Text 17 introduction
Aquaculture is the rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions. More simply, aquaculture is underwater agriculture. The concept is not a new one-fish cul-ture began in China perhaps as much as 4000 years ago. The Egyptian tombs have pictographs indicating that certain types of fishes were being reared during the days of the Pharoahs, and oyster culture was being practiced under the Roman Empire. Most
people think of acquaculture as the production of aquatic animals for human con-sumption, and many of the aquaculture effors around the world are being conducted for that purpose. There are, hourever, other purposes for which aquatic organisms are grown. Examples include producing minnows for bait, rearing tropical fishes and gold fish for the aquarium trade and producing ornamental aquatic plants (water liles).
In addition, the often large-scale hatchery programs that exist in the various states and provinces of North America and throughout the world produce fishes for release into streams, lakes, reservoirs and the marine environment to enhance commercial and recreational fisheries as well as to repopulate water bodies with endangered and threatened species. Aquatic plants are also produced for human consumption. In the Orient, for example, seaweed production (e.g., red and brown algae) involves the la-bour of several hundreds of thousands of people. The seaweeds may be consumed di-rectly by man or extracts may be obtained that become components of a variety of substances each of us uses every day. Ice cream, toothpaste, cosmetics and a wide range of other house hold items contain extracts from seaweeds. Some of those busi-nesses are very large, and they are legitimate aquaculture enterprises. Under natural conditions, as much as 100 pounds per acre (kg/ha) of fish might be produced in a lake within a year. Aquaculture systems, by contract, can produce several thousand to even a million pounds per acre (kg/ha) in a year: The difference relates to the defini-tion of aquaculture presented above. The aquaculturist exerts control over the species being reared. That control may include, but is not limited to the following:
1. Design, construction and maintenance of the culture system being employed. Aquaculturists utilize ponds, cages, net-pens, race ways, tanks and other units. They do not attempt to convert unaltered natural water bodies into culture system.
2. Maintenance of suitable water quality. In order foran aquaculture venture to be successful, the water must be of a quality suitable for the species being reared. Of most importance are the levels of dissolved oxygen and ammonia, water temperature
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and, in the case of marine species, salinity. Each of these and other water quality va-riables may or may not be controlled, depending on the nature of the culture system. 3. Control over reproduction. Unless the culture species can be reproduced in captiv-ity, there is no way to undertake genetic selection and the improvement of the species with respect to its suitability for culture. Successful aquaculture of any species ulti-mately depends on captive breeding and producing brookstock from animals that are hatched in captivity.
4. Provision of nutritionally complete feeds.
Species being reared by aquaculturists are usually fed prepared feeds, similar to the feeds used by livestock producers. Such feeds contain the nutrients necessary to meet the daily requirements of the species under culture. In some instances, natural foods are relied up (e.g., oyster and mussel culture), but for most species, manufactured di-ets are employed.
5. Control of diseases. Aquatic organisms, like other plants and animals, are suscept-ible to diseases of various kinds. The aquaculturist must be able to recognize the dis-eases that affect the particular species being cultured and know how to treat them properly.
Vocabulary
to rear concept tomb pictograph pharoah
to conduct minnows bait
gold fish to hatch
hatchery/hatcher release
to enhance to endanger to threaten seaweed
to involve household legitimate to exert
maintenance
выращивать, выводить, культивировать понятие, идея
могила пиктография фараон
зд. приложить, прикладывать мелкие галаксиевые рыбы приманка, наживка серебряный карась, гарибальди выводить искусственно инкубатор
выпуск на волю увеличивать подвергать опасности грозить, угрожать морская водоросль включать, вовлекать известный
законный
осуществлять, применять эксплуатация, сохранение, поддержка
содержание
cage садок, клетка, изолятор pond пруд
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net-pen огороженное место сетями
для выращивания объектов марикультуры, садок
race way venture
to dissolve ammonia variable captivity
to under take ultimately breeding brood stock feed nutritional stock nutrient
to meet requirements instance
to rely upon susceptible
рыбоходный канал, зд. лоток предприятие
растворять, разжижать аммиак
переменная неволя предпринимать
в конечном счете, в конце концов разведение
маточное стадо кормление, питание питательный, пищевой стадо, косяк рыбы питательное вещество отвечать требованиям случай
