Кудинова Практическиы курс англиыского языка для студентов международник Ч.3 2014

REPORTED SPEECH: MOST COMMON REPORTING VERBS

• Say is used in Direct Speech. It is also used in Reported Speech when it is not followed by the person the words were spoken to.

"She won't come," he said, => He said (that) she wouldn't come.

• Tell is used in Reported Speech when it is followed by the person the words were spoken to.

"She won't come," he said to me. => He told me (that) she wouldn't come.

• Ask is used in reported questions and commands or in direct questions.

He said to me, "Please leave." => He asked me to leave.

He asked, "Have you got any money?" => He asked me if I had any money.

• We use say + to - infinitive but never say about. We use tell sb, speak / talk about instead.

Ann said to call her at 12.00.

He told them / spoke / talked about the incident.

REPORTING VERBS

1) We often use reporting verbs to summarise what someone said:

“Would you like to come and stay for the weekend?” => He invited us to stay for the weekend.

“I’m sorry I’m late.” => She apologised for being late.

2) We use the following structures with these reporting verbs. The verbs marked with an asterisk (*) can be followed by more than one structure:

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Insist, propose, recommend and suggest are followed by different structures, depending on the subject of the sentence in direct speech. Compare:

“Why don’t we stay longer?” => I suggested staying longer. (I suggested; we

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(including myself) stay) // “Why don’t they stay longer?” => I suggested that they should stay longer. (I suggested; they stay)

SEQUENCE OF TENSES: CHANGES

1) Punctuation is important in direct speech. The comma, full stop, question mark or exclamation mark come before the closing quotation mark:

“I’m tired,” she said, “and I’m going home. Are you coming?”

2) When we report someone’s words, we can use a past tense reporting verb like said and told:

-say (+ to sb.) (+ that): She said (to me) (that) she had seen the film.

-tell sb. (+ that): I told them (that) I was pleased.

After a reporting verb in the past there are usually changes to:

a) pronouns and possessive adjectives: “I’m going out with my friends,” said

Bob. => Bob said (that) he was going out with his friends. b) verb tenses:

Present Simple => Past Simple

Present Continuous => Past Continuous Present Perfect => Past Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous => Past Perfect Continuous Past Simple => Past Perfect

Future => Future in the Past

“I haven’t seen Yolanda,” said Claude. => Claude said (that) he hadn’t seen

Yolanda.

c) modal verbs:

“I’ll help you, she said.” => She said (that) she’d help me.

d)some adverbs / adverbial phrases of time: now => then

yesterday => the day before / the previous day

tomorrow => the next day / the day after / the following day this (week) => that (week)

last (month) => the (month) before / the previous (month)

next (year) => the next (year) / the year after / the following year tonight => that night

today => that day

ago => before

“We did it yesterday,” they said. => Thеу said (that) they had done it the day before.

e)here => there:

“We are staying here for a week,” she told him. => She told him (that) they

were staying there for a week. f) this => that

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this / that + noun => the + noun:

“This bag is expensive,” he said. => He said (that) the bag was expensive.

REPORTED SPEECH: NO CHANGES

In reported speech, if the reporting verb is in a present tense, there is no tense change:

“They left last night”. => He tells me they left last night. “We’re having dinner. ” => She says they’re having dinner.

The present

If a present situation is still true when we are reporting it, we don’t need to change the tense after a past tense reporting verb:

“Alison lives with her parents,” said Nick. => Nick said that Alison lives / lived with her parents.

“Yann has been working on the project for months,” they told us. => They told us that Yann has been working / had been working on the project for months.

We don’t change sentences that express some universal truth:

“The sun rises in the east,” the teacher told the class. => The teacher told the class that the sun rises in the east.

The past

If a past situation is still true when we are reporting it, we don’t need to change the tense after a past tense reporting verb:

“We didn’t stay in the hotel because it was too expensive.” => She said that they hadn’t stayed in the hotel because it was too expensive. (The hotel is still expensive.)

When the Past Simple is used in a time clause, we don’t usually change it:

“As soon as I got home, I went upstairs.” => She said that as soon as she got home, she went / had gone upstairs.

We don’t usually change the Past Continuous:

“I was working until midnight.” => She said that she was working until midnight.

When the Past Continuous refers to an activity that was completed before an activity in the Past Simple, we usually change it to the Past Perfect Continuous:

“We were planning to go out but then Thomas got ill.” => She said that they had been planning to go out but then Thomas got / had got ill.

We don’t change the Past Perfect:

“I hadn’t realised how angry he was,” said Carol. => Carol said she hadn’t realised how angry he was.

The future

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If an event is still in the future when we report it, we don’t need to change the future form:

“We’ll be at the station in thirty minutes.” => She said that they’ll be / ’d be at

the station in thirty minutes. (They aren’t at the station yet.) She said that they’d be at the station in thirty minutes. (They are at the station.)

