2. Translate into English
Приготовление сурими можно разнообразить добавлением ароматических ве-ществ и биологических тканей, протеиновый рыбный продукт в виде фарша или студийной массы, недорогая рыба с белым мясом, для сасими используют главным образом тунец или лосось, рыбу режут тонкими ломтиками и едят сы-рой, рыбу погружают в соевый соус или в зеленую пасту из хрена, выделение паразитов, родоначальниками сурими были японцы, потребление неприготов-ленной рыбы, рисовые клейкие и слегка подслащенные шарики, помещать сы-рую рыбу, кальмара, осьминога на рисовые шарики, заворачивать суши в водо-росли, приобретать популярность во всем мире, маленькие рыбы едят целиком. 3. Answer the questions.
1.In what way do humans traditionally consume fish?
2. What are new variations for eating fishes and shell-fishes?
3.Which of there S fishery products is gaining popularity in the USA and Russia? 4. Translate sentences.
1.Рыбу традиционно замораживают, коптят, солят, валят и консервируют. 2.Употребление свежей рыбы составляет 20%.
3.Японцы предпочитают употреблять сырую рыбу, также как и местное населе-ние прибрежных государств.
4.Японские бары и рестораны все чаще появляются в разных странах мира. 5.Говоря об изменениях в употреблении рыбы и ракообразных мы в первую очередь имеем ввиду суши и сасими.
6.Суши -это клейкая и слегка подслащенная рисовая масса или шарик, на кото-рую помещаются сырые кусочки рыбы, креветок, кальмара, осьминога или ик-ра. Иногда суши заворачивают в водоросль.
7.Сасими – это морепродукт, который нарезан тонкими ломтиками и подается в сыром виде. Морепродукт погружают в соевый соус или в васаби – зеленую пасту из хрена. Чаще всего для сасими используют лосось или тунец, но и мно-гие другие виды рыб и ракообразных можно использовать в этом случае. 8.Считают, что сасими довольно опасен для употребления, т.к. увеличивается выделение паразитов. Поэтому необходимо готовить продукт тщательно.
22
5. Summarize the text.
Translate the dialogue:
N. Привет Стив! Где ты был? Я звонил тебе несколько раз сегодня. S. О, я был в японском ресторане!
N. В японском ресторане? В нашем городе есть такой ресторан? S. Да, ты знаешь, очень уютное приятное место и кухня хорошая. N. Какая же у них кухня?
S. Японская, конечно, но и европейская тоже.
N. Я знаю, что японцы любят морепродукты и употребляют их больше чем мясные продукты. Считают, что употребление морепродуктов продлевает жизнь человека и избавляет его от ряда заболеваний. Что ты ел сегодня?
S. Я ел суши и сурими. N. Что это такое?
S. Это кусочки сырой рыбы или ракообразных, которые подают с рисом или соевым соусом.
N. Стив, давай сходим вместе в японский ресторан. Я обязательно хочу попробовать новую кухню. (Новый способ приготовления морских продуктов).
UNIT 2
Fisheries and ecological problems text 7 eсоlogy
Ecology is the science of interrelationships between living organisms and their envi-ronment. Fishes are the major vertebrates of freshwater and marine environments. Although some amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals also live in aquatic envi-ronments, they do not have the enormous variety and ecological impact of fishes. Once fish become large enough to ectively swim, they become members of the nek-ton community and actively control their place in time and space within the water column. Fishes are capable of vast migrations and need not drift with the currents, as do plankton. Shellfishes such as oysters and crabs are also important fisheries re-sources. Although we recognize that oysters and crabs are not fishes, the types of in-formation needed to manage them (standing crop, birth; death and harvesting rates) are similar to those collected for fishes. To properly manage our fisheries, we need to understand the attributes of harvested species.
From an animal’s point of view, obtaining food without being eaten is critical-it must be able to gather enough food to meet its energy requirements and reproduce the next generation, but not fall prey to another animal. To accomplish this, an aqua-tic animal may change its morphology and preferred habitat during its life time. Aq-uatic animals are subject to many environmental influences, including the availability
23
of food, which is necessary for a population to demonstrate high growth and repro-duction. The animal also must find favourable temperatures and oxygen conditions, while avoiding predators, diseases and parasites.
