Кудинова Практическиы курс англиыского языка для студентов международник Ч.3 2014

prospect of immortality, as long as there are enough stem cells to grow the necessary organs!

b. Will we ever eliminate disease?

Until the (3) ________ humanity seemed to be winning the war against the world's major diseases: the use of vaccination and the development of powerful antibiotics had seen killer diseases such as smallpox and polio all but eliminated. But since then, world-wide epidemics such as AIDS have raised a whole new set of questions about the world's health.

Disturbingly, with the exception of AIDS, little has changed in developing countries since the nineteenth century: for example, malaria is still estimated to kill approximately (4) _________ people a year. Poverty is the greatest cause of disease world-wide, so until serious efforts are made to tackle that problem, the future looks bleak.

Even in the developed world, wealth and progress create their own health problems. As we move towards a pressurised '24/7' lifestyle, there are more diseases associated with stress and depression: an over-rich diet brings an increase in heart disease and cancer: and global warming means that disease carriers such as mosquitoes may migrate further north.

All is not lost, however. The discovery of the human genome – the set of DNA instructions for human life – should make it far easier to predict and treat hereditary diseases, which may be the way forward in the future.

c. Will it be possible to clone human beings?

Cloning – making a copy of a plant or animal by extracting a cell and developing it artificially – has been used on plants and animals for a very long time. The Ancient Greeks cloned plants more than (5) ________ years ago. Dolly, the world's first cloned sheep, was born in (6) ________ and the world's first cloned kitten (CC or 'Copy Cat') appeared in 2002.

For those expecting millions of identical cloned sheep and cats, all has not gone totally according to plan however: CC – though resembling her mother – was no more a copy than a cat born normally. More worryingly, Dolly the Sheep suffered arthritis from an early age and died aged (7) ________ – half the age of a normal sheep.

One scientist has claimed 'Cloning can and does go wrong, and there is no justification for believing that this won't happen with humans.'

Theoretically, the technology exists to clone humans too, and though the process remains illegal in all but a few countries, there have been several claims that cloned babies have already been created for infertile couples.

d. Will we be able to buy the perfect body?

With plastic surgery to alter the shape of one’s nose, botox to remove

wrinkles from one’s forehead, collagen to make one’s lips fuller, liposuction to remove fat from one’s stomach and dental surgery to give one perfect teeth, it seems that there is no part of the body that cannot be improved ... except one.

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Strangely enough, until recently, there was one area that plastic surgeons could do nothing to rejuvenate: the hands.

Not for much longer. A new technique pioneered in America promises to get rid of wrinkles, by injecting fat from the stomach into the hands. 'After the age of (8) ________, the quality of your skin starts to deteriorate and the fat over them becomes thinner,' says Jeff Hoeyberghs of the Wellness Kliniek in Belgium. 'We gently put the fat back in.'

However, Dr Lee M. Silver, of Princetown University predicts that by (9)

________ it will be possible to go much further than plastic surgery ever will. At a price, he believes, parents will be able to have (10) _________-old embryos genetically engineered, so that the child grows up slim, more athletic, or even more intelligent. In time, he believes there will be two species of human being: the 'natural' version, and a genetically engineered elite, as different from ordinary humans as we are from chimpanzees.

5.Using vocabulary in ex. 2 and 3 supply antonyms to these: natural, obese, to become worse, exactly, to go according to plan, part-time, not needed.

6.Say if these statements are true. If not, correct them:

1.It is possible that people will be able to live forever.

2.Embryos can be developed into any tissue type.

3.Organs can be replaced many times.

4.Malaria is one of the major killer diseases in developing countries.

5.Stress causes lots of diseases in developed countries.

6.Wealth and progress make people healthier.

7.Cloning produces exact copies of the original.

7.Answer the questions:

1.What is the main reason for people’s living longer nowadays?

2.When are stem cells present in the embryo?

3.What is the cause (not the disease) of numerous deaths in developing countries?

4.How does the humanity fight killer diseases?

5.How can global warming influence people’s health?

6.How can the human genome help us be healthier?

7.When did the earliest experiments with cloning happen? What was being cloned?

8.How is cloning fulfilled?

9.Why does hand skin look old with age?

10.What is the prognosis for the future concerning the human race in general?

8. Discuss in small groups:

Which things mentioned in the article do you think to be positive developments? Which do you think are wrong and dangerous?

9. Make a short summary of any of the four parts of the text.

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Listening: the Mysteries of the Human Body

1.Which of the pictures illustrates the process of yawning? Tickling? Sneezing?

2.Discuss the following questions in

groups:

•Are you very ticklish?

•Do you often get hiccups? How do you usually cure them?

•Have you ever sleepwalked? What happened?

2. Do you know the answers to the questions below? Compare your ideas in pairs.

1.Why do so many men go bald but almost no women?

