Кудинова Практическиы курс англиыского языка для студентов международник Ч.3 2014

3. Now read the article. What were the answers to the questions?

Skin Deep

Not so long ago, tattoos were definitely NOT the thing to do. Fashions change, however, and tattoos are fast becoming a common sight. But before you rush to join the likes of Edward VII, Janis Joplin and Sean Connery, pause for a moment – getting a tattoo is a lot easier (and cheaper) than

getting rid of one.

The art of tattooing goes back a long way. The Egyptians used to tattoo each other 3,000 years ago, and the oldest known example is on the body of a

4,000 year old ‘ice-man’ who was found frozen in mountain snow on the ItalianAustrian border in 1993. The picture shows a

tattoo on the upper arm of another iceman, who died 2,500 years ago in Siberia, and who is now

on display in a Moscow museum.

In more modern times, tattoos were reintroduced to Europe by Captain Cook and his crew on their return from Tahiti in 1771 – hence the traditional association of tattoos with sailors. The word ‘tattoo’ itself comes from the Tahitian

word ‘tatau’ – onomatopoeic for the sound made by their tattooing instrument.

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There are a number of major styles of tattoo, including Tribal (bold, simple patterns in black ink), Celtic (intricate knotwork, again usually black). Oriental (fish, clouds, dragons, etc.) and Portrait (images taken from photos, usually in black and grey ink). But nowadays almost any kind of image can be turned into a tattoo, in a full range of colours, and on almost any part of the body.

Technically, the only places you can’t get tattooed are your hair, teeth and nails, but parts of the body which may change shape with ageing (such as the stomach, which tends to get bigger and sag) are best avoided. Arms and shoulders are the most popular, and one reason for this is that while these areas can be displayed in public, it is equally easy to conceal them under a shirt. For the same reason, many people choose the left wrist (which can be covered by a watch) or the feet and ankles. Some even use a shaved area of the head – and can then grow their hair to cover it up again if they want to.

Tattoos are put in place by means of a tattoo gun, which has a cluster of needles which jab in and out rapidly. The artist changes colours by dipping the tip of the gun into various colour inks as a paint

artist does into a palette. Being on the receiving end of a tattoo gun is a painful process, especially for the first couple of minutes; after that, the body’s natural pain-killers – endorphins – start to come into play, and the pain apparently subsides into a kind of vibrating, buzzing sensation. The use of aspirins is not recommended, as they thin the blood and can lead to bleeding.

Though not pleasant, the process is not dangerous, provided the tattoo is applied by a qualified artist in a clean and properly supervised environment. Infections

can, however, result from using a ‘scratcher’ – someone who’s bought a tattoo gun by mail order and has no idea how to use it safely. For this reason, many US states have strict safety regulations concerning tattooing, and four have banned it altogether.

The main disadvantage of tattoos is that they’re permanent. It is true that that they tend to blur (and possibly sag) with age – but they don’t go away. So it is not a decision to be taken lightly. If you might want a job

as a bank clerk in a few years’ time, think twice before tattooing that fire-breathing dragon on your hand. And by

all means tattoo a heart with your partner’s name on your

arm – provided you’re sure you’ll feel the same way for ever.

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Tattoos can be removed, but it can be a painful process and it can leave scars. Only laser treatment can remove them completely, and this is very expensive. In other words, it is much easier to get a tattoo than to remove one. In a recent survey, one third of men and women questioned regretted getting tattooed. So the undecided would be well advised to stick to those temporary tattoos that you put on for the evening and remove with baby oil the next day.

4. Translate the text and find in it equivalents to the following:

граница, современный, чернила, старение, замаскировать / спрятать под чем-то, накрыть / закрыть чем-то, пара, запрещать, постоянный, удалить / убрать, полностью.

5.Which of the styles described in the article are these tattoos?

6.What problems might you have if you:

2.took aspirin before being tattooed? 5. had a tattoo removed?

3.tattooed the name of someone you're in love with?

7. Listen to the story. What problem did the speaker have with his tattoo?

Grammar: Phrasal Verbs

A. Formation

A phrasal verb is a verb combined with an adverb or preposition, and occasionally with an adverb and preposition.

The price of petrol may go up (= increase) again next week.

He fell over (= fell to the ground) when he was running for the bus.