As we examine environments from small ponds through rivers, lakes and oceans, understanding the factors controlling fish production become progressively more difficult. In small ponds, food availability often controls fish production, but the factors that control the survival of young oceanic fishes and their ultimate productivi-ty is one of the greatest challenges to the fisheries scientist. Only certain fishes, shell-fishes and algae have the characteristics necessary for harvesting by humans. They must be abundant and, at some time during their adult life, should be concentrated in a predicable area so they are accessible to fishing gear. A species value as human food depends on its acceptability in our diet, nutritional quality and accessibility. Or-ganisms that are highly valued by one society may be ignored or considered repug-nant by another. Many species having no value as human food are fished for reduc-tion to fish meal used in livestock and aquaculture feeds. These species constitute some of our largest fisheries in terms of catch weight. Ecology is best studied within the context of ecosystems, rather than considering only the species of interest. An ecosystem includes includes all of the interacting organisms and physical-chemical components. Within an ecosystem, the flow of chemical elements, such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus, and the flow of energy from sunlight through pho-tosynthesis into organic material and its utilization by respiration are linked.
Write a summary of the text in Russian
TEXT 8
CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY IN THE BERING SEA
Several years ago World Wildlife Fund (WWF) worked with scientists around the world to identify the most critical areas for preserving biological diversity. As a result of this work these experts identified over 200 areas which we call ecoregions. In theory, if we, the international conservation community, could preserve the biodiver-sity in these ecoregions, we would be protecting most of the diversity of life on the planet.
Of these Global 200 ecoregions, 61 were marine. And one of these marine eco-regions was the Bering Sea. Why did the international group of experts consider the Bering Sea to be such a globally important area? Primarily because the Bering Sea is one of the most productive northern marine ecosystems in the world. As many of you know, the sea is home to …. More than 450 species of fish, mollusks and crusta-ceans;
…. Some 50 species seabirds, and million of birds which migrate annually from all over the world to nest in various coastal and marine habitats.
…. Some 25 marine mammals, many of which occur in high concentrations through-
24
out the ecoregion.
For centuries the Bering Sea’s bounty has supported economies around the world, as nations have sought to exploit fur and other resources. In the mid-19th century, whal-
ing reached its peak as oil and baleen were sought after commodities. Today, the Ber-ing Sea accounts for more than half the total seafood catch in the U.S. In Alaska, fi-sheries provide the second largest number of jobs. There are many signs that this “Sea of Plenty” is not an endless resource. People around the Bering Sea are con-cerned about declines in species, and other changes signaling that all in the Bering Sea is not well. For example,
…. numerous fisheries have collapsed in the last 2 decades, including red king crab and more recently, opelio and snow crabs;
…. herring, capelin and other forage fish important to wildlife have been declining since the mid-1990 s;
…. seven of the great whales found in the Bering Sea are listed as endangered under the federal Endangered species Act;
…. other marine mammals are in decline, such as the northern fur seal; and … the sea otter down by an average of 70% through out the Alentian islands. Perhaps, no other species has received as much attention and notoriety as the Steller Sea Lion. In the last 30 years the species has declined by 50-80% throughout its range. There are im-portant factors which are no doubt playing a role in the Bering Sea environment. These are: Global Climate change …. the extent of the sea ice cover-a critical habitat for many marine mammals-has shrink by 5% in the last 30 years. … Wamer sea sur-face temperature in 1997 and 1998 gave us a preview of the future-we observed un-usual algae blooms, massive die-offs of 3 species of seabirds, and low salmon return in certain areas of the Bering Sea.
Toxic Pollution
Throughout the ecoregion, scientists are finding the presence of contaminants such as Persistent Pollutants (POPS). POPS are long-lasting, travel long distances and can in-terfere with reproduction of humans and wild-life. These contaminants are appearing in wild life that are far from the source of the pollution.
Translate the text using a dictionary.
World supplement
biological diversity to seek (sought) whale baleen opilio crab
steller sea lion northen fur seal sea otter
persistent organic pollutants
биоразнообразие пытаться, стараться китовый ус
краб стригун сивуч
северный морской котик калан
стойкие органические загрязнители
(СОЗ)
25
contaminant загрязнитель
TEXT 9 ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT
“The overarching principles of ecosystem-based management of fisheries are an ex-tension of the conventional principles for sustainable fisheries development to cover the ecosystem as a whole. They aim to ensure that, despite variability, uncertainty and likely natural changes in the ecosystem, the capacity of the aquatic ecosystems to produce fish food, revenues, employment and, more generally, other essential servic-es and livelihood, is maintained indefinitely for the benefit of the present and future generations.
The main implication is the need to cater both for human as well as ecosystem well-being. This implies conservation of ecosystem structures, processes and interactions through sustainable use. This implies consideration of a range of frequently conflict-ing objectives and the needed consensus may not be achievable without equitable dis-tribution of benefits.”