2.Why do we laugh when people tickle us?

3.Why do some people sleepwalk?

4.Why do people yawn – and why do people cover their mouth when they do it?

5.What causes hiccups and what's the best way to stop them?

6.Why do people say 'bless you' when someone sneezes?

3. Listen and find answers to the questions in ex. 2. Before you listen make sure you know these words: a) a chemical, facial hair, amount, to replace, quantity, b) to be similar to sth, to crawl over sb, to elicit a response / reaction, to respond to sth, c) adolescent, d) oxygen, to occur = to happen, to cover sth, e)

a muscle, the diaphragm, to last for some time, embarrassing, to hold one’s breath, f) to be customary, a blessing, the Bubonic Plague, prolonged.

Reading: No Going Back to Nature

1.What is the difference between the words

“main” and “major”? Between “to be fearful of sth” and “to be frightened of sth”? “To be frightened of sth” and “to fear sth”? What is the translation of “to be on the way”? “To keep somebody healthy”?

2.Read the text and find equivalents to these:

развитие, делать все возможное, поисковая система, добавлять, размером с клетку крови, в течение/не позднее чем через 20 лет, человеческий, расширять физические границы и границы нашего сознания, (у)потребление, основное препятствие, средство достижения чего-либо, искусственный разум.

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No Going Back to Nature

The times, they are a-changing – and a lot more quickly today than when Bob Dylan sang those words 40 years ago. We are doubling the rate of technological innovation every ten years. Great news for human development, you'd have thought. Not everyone thinks so. Many people are fearful of this pace of progress in science and technology, and the way it is challenging basic ideas about the nature of human life. As a result, they are doing their best to hold it up.

The modern world must be an alarming place for anti-technology movements, given the extraordinary pace of development. Whereas the telephone took 50 years to be adopted by a quarter of the US population, the cellphone did that in just seven. Several years ago most people didn't use search engines; imagine that now. Greater changes are on the way, such as the use of RNA interference, which can turn genes off, and gene therapy, which can add new ones. Scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have designed a device the size of a blood cell that can find and destroy cancer cells in the bloodstream; within 20 years, each of us could have millions of them in our bodies keeping us healthy. By the 2030s, we will be more non-biological than biological. Will that make us less human? I don't believe so. We have always extended our mental and physical reach with technology in a way no other species has.

Anti-technology groups do not think this way. For an example of why they are dangerous, consider their opposition to the genetic engineering of cotton to remove the toxin gossypol from the seeds so that they can be eaten. This advance could help feed millions of people in climates where other food is hard to grow. A similar example is 'golden rice': a variety of rice produced through genetic engineering to be used in areas where there is a shortage of dietary vitamin A. Some groups have been against the use of 'golden rice' and it is currently not available for consumption. If these groups had not opposed its development so strongly, it would have been produced in many countries. And if they had been less critical, thousands of children in poorer areas would not be blind today. Such attitudes are unfortunate because they are a major obstacle to relieving suffering.

The democratisation of technology and its inevitable consequence – giving anyone the means to find the equipment and know-how to produce bio-weapons

– has encouraged the call to reject technologies such as biotechnology, nanotechnology and artificial intelligence. This is a bad idea: if we didn't develop such technologies, we would not receive the important benefits they will bring. Also, most importantly, it would drive these developments underground, where they would be impossible to regulate.

Rather than stop this kind of research, we need to speed it up. If we devoted more resources to modern technology, we could have avoided many modern-day problems. We need to reassure people of the profound benefits that today's rapid

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advances in technology will bring, while developing defences against their abuse. We should not let anti-technologist groups hold us back.

Ray Kurzweil

Adapted from New Scientist, March 2007

3. Answer the questions:

1How do people like the rate of technological progress nowadays?

2Why do anti-technology groups fear the progress?

3What advances were prevented by them?

4Why were some projects in the spheres of biotechnology, nanotechnology and artificial intelligence rejected?

5Why is it a bad idea to stop developing such projects?

6What device was designed by the scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology?

7What is golden rice? Whom could it help? How?

4. Translate these sentences into Russian paying attention to the usage of the Conditional Mood:

1This advance could help feed millions of people in climates where other food is hard to grow.

2If these groups had not opposed its development so strongly, it would have been produced in many countries. And if they had been less critical, thousands of children in poorer areas would not be blind today.

3This is a bad idea: if we didn't develop such technologies, we would not receive the important benefits they will bring.

4Also, most importantly, it would drive these developments underground, where they would be impossible to regulate.

5If we devoted more resources to modern technology, we could have avoided many modern-day problems.

