання Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на способи перекладу підмета one:

1. While solving a number of problems, the new one creates a few others. 2. No serious difficulties are foreseen in the construction of a projection stereoscope, if one were desired. 3. There are different kinds of propositions. The ones concerning logic and mathematics are analytical propositions. 4. These discoveries brought him the world fame. Especially revolutionary was the one made in 1959. 5. There are several unequal alternatives. The one with the least efforts solution is very difficult to pursue. 6. This hypothesis, if one is to be advanced, will extend the principle to all branches of physics. 7. The choice of allowable analytical systems is in principle also very large. There are, for example, tight ones which are very powerful. 8. The observer knows from past experience that if two objects subtend the same solid angle with respect to the eye, the one which is farther away must be the larger. 9. There are clearly difficulties here that we might well discuss. The first one is that the empirical matters of fact in modern science are not simply "observed", but are nowadays more and more obtainable only by way of a detour of technology. 10 These two structures are the obvious candidates; some much less obvious ones are surveyed in Larson 1994, and Larson adds an interesting (and influential) one to the range of possibilities. 11.This is an easy question to ask, if one is to be asked within this framework. 12. Another example of evidence, an early one, comes from Einstein's article on relativity published in 1907. 13. We are witnessing here an old conflict, one that has continued throughout the development of the sciences.

6. Неозначено-особовий підмет, виражений особовими займенниками we, you і they

Займенники we, you, they, якщо вони мають неозначену референцію, звичайно не перекладаються, а речення з такими займенниками-підметами в перекладі є безособовими або неозначено-особовими:

We must define our objective. Потрібно визначити нашу мету.

They have found that this can give rise to overheating. Встановлено, що це може призвести до перегрівання.

We know, of course, of many such cases. Відомо, звичайно, багато таких випадків. As you have already noticed, the process is irreversible. Як можна було помітити, цей процес незворотній.

Слід розрізняти неозначено-особове та особове вживання цих займенників (в останньому випадку займенники-підмети обов'язково перекладаються).

Завдання Перекладіть наступні речення, попередньо визначивши, чи є займенники we, you, they неозначено-особовими, чи ні:

1. We started by noting an anomaly in the principle. 2. They have played fast and loose with many theoretical concepts. 3. To answer this, you need to be clear exactly what a process approach is. 4. We can place the following requirements on our theory. 5. You need also to bear in mind that some of the techniques do indeed need lots of preparation. 6. We may ask why there is a favoring of maximal interpretations. 7. We can see, then, how Banfield's analysis is not completely adequate. 8. We have said that the principle induces more informative interpretations. 9. As we can appreciate in Figure 2, it is nigh impossible to jump from premise 1 to premise 3. 10. First, we must attend to a long-standing anomaly in the Kuhnian paradigm.

11. Every time we come across this kind of situation, we will be faced with the same problem. 12. What can we conclude from these attempts at definition ? 13. We need, therefore, an explanation of how this is possible.

7. Герундій

1. Герундій у функції підмета міститься звичайно на початку речення і досить часто супроводжується залежними від нього словами (зокрема, іменниками-додатками до нього), утворюючи герундіальну підметову групу. Герундіальні групи у функції підмета, на відміну від обставинного звороту з дієприкметником I, не відокремлюються від решти речення комою, отож за формальними ознаками такі конструкції перекладати не можна.

У такій функції проста (синтетична) форма герундія звичайно перекладається іменником (часто — віддієслівним іменником) або неозначеною формою дієслова у функції підмета:

Describing such structures is thus essential to a comprehensive program of research. Таким чином, опис цих структур є суттєвою складовою програми всебічного дослідження. Accumulating data is obviously not an aim in itself. Накопичення даних — це, зрозуміло,

не самоціль.

Mere listing eleven properties is, of course, only a step towards an analysis. Простий перелік одинадцяти властивостей — це, звичайно, лише один крок на шляху здійснення аналізу.

Reading the book is pleasure esthetic and intellectual, so brilliantly does it interpret Leibniz's opinion. Читати цю книгу — задоволення і естетичне, і інтелектуальне, адже в ній так блискуче роз'яснюється думка Лейбніца.