полагаться
восприимчивый, чувствительный
впечатлительный, обидчивый
disease
to recognize to treat aquatic
болезнь
зд. распознавать, узнавать лечить
водный
Exercises
1. Translate into Russian.
Aquatic organisms; to be susceptible to diseases; species are fed; to manufacture di-ets; to depend on captive breeding; to utilize ponds, raceways, net pens and cages; suitable quality of water; seaweeds may be consumed directly; to set up legitimate aquaculture enterprises; to enhance commercial and recreational fisheries; to conduct efforts for the production of aquatic animals for human consumption; to rear aquatic organisms under controlled condition.
2. Translate into English.
понятие аквакультуры; производство водных организмов для потребления че-ловеком; выводить и культивировать водные организмы с целью выращивания тропических рыбок и гарибальди, и растений на воде; разводить рыбу, для того чтобы выпускать ее в озера, ручьи, бассейны; получать экстракты из водорос-лей; создавать предприятия по культивированию водных организмов и расте-ний; осуществлять контроль над видами, которые культивируют; садок и пруд;
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рыбоходный канал и огороженное сетями место для выращивания объектов ма-рикультуры; поддержание нужного (подходящего) качества воды; соленость и температура воды; содержание растворимого кислорода и аммиака; разведение рыбы в неволе; обеспечивать кормление (питание); быть восприимчивым к бо-лезням; узнавать болезни и лечить их правильно; готовый корм.
3. Answer the questions. 1. What is aquaculture?
2. What’s the purpose of aquaculture?
3. Where and when was first aquaculture practiced? 4. What may control over the species include?
4. Translate into English.
1. Аквакультура -это разведение водных организмов в условиях под контролем человека.
2. История аквакультуры началась в Китае приблизительно 4000 лет назад.
3. Определенные виды рыб разводили в Египте во времена Фараона, а также разводили устриц в Римской империи.
4. Основной целью аквакультуры является производство водных организмов для потребления человеком.
5. Кроме этого, рыбу разводят, для того чтобы выпускать ее в реки, озера, водо-емы и увеличивать таким образом промышленное рыболовство и рыболовство для отдыха в Америке и других западных странах.
6. Разводят не только животные организмы, но и растения.
7. Среди растений следует выделить водоросли (красные, бурые, ламинарию). 8. Широкое применение водоросли получили в медицине, в частности как пи-щевые добавки.
9. Водоросли используют для производства продуктов питания.
10. На Дальнем востоке появились ряд предприятий, которые занимаются раз-ведением водорослей, мидий, трубача, устриц.
11. Система аквакультуры подразумевает ряд требований:
12. Строительство и содержание садков, рыбоходных каналов, прудов, рыбо-водных заводов и хозяйств:
13. Поддержание воды определенного качества. Вода должна содержать рас-творимый кислород, аммиак, определенную температуру и если необходимо-соленость.
14. Контроль за воспроизводством и за болезнями. Специалисты аквакультуры должны распознать заболевания и должны знать как его лечить правильно.
15. Обеспечение питательным кормом. Обычно виды, которые разводят, кормят готовым кормом.
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5. Translate into Russian and summarize the text.