She’s promised to find out (= learn / discover) the name of that new hotel.

Who is going to look after (= take care of) the children when she goes into hospital?

If you don’t understand the meaning, you can look it up (= find the meaning in a book – in this case a dictionary).

He doesn’t get on with (= have a good relationship with) his parents. (verb + adv + prep)

В. Meaning

Sometimes the meaning of a phrasal verb is very similar to the base verb, and the adverb just emphasises the meaning of the base verb, e.g. stand up, wake up, save up, hurry up, sit down, lie down and send off (e.g. a letter). On other

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occasions, the adverb adds the idea of completing the action of the verb, e.g.

drink up (= finish your drink), eat up (= finish eating), finish off.

But more often, the meaning of a phrasal verb is very different from the base verb, e.g. go up doesn’t mean the same as go; look after is different from look; and look after is also quite different from look up. An adverb or preposition can therefore change the meaning of a verb a great deal.

Here are some more examples of this type of phrasal verb.

It took her a long time to get over (= get better / recover from) her illness. He told me to carry on (= continue) as far as the traffic lights.

I persuaded my wife to give up (= stop) smoking.

I can’t make any sandwiches because we’ve run out of bread. (= the bread is finished / all used, so we have no bread)

In the end my next-door neighbour had to come and put out (= extinguish / stop) the fire.

С. Multiple meaning

Many phrasal verbs have more than one meaning, so you must be careful when you see a phrasal verb you think you know, or look up the meaning in a dictionary. In the examples marked *, the phrasal verb is much more natural than the explanation in brackets.

It was hot so I decided to *take off (= remove) my jacket.

I am always nervous when the plane *takes off (= leaves the ground).

1 don’t think I’ll get through (= finish) this report before five o’clock.

I think she’ll get through (= pass) the exam.

I *picked up the rubbish (= took it from the ground or a low place) and put it in the bin.

I had to go to the shop to pick up (= collect) my photos. My alarm clock didn’t go off (= ring) this morning. The bomb could go off (= explode) at any minute.

The fish will *go off (= go bad) if you don’t put it in the fridge.

1.Fill the gaps to complete the phrasal verb in each sentence.

1)We went round the school and __________ up all the rubbish.

2)I don’t think they ever __________ out how the man escaped.

3)This milk smells horrible; I think it has __________ off.

4)Do you think they’ll __________ through the exam next week?

5)They had a bad relationship at first, but she __________ on very well with him now.

6)The price has __________ up three times this year.

7)I agreed to __________ after my sister’s cat when she goes to France.

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8)We can ___________ on until the teacher tells us to stop.

9)Why didn’t your alarm clock __________ off this morning?

10)I’m afraid this photocopier has __________ out of paper, but you can use the other one in my office.

2.Complete these sentences in a logical way.

1)It will take her a long time to get over ____________________________

2)I’m afraid we’ve run out of _____________________________________

3)He had to look it up ___________________________________________

4)I don’t really get on with _______________________________________

5)She came in and took off _______________________________________

6)I had to put out ______________________________________________

7)Who is going to look after ______________________________________

8)I went to the garage to pick up __________________________________

9)The plane took off ____________________________________________

10)My rent is going up ______________________________________

3.Look at the dictionary entry for pick up, and match the meanings with

the sentences below.

1) I said I would pick her up at the airport.

2) I picked up most of the rubbish that was on the floor.

3) Where did he pick up that strange accent?

4) Business was bad at the beginning of

the year but it’s picking up now.

5) I hurt my back when I tried to pick up that chair.

Grammar: The Structure of Phrasal Verbs

A. Grammar: intransitive verbs

Some phrasal verbs are intransitive and do not need a direct object.

The children are growing up. (= getting older and more mature) The doctor told me to lie down on the bed.

Don’t wait out there. Please come in. (= enter)

I’m going to stay in (= stay at home) this evening.

With these verbs, you cannot put another word between the verb and adverb.

В. Grammar: transitive verbs

But many phrasal verbs are transitive and do need a direct object. With some of these, you can put the object between the verb and adverb:

Put on your shoes. = Put your shoes on.

Turn on the TV. = Turn the TV on.

If the object is a pronoun, it must go between verb and adverb.