These needs are widely recognised and accepted by fisheries management agencies and interest groups worldwide, but there is still great uncertainty as to how to imple-ment an effective ecosystem management in practice. Conventional fisheries man-agement focuses on a single species or stock and generally assumes that the produc-tivity of that stock is a function only of its inherent population dynamics characteristics. However, even under this paradigm, fisheries management has been, at best, only partially successful and major problems have emerged because of uncer-tainty about the status and dynamics of the stock, a tendency to give priority to the short-term social and economic needs at the expense of the longer-term sustainability of the stock, poorly defined objectives; and institutional weaknesses, particularly in relation to the absence of long-term rights amongst the different key stakeholders and decision-making structures and processes. As management expands its focus from target stock to ecosystem, all of these problems increase in an exponential way and biological uncertainty becomes ecological uncertainty which is even more complex, the number of competing users increases as do the resulting conflicts of interest, ob-jectives become more complex and conflicting, and the number of stakeholders is ex-panded to include all the users of all the different ecosystem components. Of cource, this expanding complexity is a result of recognising the reality of the inter-dependence of all ecosystem components, instead of the false assumption that stocks are independent. However, while it is a major conceptual advance, the practical prob-lems raised by this recognition are immense. This is apparent from the list of 30 ele-
ments comprising the foundation and components of ecosystem management sug-gested by the 5th Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Nevertheless, there are pragmatic ways in which to begin implementation of ecosys-tembased fisheries management, even as we strive for greater knowledge of ecosys-tem functioning and how to deal with complex human institutions and societies.
26
Do written translation of the text using a dictionary.
TEXT 10
OIL SEARCH KILLS FISH
Explosive charges and air cannons fired underwater in the hunt for oil could be kill-ing millions of fish, Norwegian fishing industry sources say. Norway’s Istitute of Fi-sheries Technology Research (FTFI), which has begun an urgent investigation into the effects of seismic shooting on marine life, says there is mounting evidence that this activity is harmful. Evidence came to light after seismic refraction studies were carried out in a fjord under which it was proposed to build a road tunnel. The nearest line of 50 g explosive charges was 600 metres from a cod farm. The farm immediate-ly stopped feeding and began behaving unnaturally. Two or three days later the fish began to die. Dead and life fish suffered internal bleeding, burst swim bladders and other damage typical of quick pressure changes. An explosion equivalent to 130 kilos of TNT carried out in the same fjord affected farmed and wild fish. The Norwegian Fisheries Research Council quickly established a group to draw up a program to study the effects of seismic shooting. The scientists want to know the range at which fish suffer internal damage leading to later death.
The scientists made some experiments along one line of 35 g charges, placing cod in cages at three different distances from the line. The nearest was 260 metres away, the next 600 metres and the third over 1 km. They measured the sound pressure level and had veterinary investigate the fish before and after the charges were deto-nated. Their investigations showed that even in the most distant cages there were fish with internal bleeding and gas bubble development in the eyes. None of the fish died.
Translate the text into Russian in writing.
TEXT 11
SEA LIONS’ SURVIVAL A HIGH PRIORITY
The Hooker’s sea lion hit the headlines in October when concern was expected about numbers of them being drowned in trawl nets in the Auckland Islands squid fishery. This sea lion is one of only five species in the world and is protected under the Ma-rine Mammals Protection Act. It has population of about 7,000 all of which live on
the Auckland Islands. Sea lion and seal numbers around New Zealand were depleted by sealers in the early part of the 19th century. Since then, the number of fur seals has
increased substantially but the sea lions have not shown the same rapid recovery. In 1979, a trawl fishery for squid began around the Auckland Islands Fisheries Officers aboard the West German trawler, “Wesermunde” observed several sea lions being drowned in trawl nets. Concern about this resulted in a research programme being developed to monitor the immediate and potential effects of these accidental kills on the sea lion population on the Aucklands.
27
Exercises
Translate into English in writing.
Что перевесит -нефть или рыба
Во всех нефтедобывающих регионах мира нефтяная промышленность вступает в конфликт с рыбной, в большей или меньшей степени. И эта степень зависит от того, насколько экологически чистые и безопасные технологии применяют нефтяники для добычи нефти. На Сахалинском шельфе разработка нефтегазо-вых месторождений только начинается. Нефтяные компании обещают не до-пустить загрязнения морской среды. Однако, то что сейчас происходит на шельфе Сахалина заставляет усомниться в этих обещаниях. За два года 1999-2000 г с платформы “Моллкпак” в море было сброшено около 70.000 буровых растворов. Эти ядовитые отходы бурения содержат тяжелые металлы. Нефте-добыча на шельфе Сахалина уже сейчас начинает влиять на состояние рыбных запасов моря. 12 июня 1999 года в заливе Пильпут, сотрудники рыбоохраны обнаружили громадное скопление мертвой сельди, погибло более 11 тысяч тон сельди. Образцы погибшей рыбы отправили в лабораторию Москвы. Результа-ты анализов показали, наличие в тушках тяжелых металлов и нефтепродуктов.