FEEDING THE WORLD THROUGH AQUACULTURE
Commercial aquaculturists throughout the world are in business to make a profit. When that profit is associated with providing food for other people, the commercial aquacuturist is not generally interested in feeding the hungry, but in providing the best quality product possible and selling it for the highest possible price. In some places, subsistence culture, which involves the rearing of a modest amount of aqua-cultured product for consumption by a family, group of families, or a village involved in the enterprise, is being practised. One or a few small ponds can often produce enough fish, for example, to meet the local animal protein demand, per haps even with enough left over to sell profitably. Subsistence aquaculture, as is true of all aq-uaculture, depends on availability of water in suitable quantity and quality. Water of that nature is often not available, so the aquaculture option may not exist. Commer-cial aquaculture is not, in general, a means of providing inexpensive animal protein to the masses. Aquaculture can create jobs, enhance the overall economy of a region and thereby help to improve the plight of under pivileged peoples. It is not a panacea, however, and should not be looked upon as the means to prosperity for large numbers of those who live in the developing nations of the world.
World supplement
subsistence aquaculture to enhance
plight
underprivileged people prosperity
аквакультура для пропитания повышать
мучительное положение неимущие люди преуспевание
TEXT 18
THE BIG TWO IN FISH CULTURE
The most widely cultured groups of fishes in the world are the carps. While the people of the USA are most familiar with the common or European species, carp cul-ture is dominated by production of a variety of Chinese carps including the common, big head, silver and grass carp. In the USA the common carp was introduced from Europe during the 19 th century. The Chinese have developed carp culture to a fine art. They use a system known as polyculture (two or more non-competing species are reared in the same water system) in which at least four species of carp are grown in the same pond. Ponds in China are often fertilized with organic fertilizers which pro-duce plant and animal food for fish. Aqricultural wastes may also be used. Common carp feed on benthos, silver carp on phytoplankton, big head carp on zooplankton and
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grass carp on rooted aquatic vegetation. Thus various food supplies are used by vari-ous culture species. Stocking rates are related to the food supplies. In recent years, prepared feeds have become more common in China, though pelleted diets may still be used in combination with fertilization. Indian carps (various species) and common carp are more commonly reared in monoculture (only one species present in the cul-ture system). Depending on expected production, the ponds may be fertilized, or pre-pared feeds may be offered. In Europe and Israel, common carp are maintained at high densities and are fed pelleted rations that meet their nutritional requirements. Carps will spawn naturally in ponds, though hatcheries are often maintained. Hor-mones may be injected into the adults to induce spawning. Eggs and milt may be ob-tained by manual stripping. The eggs are maintained in a hatchery and the young fish are stocked into nursery ponds. The system is relatively simple. Carp are able to tole-rate fairly wide ranges in environmental conditions, so the technology required for their culture is not highly sophisticated. The second most widely cultured group of fishes in the world today are the tilapias. Tilapias are native to the Middle East and
north Africa, but have been introduced throughout the tropical world and into many subtropical areas. Most species die when water temperatures fall below 100C. There-
fore, culture in temperature climates depends on production of a crop during the warm months and maintenance of brookstock in warm water (often in indoor heated holding facilities) during winter. Various species of tilapia are under culture around the world today, primarily in the tropics. All off the popular ones are known for their rapid growth, ease of production and heartiness. Tilapias are extremely tolerant of poor water quality, reproduce readily in almost any environment and reach market size within several months. Most species feed on a combination of plants and ani-mals, and they do not require high cost prepared feeds unless they are being reared at high densities where natural food supplies become exhausted. Tilapias are popular in subsistence culture in much of Africa, the Far East and Liatin America. Commercial production is highly developed in Israel, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Tai-wan, Jamaica and various other nations.
Vocabulary
common carp big head carp silver carp grass carp
to fertilize waste
to feed on benthos vegetation pellet density
культивируемый карп большеголовый карп толстолобик
белый амур удобрять отходы питаться бентос растительность гранула плотность
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ration
to spawn milt strip
nursery pond to tolerate tolerant tilapia temperate brood heartiness readily
to require to exhaust
food supplies hatchery maintenance
рацион нереститься семенники
выдавливать икру или молоки садок для молоди рыб выносить, переносить выносливый
тиляпия умеренный
потомство, выводок, помет крепость, здоровье
легко, охотно требовать истощать запасы пищи рыбопитомник
содержание, сохранение
Exercises
1. Choose the equivalents.
Subsistence aquaculture; food supplies become exhausted; grass carp and silver carp; common carp and big head carp; four species are grown in the same pond; to fertilize ponds; to maintain a carp at high densities; to ject hormones into the adults; hor-mones may be injected into the adults; to maintain broodstock in warm water; tila-pias; tilapias are tolerant of poor water quality; to require high-cost prepared feeds; to spawn; to induce spawning.