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Put them on. (NOT Put on them) Turn it on. (NOT Turn-on it)

Note: A dictionary will show you if you can put a word between the verb and adverb:

С. Style: formal or informal

Some phrasal verbs can be used equally in written or spoken English. Sometimes this is because there is no other easy way to express the meaning of the phrasal verb.

I always wake up early, even at weekends.

The car broke down (= went wrong; stopped working) on the motorway. The plane couldn’t take off because of bad weather.

Thieves broke into (= entered by force and illegally) the house and took money, credit cards and all my jewellery.

D. Informal phrasal verbs

But most phrasal verbs are informal and are more common in spoken English. In written English there is often a more formal word with the same meaning.

We had to make up a story. (= invent / create from our imagination) I can usually get by on about £200 a week. (= manage)

You can leave out question 7. (= omit, i.e. you don’t need to do question 7) They’ve got a problem and they asked me to sort it out. (= resolve (it) / find a solution / do something about it)

1.Complete these sentences in a logical way.

1.I’m not very good at making up _________________________________

2.Could you lie down ___________________________________________

3.She asked me to turn on _______________________________________

4.Two men tried to break into ____________________________________

5.We have asked an engineer to come and sort out ____________________

6.Are you going to stay in _______________________________________

7.Why did you leave out ________________________________________

8.I’m afraid we broke down ______________________________________

9.Can you get by ______________________________________________

10.I grew up ___________________________________________________

2.Is it possible to separate the two parts of the phrasal verb in the sentences below? Look at the examples first, and use a dictionary to check your

answers.

Examples: I forgot to get off the bus. no (get the bus off)

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Why did he take off his trousers? yes (take his trousers off)

1.She decided to carry on working.

2.He had to put out the fire.

3.Could you turn on the radio?

4.I had to lie down for a few minutes.

5.Could you go to the shop for me? We’ve just run out of coffee.

6.I think she made up that story.

7.I can’t get by on the money my parents give me.

8.Children grow up very quickly these days.

9.I turned off the light when I went to bed.

10.Can we leave out this question?

3. Make these texts more informal by changing some of the verbs to phrasal verbs with the same meaning. (There are three in each text.)

1.The cost of living is increasing all the time and I find it quite difficult to manage on my salary. But I think I can probably continue for a few months.

2.She told us to enter, but then we had to remove our shoes and I had to extinguish my cigarette.

3.The teacher told the class to invent a story to go with the picture in their books, and then continue with exercise 4. She said they could all omit exercise 5.

Grammar/Vocabulary: Phrasal Verb “to take”

1. In the table above find synonyms to the following:

to gain control over a company, to think that sb is a friend (when sb is not), to

depart, to understand, to write down sb’s telephone number, take a liking to sb, to deceive sb, to go to photography courses, to destroy a building.

2. Translate using point one (the style is informal, just like phrasal verbs sound in English):

1.Не ведись на рекламу. (use passive, дословно – не будь обманут рекламой)

2.Не стоило взваливать на себя столько работы.

3.Ну как Бегбедер, зацепило? (= понравилось?)

4.Ок, твои координаты я зафиксировал, увидимся в пятницу, пока.

5.Может, хватит уже его ждать, поехали?

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6.Извини, я думал, это про тебя Марк говорил. Все равно держи визитку на всякий случай.

7.Ну, так я и не сомневался в том, что этот скользкий тип подомнет под себя всю сеть!

8.Ты опять нашел себе очередное хобби?

9.Как-то не улавливаю я смысл этого правила.

3. Make up sentences in Russian for your partner to translate, use the word-combinations with “take” in the table below:

Reading: Mary Baker Eddy, Founder of the Christian Scientists

1.Read the text, find English equivalents to these vocabulary units and in

your own words say in what contexts they were used:

домашнее обучение, включать в себя что-либо, полностью излечиться, основывать что-либо, вместо чего-либо, последователи, удерживать когото от совершения чего-либо, по всему миру.

2.Match the words to their translation, use it to help you understand the

Mary Baker Eddy, Founder of the Christian Scientists

Mary Baker Eddy was an American religious leader and the founder of the Christian Science movement. She was born in Bow, New Hampshire (USA), on July 16, 1821. As a child she was not very healthy; as a result she missed a great deal of school. Her education came through home schooling and study of the Bible and scriptures.