Meeting this restriction may involve a not insignificant change in the position. Для того, аби виконати цю вимогу, потрібні будуть, можливо, значні зміни у зайнятій позиції.

2. Іноді сама герундіальна форма може не перекладатися:

Providing an unequivocal definition of the notion is not easy. Чітке визначення цього поняття — справа нелегка.

There is every reason to believe that taking such a radical position was necessary in a pioneering publication meant to proclaim the advantages of the new theory. Є всі підстави вважати, що подібна радикальна позиція була необхідна у такому новаторському виданні, призначеному проголосити переваги цієї нової теорії.

Завдання Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на вибір адекватного способу перекладу герундія:

1. Picking the correct terminology to refer to each of the rival methods is no easy task. 2. Proposing such a characterization will be the first order of our business. 3. Clarifying what counts as a "construction" would improve Costakis' analysis considerably. 4. Accepting this

approach entails giving up analyses proposed by Kozma and Vaster (1993). 5. As will be seen below, taking a rule of thumb as an absolute guide can lead to all sorts of conceptual tangles. 6. Summing up, it appears that assigning a special function to the object under investigation does not solve the problem. 7. We believe that offering even a partial or open answer to the questions will benefit both the theory and practice of our method. 8. Providing argument against those circulating in favor of the hypothesis became the best-known occupation of many University Departments. 9. Specifically, explaining the data in terms of these principles may purchase internal homogeneity and consistency in the picture at the expense of their perhaps wider significances. 10. Heating the gas increases the speed of its molecules. 11.Translating from one language to another has been accomplished by computer. 12. Overheating an engine is prevented by providing a cooling system. 13. Launching a satellite is done by firing it from a multistage rocket. 14. Landing on Mars and getting home again is a problem which will be solved within the next ten years. 15. Landing on a celestial body that has no atmosphere can only be done by means of retrorockets. 16. Measuring any quantity means comparing it with an accepted unit for that quantity and finding out how many times larger or smaller it is than that standard unit. 17. Cutting back this newly unleashed excess of theoretical power would give rise to a crop of unsatisfying stipulations of the very phenomena that deserve clear and revealing explanation. 18. Such considerations deserve attention; however, passing over them now will not detract from our general exposition of the hypothesis.

8. Інфінітив

А. Простий інфінітив

1.1. Прості форми інфінітиву у функції підмета можуть перекладатися:

1) неозначеною формою дієслова у функції підмета, особливо коли присудок містить інфінітив:

2.1 Речення з цією конструкцією зазнають під час перекладу наступних лексикограматичних трансформацій: перше місце (підмета) займає іменник, вжитий після прийменника for, безособовий зворот (it is + Adj.) перетворюється у прислівник, а інфінітив трансформується в особову форму дієслова-присудка:

Thus, it is erroneous for Cooperman 1992 to refer to the construction as complex. Куперман

(1992) помилково називає цю конструкцію складною. (Можливий також інший варіант перекладу: Куперман помиляється, коли називає цю конструкцію складною).

2.2. У випадку інтродуктивного безособового звороту it is (im)possible з наступним прийменниковим інфінітивним зворотом переклад передбачає такі трансформації англійського речення: іменник після прийменника for стає підметом, а безособовий зворот і інфінітив становлять модальний дієслівний присудок:

Suppose, however, it is possible for matter to become very dense. Припустимо, однак, що матерія може стати дуже щільною.

Ще один спосіб перекладу полягає у перетворенні англійського речення з такою конструкцією у складнопідрядне речення зі з'ясувальним підрядним, що вводиться сполучником "щоб", де безособовий інтродуктивний зворот стає головним реченням, а інфінітивна конструкція -- підрядним реченням, тоді як інфінітив трансформується у форму умовного способу дієслова-присудка (особливо у випадку таких інтродуктивних зворотів, як it is important, it is necessary тощо):

It is important for a theory to be well-grounded. Важливо, щоб теорія була достатньо обгрунтованою.