Гормоны можно вводить взрослым особям; выводить четыре вида карпа в од-ном пруду; тиляпии выносливы к воде плохого качества; нереститься; белый амур и толстолобик; вводить гормоны взрослым особям; поддерживать потом-ство в теплой воде; требовать дорогого готового корма; вызывать нерест; куль-тивируемый и большеголовый карп; удобрять пруды; тиляпии; аквакультура как пропитание; запасы пищи истощаются; сложная технология.
2. Answer the questions:
1. What are two the most widely cultured groups of fishes? 2. What have you learnt about the chinese culture system? 3. Why are ponds fertilized?
4. What are native areas of tilapias?
5. What makes tilapias very popular around the world today?
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3. Translate sentences into English.
1. Самыми широко культивируемыми группами рыб являются карпы и тиля-пии.
2. Известно, что карпов разводили в Китае приблизительно 4000 лет назад.
3. Китайские карпы включают культивируемого карпа, большеголового карпа, толстолобика и белого амура.
4. Китайцы в совершенстве овладели искусством разведения карпов (to have a perfect command of smth)
5. Они используют в своей практике поликультуру и монокультуру.
6. Под поликультурой понимается разведение двух или более неконкурирую-щих видов в одном водоеме или водной системе.
7. Под монокультурой понимается разведение только одного вида в водоеме. 8. Карпы могут нереститься в прудах, но часто используют рыбопитомники. 9. Искусственная система воспроизводства карпов довольна проста.
10. Карпов кормят либо готовым кормом, либо пруды удобряют органическими удобрениями.
11. Тиляпии -вторая группа широко культивируемых рыб в мире, но тиляпии очень чувствительны к изменению температуры воды.
12.Тиляпии- теплолюбивый вид (warm water), они умирают, когда температура воды опускается ниже 500 F (100C).
13. Тиляпии разводят в настоящее время в тропиках.
14. Известно, что они быстро растут, легко и быстро размножаются, выносливы к плохому качеству воды, в течение нескольких месяцев достигают размеров пригодных для продажи.
15. Тиляпии питаются как растительными, так и животными организмами и им не требуется дорогой готовый корм, если природные запасы питания истоща-ются.
TEXT 19
LEADING AQUACULTURE SPECIES IN THE UNITED STATES
Finfish aquaculture in the United States is dominated by channel catfish culture in the south and trout production (primarily rainbow trout) in the north. Aquaculturists are also raising salmon in marine net-pens and a few other fishes like red drum, grass carp and sturgeon are also being cultured. Marine invertebrate culture involves the production of oysters, mussels, clams, shrimp and crayfish.
Channel catfish culture is centered in Missisippi, where ideal conditions exist for the construction of ponds and where large volumes of ground water are available. Since the early 1960s, when commercial catfish culture began to develop in the United States, an meal pond production has gone from an average of about 1000 pounds per acre (kg/ha) to in excess of 4000 pounds per acre (kg/ha) on well-managed farms. Good quality control has produced a widely accepted product that has been finding increasing favor among the consuming public outside of the south, where catfish has
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been a traditional favorite. Catfish farming is also practiced in various other states, though the farther north one goes, the shorter the growing season and consequently, there are few catfish producers in the north. Besides Mississippi, some of the key cat-fish producing states are Arkansas, Louisiana and California. The catfish industry is presently valued at over $ 400 million annually.