5.Translate the text, paying special attention to this vocabulary:

a.… doubling the rate of technological innovation every ten years;

b.Many people are fearful of this pace of progress in science and technology, and the way it is challenging basic ideas about the nature of human life,

c.The modern world must be an alarming place for anti-technology movements, given the extraordinary pace of development;

d.Whereas the telephone took 50 years to be adopted by a quarter of the US population, the cellphone did that in just seven;

e.to be on the way;

f.… the use of RNA interference, which can turn genes off;

g.… keeping us healthy;

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h.… a variety of rice produced through genetic engineering to be used in areas where there is a shortage of dietary vitamin A;

i.… not available for consumption. Such attitudes are unfortunate because they are a major obstacle to relieving suffering;

j.The democratisation of technology and its inevitable consequence – giving anyone the means to find the equipment and know-how to produce bioweapons – has encouraged the call to reject technologies such as biotechnology, nanotechnology and artificial intelligence;

k.We need to reassure people of the profound benefits that today's rapid advances in technology will bring, while developing defenses against their abuse.

Vocabulary: “Way” and “Keep”

1. Study these ways of using the words “way” and “keep”, learn them and translate the sentences into English:

way – 1) путь, дорога, маршрут, направление ( дорога как путь между двумя точками, дорога как шоссе / дорожное покрытие – road) Example:

Could you tell me the way to the internet café, please? Which way should I go?

– This way, please.

on the way to some place – по дороге куда-либо

to lose one’s way – потеряться by the way – кстати

2)способ, метод. Example: I think it is the only way to avoid being caught.

3)манера поведения: in + a + adj + way – каким-либо образом. Example: You are smiling in a very sly way, what’s up? We need to enter the house in a quiet

way.

Выражение “in + a(n) + adjective + way” является альтернативой использованию наречий: He looked at me very strangely = he looked at me in a very strange way.

Некоторые прилагательные уже имеют в своем составе суффикс -ly,

следовательно, образовать наречие от них невозможно, поэтому используется “in + a(n) + adjective + manner / fashion / way” – каким-либо

образом, в какой-либо манере. Прилагательные: cowardly – трусливый, elderly – пожилой, friendly – дружелюбный, kindly –

доброжелательный, lively – энергичный, веселый, lonely – одинокий, lovely – очаровательный, silly – глупый.

Прилагательное «одинаковый» не имеет наречия: He talks in the same way as you do, who is he?

To keep – 1) держать, не отдавать, оставить себе. Example: You can keep the change. If you found $500, would you keep it?

2) держать, хранить, сохранять, беречь. Example: to keep a promise, secret, to keep one's fur coat in a fridge

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3) иметь, содержать, обеспечивать – Example: to keep a shop/ a cook/ 3 kids/

a family.

to keep sb + adjective – This blanket will keep you warm.

to keep on doing sth = to go on doing sth – продолжать делать что-либо

to keep sb from doing sth = to prevent sb from doing sth – препятствовать,

мешать кому-то сделать чего-то

2. Translate into English:

1Не выбрасывай билет, если не хочешь быть оштрафованным.

2Скажите, как пройти к метро?

3Кстати, я владелец этого ресторана, могу помочь вам организовать ваш праздник.

4Ее манера отбивать мяч очень необычна.

5Давай обсудим это вопрос по дороге домой.

6Русская пословица гласит: держи ноги в тепле, а голову в холоде.

7Возьми мои перчатки и не морозь руки (= держи руки в тепле).

8Ограбление спасло Джоржа от разорения – он получил страховку.

9Таким странным образом судьба спасла Анну от смерти.

10В конце концов мы потерялись в лабиринте улочек Монмартра.

11Почему ты так странно на меня смотришь?

12Где ты держишь деньги? – В банке.

13Продолжайте делать то, что делали, меня здесь нет.

14Я сомневаюсь, что он нарушит обещание.

15Держите детей подальше от компьютера.

16Не пытайся удержать меня в этом городе, я все равно уеду.

Grammar: Adjectives and Adverbs

1. Paraphrase the underlined words and word combinations using the adverbs from the E-paragraph on page 167:

1.I haven't cleaned the house recently. Ex.: I haven't cleaned the house lately.

2.It was not easy to accept her decision.

3.They won, but the result was not at all surprising.

4.The leaflet is available at no charge from the town hall.

5.He walked into the office without knocking.

6.I am happy to admit that I was wrong.

7.I became a nurse soon after I left school.

8.Even though it was 2 a.m., I was completely awake.

9.Her name is known to many people.

10.The report strongly criticised the Minister's conduct.

2. Find the mistakes and correct them. If there are no mistakes, put “OK”.

1. She speaks French fluent.

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2.I think you behaved very cowardlily.

3.Everyone says that he's now enormous rich.

4.We'll never catch them up if you walk as slow as that.

5.She turned to him astonishedly. 'I don't believe you,' she said.

6.Wearing a white shirt and new suit, he thought he looked really well.

7.He plays the guitar remarkable good for his age.