Сивучи
В 1989 году в первые были проведены совместный авиа-учет сивучей в Север-ной Америке и Камчатско –Курильском районе и комплексная оценка состоя-ния популяции сивучей по всему тихоокеанскому северу. Затем были проана-зированы все факторы, которые могли повлиять на численность этих животных. Влияние могут оказывать и изменение экосистемы, и потепление или похоло-дание климата. Но сейчас в мире серьезнейшей проблемой стало загрязнение морских вод. На Балтике, например, из-за сбросов химических отходов самки тюленей теряют способность производить потомство. Наш регион Тихий океан благополучный в этом смысле, но в последнее время приходится наблюдать за-грязнение вод орудиями рыболовства и упаковочными материалами. Огромное количество животных гибнет в рыболовных тралах.
World supplement
Steller sea Lion сивуч
28
UNIT 3
SEA FOOD TECHNOLOGY
TEXT 12
A SUBSTITUTE FOR LOBSTER
Scientists in the United States are reported to be turning their attention to the tailless ocean sunfish as a possible market species. Although sunfish is eaten in other parts of the world, for instance in Japan and Italy, there has been little attempt to util-ize it in the USA. It has become a significant by catch in the California shark-gillnet fishery and has been dumped at sea rather than landed, although sunfish meat has sold at high prices in Monterey.
The flesh of the ocean sunfish is said to be jelly-like and, when cooked, has a consis-tency similar to lobster meat. The flavour tends more towards shellfish than fish. Since ocean sunfish may reach up to 450 kg and the average yield of meat is 20 per cent, the yield per fish could be up to 90 kg.
In view of the similarity to shellfish in both taste and texture, it is felt that ocean sun-fish could in future become a substitute for high priced shellfish species such as lob-ster.
Vocabulary
substitute lobster
turn attention to attempt
sunfish gillnet fishery catch
dump land jelly like similar yield
in view of texture
замена, заменитель омар (ракообразный)
обращать внимание на … попытка
луна рыба
промысел жаберными сетями вылов, добыча
выгружать
сдавать на берег, выгружать на берегу студенистый, желеобразный
сходный, подобный урожай, добыча, выход в виду
текстура, ткань (биологическая)
Exercises
1. Match the pairs.
In view of the similarity to shellfish; the flesh of the ocean sunfish; to reach up; a substitute for lobster; little attempt to utilize sunfish; a consistency similar to lobster meat; average yield of meat; yield per fish; taste and texture; the flesh of sunfish is
29
said to be jelly-like.
небольшие попытки (усилия), чтобы использовать луну рыбу; считается что мясо луны рыбы желеобразное; ввиду сходства с ракообразными; урожай за рыбу; вкус и текстура; мясо морской луны рыбы; средняя добыча мяса; конси-стенция сходная с мясом омара; достигать; заменитель омара.
2. Translate sentences using Complex Subject.
1.The meat of the red salmon is considered to be delicious when slightly salted. 2.The proportion of fat in fins is known to be small.
3.Small fish with flesh of indifferent flavour are known to be processed into meal. 4.Ocean sunfish is thought to become a substitute for expensive shellfish species such as lobster.
5.Sashimi is likely to be popular in the United States soon.
6.Surime process is believed to utilize relatively inexpensive marine fishes with white flesh.
7.Salinity is sure to be a very important limiting factor for many species. 8.Temperature is known to play an important role for all living organisms. 9.The role of fact is thought to produce heat.
10. Poisonous fishes are known to live mainly in tropical waters. They are globefish, surgeon, barracuda, ilisha, puffers.
11. The toxic matter of poisonous fishes was found to be present in the internal or-gans (gonads, liver, peritoneum) and in the head.
12. Herring is sure to feed on plankton.
13.The article devoted to the biodiversity of the Bering Sea is likely to appear in the next issue of the journal.
3. Answer the questions.
1.What is known about the flesh of the ocean sunfish? 2.What is the weight of sunfish?
3.. Summarize the text.
TEXT 13