Over 90% of the trout produced for human consumption in the United States are grown in the immediate vicinity of Twin Falls, Idoho. The water from under ground rivers in this area is of excellent quality and nearly ideal temperature for trout produc-tion. The trout industry is somewhat smaller than the catfish industry at the present time and does not appear to be growing appreciably, though there is significant po-tential for growth if new markets for the product can be developed.
Atlantic and coho salmon have been produced in net-pens in Puget Sound, Washing-ton for a number of years, and a complementary Atlantic salmon industry is rapidly developing in the northeastern United States. Salmon net-pen culture has developed into a major industry in Norway, and Norwegian fishes are being air freighted to the United States markets where they command a high price. Spurred by that success, Scotland, Chile and Canada have been actively developing salmon culture industries, Oysters are cultured on inter tidal or sub tidal beds. Larval oysters, called spat, are either produced in hatcheries or collected in the wild on substrates to which the spat attach when they leave the zooplankton and become benthic. In hatcheries, spat are allowed to settle on dead oyster shell, called cultch, which is then placed on the sea bed. United States oyster farming is best develop in the state of Washington, which currently ships a large percentage of its production to the east coast and Gulf of Mex-ico regions, where disease and pollution problems have severely limited the availabil-ity of local oysters. Most of the oyster production in Washington is based upon the Japanese oyster, which is not native to the Pacific North-west but was brought to Washington, Oregon and California from Japan many years ago.
Freshwater shrimp culture received a great deal of attention in the United States dur-ing the 1970s. On the basic of culture of the so-called Giant Malaysian prawn, fresh-water shrimp culture was most successful in Hawaii, though a good deal of research and development took place in South Carolina, Texas and a few other states. Fresh-water shrimp are relatively easy to produce in hatcheries, after which the post larvae are stocked into culture ponds. In tropical climates, aquaculturists can potentially produce two crops per year. However, there are some major problems associateed with freshwater shrimp culture. For example, freshwater shrimp are cannibalistic. When
a shrimp molts sheds its ecoskeleten to provide an opportunity for qrawth it is vulner-able to attack by other shrimp for a period of several hours until the new exockeleton hardens. Cannibalism can cause significant losses. Other problems involve short life of the product after harvest, and the difficulties in marketing have caused many shrimp culturists to moveaway from fresh water shrimp and toward marine species.
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Vocabulary
channel catfish trout
rainbow trout aquaculturist to raise
red drum sturgeon invertebrate oyster mussel clam shrimp
freshwater shrimp crayfish
available
in excess of favor consequently to value immediate vicinity
to appear appreciably coho salmon complementary to speer intertidal bed subtidal bed
канальный сом форель
радужная форель специалист по аквакультуре
выращивать, разводить, выводить красный горбыль
осетр
беспозвоночное животное устрица
мидия
двустворчатый моллюск креветка
бокоглав рак
имеющийся в наличии свыше, сверх расположение кого-либо следовательно оценивать
ближайший окрестность казаться ощутимо, заметно кижуч
дополнительный, добавочный подстегивать, подстрекать дно литоральной зоны
расположенной ниже
приливоотливной зоны
larval
larval oyster spat substrate
to attach shell cultch
лечиночный лечинка устрицы устричная молодь
субстрат, питательная среда прикреплять
панцирь
материал для прикрепления личинок
устриц, икра устриц prawn креветка
postlarvae постларвальный (послеличиночный период)
to associate связывать
53
cannibalistic канибальский
cannibalism канибализм (явление когда рыба поедает особи своего вида)
to molt to shed
exoskeleton
to be vulnerable to smth to harden
to cause drop line
линять
менять, сбрасывать наружный скелет
быть подвержанным чему-либо твердеть, делать твердым вызывать
канат погруженный в воду
Exercises
1. Translate into Russian.
To shed exoskeleton; to cause significant losses; to produce two crops a year; ideal temperature for trout production; to raise salmon; marine invertebrate culture in-volves; oysters and clams; shrimp and crayfish; to rear salmon in net-pens; to practice oyster farming on intertidal beds; spat; cultch.