8.Chop the herbs finely and sprinkle them on top of the pasta.

9.He stepped back and looked satisfiedly at the newly-painted door.

3. Translate into English:

1.Вы вернулись ужасно поздно вчера.

2.На этом поезде вы доедете прямо до Манчестера, без пересадки.

3.Мэри приехала вскоре после Марка.

4.Это явление широко распространено. (распространять – spread-spread- spread)

5.Он сразу принял аспирин и улегся в постель.

6.Не кидай мяч так высоко, он может улететь к соседям.

7.Все очень высоко ценят его работу (думают высоко о).

8.Дверь была широко открыта.

9.Подумайте как следует (упорно) и вы вспомните это имя.

10.Говорите громко, я едва слышу вас.

11.Они внезапно уехали после прибытия. (arrival – прибытие)

12.Немедленно (быстро) возвращайся!

13.А теперь медленно выньте руки из карманов.

14.В этих сигаретах очень мелко порубленный (cut) табак (tobacco), поэтому их не купить задешево.

15.Он охотно делился советами в сфере финансов и делал это бесплатно.

16.Это несомненно глупо – пытаться обмануть охранника, чтобы бросить синей краски в пюре.

17.Вы ехали слишком быстро.

18.Быстро иди сюда!

19.Контент сайта организован очень логично.

20.Я получаю удивительно приличные оценки.

21.Том легко заводит новые знакомства.

22.Двое серьезно пострадали в результате аварии.

23.Все присутствующие были очень нелепо одеты – это была вечеринка в стиле 80-х.

24.Джо говорит, что его плохо учили в школе, поэтому он ничего не знает.

25.Никто не жаловался, все терпеливо ждали.

26.Он появился на сцене довольно неожиданно.

27.Все это выглядит довольно глупо.

28.Вы все одеты одинаково.

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29.Здесь так темно, что я едва тебя вижу.

30.Ты едва ли изменился, выглядишь как и раньше.

4. Here are extracts from newspaper reports during and after the trial of Peter Thomas. Rewrite them using one of these adverbs to replace the underlined parts. Make any other necessary changes.

allegedly belatedly deservedly repeatedly reputedly undoubtedly unexpectedly wholeheartedly

1)Thomas was said to have committed the robbery on the afternoon of the 21st June.

2)At first, Thomas’s wife gave complete support to his claim that he was innocent.

3)A police spokesman said, “We are sure that Peter Thomas knows something about this robbery.”

4)It is generally believed that Thomas hid the money somewhere close to his home.

5)His wife realised only much later that Thomas had been lying to her.

6)He denied being involved in the robbery over and over again.

7)It came as surprise when Thomas confessed to the crime over a year later.

8)After the trial, Thomas’s wife said, “It was right that Peter I was given a severe sentence.”

Vocabulary and Listening: Body Idioms

1. Complete the sentences with a part of the body.

Your __________ is associated with intelligence. Your __________ are associated with manual skills. Your __________ is associated with emotions.

2. In which one of these sentences is the word in italics used literally? Rephrase the words used metaphorically.

1)Can you give me a hand to move this sofa? It’s so heavy.

2)She’s so clever. She’s heading for great things in life.

3)But she’s not at all big-headed.

4)We shook hands and introduced ourselves.

5)My daughter has a very good head for business.

6)I’d offer to help, but I’ve got my hands full at the moment.

7)I know she shouts a lot, but really she’s got a heart of gold.

8)We had a heart-to-heart talk, and things are much clearer now.

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9)My parents wanted me to be a lawyer, but my heart wasn’t in it. Now I’m a journalist.

3.Complete the sentences with one of these expressions.

face the fact putting a brave face on its last legs goes to their head pulling your leg finding my feet a sharp tongue

1)My car’s done over 200,000 kilometres. It’s __________ now. I’ll have to buy a new one.

2)With so many celebrities, success

__________ and they start to believe they’re really special.

3)She’s being very courageous and

__________ on it, but I know she’s in a lot of pain.

4)I’m in my first term at uni, and it’s all

a bit strange, but I’m slowly

_________

5)I’m nearly seventy-five. I simply have to __________ that I’m not as young as I was.

6)‘Oh no! I’ve forwarded your email complaining about work to the boss!’

‘Are you serious?’ ‘No, I’m just

__________ .’

7)‘Sue says some really cruel things.’‘Yes, she’s got __________ .’

4.Listen to 3 conversations, replace some parts of them with the expressions from the previous page. Then listen and check if you were right.

Reading: Skin Deep

1.Without looking at the article, try to guess the answers to these questions.

a)Why are tattoos associated with sailors?

b)How is tattooing done?

c)How far back does tattooing go?

d)Where on the body do people have tattoos?

e)Does it hurt?

f)Is it dangerous?

g)How long do tattoos last?

h)Can tattoos be removed?

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