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She continued to suffer from poor health when she became an adult and tried many alternative therapies of the times. These included mesmerism (hypnosis), hydrotherapy (water cures), and mental healing. Once, after falling on ice and suffering a severe injury, she asked for her Bible and read a Gospel account of one of Jesus's healings. After reading the New Testament, she was completely cured and felt she had finally found the answer to her medical problems: the scriptures.

Eddy believed that all sickness was mental rather than physical. She began the practice of healing others by reading the Bible and teaching others to be healers as well. In 1875 she published “Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures”. Eddy later published sixteen other books. In 1879 she founded the Church of Christ, Scientist, an organization she oversaw closely until her death.

Her followers, the Christian Scientists, believe that disease, as well as sin and death, do not originate with God and consequently are not real. They see God as the only healer. Instead of medicinal remedies, Christian Scientists pray for the sick person. The church, however, does not stop its members from seeing a doctor; it leaves the choice to the individual. The church allows conventional therapy for "mechanical" problems such as broken bones and dental cavities.

Today there are more than 2,700 Christian Science churches worldwide.

3.Make a gist of the text, concentrating only on the most important facts.

4.Complete the following sentences individually and then discuss your

answers with a partner.

1.Some people try nonconventional methods of healing because _______ .

2.Many people look to spiritual healing – reading religious scriptures – to help them get better because_________________________________ .

3.I agree (or disagree) with Mary Baker Eddy's philosophy that all sickness is mental rather than physical because_______________________________ .

5.Say why: a. Mary Baker Eddy was taught at home. b. she tried many therapies when she became an adult.

c.she decided that reading the Bible and praying can improve people’s health?

d.she published a book.

e. the Church doesn’t stop its members from common therapies?

Reading: Norman Cousins's Laugh Therapy 1. Read the text and find equivalents to these:

терапевт, анализы, неподвижный, преодолеть, вредить здоровью, преимущество чего-либо, в дополнение к чему-либо, улучшение.

Norman Cousins' Laugh Therapy

In the summer of 1964, a well-known writer and editor Norman Cousins became very ill. His body ached and he felt constantly tired. It was difficult for him to even move around. He consulted his physician, who did many tests. Eventually he was diagnosed as having ankylosing spondylitis, a very serious and

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destructive form of arthritis. His doctor told him that he would become immobilized and eventually die from the disease. He was told he had only a 1 in 500 chance of survival.

Despite the diagnosis, Cousins was determined to overcome the disease and survive. He had always been interested in medicine and had read the work of organic chemist Hans Selye, The Stress of Life (1956). This book discussed the idea of how body chemistry and health can be damaged by emotional stress and negative attitudes. Selye's book made Cousins think about the possible benefits of positive attitudes and emotions.

He thought, "If negative emotions produce (negative) changes in the body, wouldn't positive emotions produce positive

chemical changes? Is it possible that love, hope, faith, laughter, confidence, and the will to live have positive therapeutic value?"

He decided to concentrate on positive emotions as a remedy to heal some of the symptoms of his ailment. In addition to his conventional medical treatment, he tried to put himself in situations that would elicit positive emotions. "Laugh therapy" became part of his treatment. He scheduled time each day for watching comedy films, reading humorous books, and doing other activities that would bring about laughter and positive emotions. Within eight days of starting his "laugh therapy" program his pain began to decrease and he was able to sleep more easily. His body chemistry even improved. Doctors were able to see an improvement in his condition! He was able to return to work in a few months' time and actually reached complete recovery after a few years.

Skeptical readers may question the doctor's preliminary diagnosis, but Cousins believes his recovery is the result of a mysterious mind-body interaction. His "laugh therapy" is a good example of one of the many alternative, or nonconventional, medical treatments people look to today.

2. Answer the questions:

1. What did Norman Cousins mean by "a positive attitude in healing"? 2. What can you do to have a positive attitude to life?

3. Why do you think Charlie Chaplin could be associated with a positive attitude and healing?

4. If you were a doctor and prescribed your patient a list of comedies, what would be top five?

3. Formulate N. Cousins’ Laugh therapy in one detailed sentence. 4. Tell N. Cousins’ story in 5-6 sentences.

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