2. Translate into English.
аквакультура плавниковых рыб; разводить канального сома; форель из лосося; производство раков, креветок, устриц и моллюсков; находить расположение среди потребителей; обеспечивать воду идеальной температурой весь год; грунтовые реки; разводить кижуча в садках; дно литоральной зоны; устричная молодь; производство устриц в Штатах базируется на; получать большое вни-мание; относительно легко создавать в питомниках; когда креветка линяет; подвергаться нападению других креветок; менять (сбрасывать) наружный ске-лет.
3. Answer the questions.
1. What are the leading aquaculture species in the United States? 2. Where is channel catfish culture centered?
3. Where is trout produced?
4. Where are Atlantic and coho industry developing?
5. What have you learnt about oyster and clam farming?
6. When did freshwater shrimp culture receive a great deal of attention? 7. Which are the problems associated with freshwater shrimp culture? 4. Summarize the text.
5. Translate the text into English using the dictionary.
Развитие марикультуры на Дальнем Востоке
Дальневосточное побережье России омываемое Японским морем со множест-вом заливов и островов является многообещающим для марикультуры. Научно-
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исследовательские станции и экспериментальные хозяйства по искусственному разведению морских беспозвоночных (гребешка, трепанга, устриц) и морских водорослей (ламинарии, анфельция) созданы в литоральных зонах, преимуще-ственно в южных. Самая большая станция по разведению ламинарии с площа-дью 70 гектаров создана в заливе”Posyet” (залив Посвет) бухты Валентина. Там получают до 70 тон сырой массы в год с одного гектара. Поблизости располо-жено и экспериментальное хозяйство по выращиванию устриц и гребешка.
World supplement
Scallop Invertebrcetes Green material= Ahnfeltia
гребешок беспозвоночные raw material анфельция
TEXT 20 CULTURE SYSTEMS
Ponds:
The primary culture system used in the world today is the earthen pond. A typical pond is about 3 feet (1m) deep at the upper end and 6 feet (2 m) deep at the drain. The bottom and sides are made from compacted earth sides slope at a ration of 2:1 or 3:1. Steeper slopes make entry and exit from the pond difficult and promote erosion of the banks, while shallower slopes promote the establishment of aquatic weeds. Pond size varies greatly-some are only a few square yards (square meters) in area, but most are an acre (0,4 ha) or larger. Management and harvesting become difficult if a pond is too large, so most culture ponds do not exceed about 20 acres (8 ha). A well designed pond should have a drain that allows the water to be completely removed within a day or two and should be provided with an inflow pipe of sufficient size that the pond can be filled within a reasonable period of time. Ponds can be stocked at various densities. If water is exchanged continuously or frequently, higher densities of culture animals can be maintained than when static conditions are employed. Cat-fish farmers in Mississippi are annually producing over 4,000 pounds per acre (kg/ha) in ponds.
Raceways:
Raceways are linear channels or circular tanks through which water continuously flows at a rate that will provide a minimum of several exchanges each day. Raceways are commonly used in hatcheries for the rearing of young animals and are employed by the trout industry for production from fry to harvest size. In ponds, fish are ex-posed continuously to the same water during the growing period, while in raceways, the water may be exchanged completely every several minutes to every few hours.
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Cages and Net-Pens:
Culture cages and net pens are structures placed in a natural environment and stocked
with fish for growout. The only real difference between the two is size. Cages tend to be relatively small (a typical cage has a volume of 1 or 2 m2), while net-pens are of-
ten several meters on a side and 10 to 20 meters deep. Cage culture has been prac-ticed to a limited extent by catfish farmers. For example, in Arkansas (where leasing of state lakes for cage culture operations is possible ), catfish have been commercially produced in cages. Cages have also been used by researchers. Most cage culture is conducted in freshwater environment, while net-pens are most commonly used in the marine environment. Net pen culture has been restricted to protected waters, but re-cently, net pen engineering has advanced to the stage that open sea pens are now available that can withstand storms without damage.