ADVERBS

A. Adverbs are usually formed with the suffix -ly added to adjectives: I enjoyed this film greatly.

Many adverbs can be substituted with a phrase “In + an + adjective + way / fashion / manner”, the meaning would be the same. But this paraphrasing is

possible only if in Russian you can also use the phrase «каким-либо образом» instead of the adverb:

The room was brightly lit. Комната была ярко освещена (не «ярким образом»).

B. Sometimes -ly is part of an adjective: cowardly – трусливый, elderly –

пожилой, friendly – дружелюбный, kindly – доброжелательный, lively –

энергичный, веселый, lonely – одинокий, lovely – очаровательный, silly

– глупый. To make an adverb from these adjectives we cannot add one more suffix -ly, instead we use the adjective in the phrase “in + a(n) + adjective + manner / fashion / way” – каким-либо образом, в какой-либо манере:

He smiled at me in a kindly way (доброжелательно).

Parents want their teens to talk to them in a friendly fashion (дружелюбно, как с другом).

C. Most adjectives ending in -ed cannot take suffix -ly to form an adverb, so we use them in the same construction “in + a(n) + adjective + manner / fashion /

way”:

She walked around the room in an agitated manner (взволнованно).

However, there are some adjectives ending in -ed that have the adverb form with -ly: allegedly (якобы), belatedly (запоздало), contentedly (довольно,

удовлетворенно), dejectedly (уныло), deservedly (заслуженно), excitedly (взволнованно), hurriedly (поспешно, наспех), markedly (заметно, явно), pointedly (подчеркнуто, многозначительно), repeatedly (неоднократно), reportedly (по сообщениям), reputedly (по общему мнению), supposedly (предположительно), unexpectedly (неожиданно), wholeheartedly (искренне, безоговорочно), wickedly (безнравственно, зло).

D. Some adverbs have 2 forms – with or without -ly (the form with -ly sounds more formal):

quick(ly) – быстро, loud(ly) – громко, cheap(ly) – дешево, clean(ly) – (на)чисто, дочиста, clear(ly) – ясно, понятно, несомненно, fine(ly) – тонко, мелко, slow(ly) – медленно, thin(ly) – тускло, жидко, редко.

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I’ll be there as quick(ly) as I can. (быстро) Try to sing this song loud(ly). (громко)

E. The following adverbs have difference in meaning in the forms with and without -ly: free – бесплатно / freely – охотно, неограниченно, late –

поздно / lately – в последнее время, direct – непосредственно / directly – прямо, hard – тяжело, упорно / hardly – почти не, едва, near – близко, рядом / nearly – почти, едва, high – высоко (физически) / highly – высоко (оценка), short – резко, внезапно / shortly – лаконично / вскоре,

wide – широко / widely – широко = повсюду, в различных местах.

*Adjective good has the adverb from well, bad – badly. **Adjective fast has got an identical adverbial form – fast:

You are running very fast, I can’t compete.

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Supplementary translation exercises:

Translate into English using the constructions “doing sth”, “Having done sth = after doing sth”, “sth done somehow/somewhere”, “without doing sth”:

1.Сыр, сделанный из свежего молока, не может быть вывезен из страны.

2.Видишь того мужчину, бегущего за трамваем? Это тот самый Марк.

3.Придуманный мальчиком рассказ был принят на конкурс.

4.Фильм, запланированный на завтра, был отменен.

5.Так и не заплатив за книгу, Карл вышел из магазина.

6.Читая газету, дедушка смеялся на весь дом.

7.Телефон, уроненный в воду, не считается гарантийным случаем.

8.Соседи, жаловавшиеся на шум, опять приходили.

9.Кот прошел мимо миски, не замечая еду.

10.В ту ночь он собирался работать, но, съев слишком много за ужином, не мог не заснуть.

11.Готовя ужин для гостей, Джон одновременно записывал наброски своего рассказа.

12.Покупка, сделанная в вашем магазине, оказалась бракованной. 13.Профессор, объясняющий правило, не замечал, что его не слушают. 14.Совершив ограбление, воры решили, что это было их последнее дело. 15.Блузка, постиранная при 90 градусах, была испорчена.

16.Заметив на дверях надпись "закрыто", люди с разочарованием уходили. 17.Попивая сок у себя в квартале, не надейся, что мы тебя не видим. 18.Этот бриллиант, потерянный во время войны, недавно появился на

черном рынке.

19.Толпа восхищалась летящими в синем небе дельтапланами.

20.Вы не видели здесь побритого кота?

21. Камеру, принадлежавшую туристу, так и не нашли.

22.Притворяясь глупыми блондинками, девушки собирали материал для социсследования.

23.Переломав всю мебель во дворе отеля, хулиганы разрисовали стены. 24. Книги, написанные этим автором, всегда хорошо покупаются. 25.Покрашенный в розовый цвет холодильник не сделал нашу кухню

уютнее.

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Unit Eight

Speaking: Is Globalization a Good Thing?