Завдання Перекладіть наступні речення, звертаючи увагу на способи перекладу інфінітиву у функції присудка:

1. To emphasize this point was the only aim of my argumentation. 2. How to reach his aim was his task for the future. 3. To consider a third case is equivalent to deciding this question. 4. For him to understand this was an ultimate task. 5. To see their role in science is am aim worth pursuing. 6. For him to solve the problem was no simple matter. 7. To show whether any such associations do or do not exist is a task of another time. 8. Where to place the mechanisms of discontinuity was still very puzzling for Millikan. 9. To accept Planck's theory means, in my view, to throw out the basis of our theory of radiation. 10. It may become necessary for that research team to reassess their data. 11. It is possible for liquid water to be cooled below its freezing point and remain in liquid form. 12. By intensive experiments, it is possible for a researcher to obtain outstanding results. 13. It is astonishing to find that even this truism has recently been challenged. 14. It is not possible for contamination to occur here. 15. It is necessary for him to conduct further research. 16. It is more important for us to understand the basic issue. 17. Such examples are so frequent that it becomes difficult to follow the discussion. 18. To understand why Newton may have done this is of importance if we want to understand the cost of having so long been the philosophical heirs of the victorious side in the seventeenth-century quarrel concerning what science should be like. 19. To call light either a wave phenomenon or a particle phenomenon is impossible: in either case, too much is left out. To call light both a wave phenomenon and a particle phenomenon is to oversimplify matters. 20. To produce bold hypotheses is not the same as to present equations which are as far as possible true and quantitatively correct correspondents of the phenomenal world. 21. For a mature scientist to find in his work the need for abandoning his cherished and ingrained preconceptions, the very basis of his previous work, in order to fulfill the dictates of quantitative experience was perhaps one of the greatest sacrificial acts of modern science, equivalent in recent scientific history to the agony of Max Planck.

9. Груповий підмет

В англійській науковій мові досить широко вживаються речення з поширеною групою підмету, де присудок міститься у самому кінці речення. Група підмета звичайно поширюється атрибутивним словосполученням, означувальним підрядним реченням, прийменниково-іменниковим сполученням, дієприкметниковим зворотом і деякими

іншими означеннями. У всіх подібних випадках при перекладі присудок звичайно виноситься на перше місце в українському реченні:

Two types of output structures have been used. Використані два види вихідних структур. Additional facilities for performing certain arithmetic operations are provided. Надаються додаткові пристрої для виконання певних арифметичних операцій.

Attempts to compare the observations with various existing theories designed to account for the propagation as a scattering process have been made. Зроблені спроби порівняти дані спостереження з різними існуючими теоріями, призначеними для пояснення розповсюдження як процесу розсіювання.

Reliability of performance of typical systems is estimated. Оцінюється надійність роботи типових систем.

Завдання Перекладіть речення, визначивши місце групового підмета у перекладі:

1. A brief discussion of some examples taken from Table VII follows. 2. The sensitivity of these results to the methods of analysis was explored in several ways. 3. In the sections that follow their conclusions and the results of several other investigators are reviewed. 4. Like the empirical tests, several completely different approaches to the problem seem to be evolving. 5. Current opinion on the way scientific theories are constructed is by no means unanimous. 6. Much more stringent constraints than the requirement of formal consistency associated with formalist philosophies are posed here. 7. The considerations involved in designing these steels, their limitations, and some of the steps that have been taken to overcome these limitations, are reviewed. 8. Various formalizations of the vicious circle principle as well as the point at which the continuum is impredictive are discussed. 9. Various open problems, especially whether a natural condition may be added so as to eliminate the anomaly, yet preserve everything else, are tackled here. 10. On the other hand, looking from the point of view of extra-logical knowledge representation, the clear distinction between assumptions and extra-logical axioms seems very natural. 11. The results of a program extending over the last four and one-half years to investigate the nature and characteristics of high-loss regular VHF propagation by means of the lower ionosphere are proposed. 12. The merely approximate agreement between the observed astronomical facts and the scheme laid out in the "Mysterium Cosmographicum" is no longer satisfying. 13. The role of non-classical logics in recent