168 |
4 Renal Tumors in Children |
|
|
•When the cystic spaces are small, the tumor may appear solid.
•Calcification, although uncommon, can be present and is defined as curvilinear and peripheral localizations.
•Because neither the clinical nor the imaging features of MCRT can predict its histologic characteristics, surgery either nephrectomy or nephron-sparing surgery is required for both diagnosis and treatment.
•If pathologic analysis proves that the tumor is a CPDN, regular noninvasive monitoring is suggested because the presence of blastemal cells in the septa of a CPDN implies the potential for more aggressive behavior, despite the usually benign course of the tumor.
•Treatment of these tumors is surgical excision, and the prognosis is excellent with complete excision.
•The rare cases in which there is tumor recurrence are successfully treated with local radiation therapy or chemotherapy.
•Metastatic disease has not been documented.
Further Reading
Wilms’ Tumor
1. Coppes MJ, Pritchard-Jones K. Principles of Wilms’ tumor biology. Urol Clin North Am. 2000;27(3):423– 33. viii.
2. Dome JS, Cotton CA, Perlman EJ, et al. Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms’ tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms’ Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(15):2352–8.
3. Egeler RM, Wolff JE, Anderson RA, Coppes MJ. Long-term complications and post-treatment follow-up of patients with Wilms’ tumor. Semin Urol Oncol. 1999;17(1):55–61.
4. Green DM. The treatment of stages I–IV favorable histology Wilms’ tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1366–72.
5. Green DM. The evolution of treatment for Wilms tumor. J Pediatr Surg. 2013;48:14–9.
6. Green DM, Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, et al. Treatment with nephrectomy only for small, stage I/ favorable histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:3719–24.
7. Green DM, Donckerwolcke R, Evans AE, D’Angio GJ. Late effects of treatment for Wilms tumor. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1995;9(6): 1317–27.
8. Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(29):7312–21.
9. Grundy PE, Green DM, Dirks AC, et al. Clinical significance of pulmonary nodules detected by CT and Not CXR in patients treated for favorable histology Wilms tumor on national Wilms tumor studies-4 and -5: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;59(4):631–5.
10. Grundy PE, Green DM, Dirks AC, et al. Clinical significance of pulmonary nodules detected by CT and Not CXR in patients treated for favorable histology Wilms tumor on national Wilms tumor studies-4 and -5: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;59(4):631–5.
11. Hamilton TE, Ritchey ML, Haase GM, Argani P, Peterson SM, Anderson JR, Green DM, Shamberger RC. The management of synchronous bilateral Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Ann Surg. 2011;253(5):1004–10.
12. Hamilton TE, Ritchey ML, Haase GM, Argani P, Peterson SM, Anderson JR, et al. The management of synchronous bilateral Wilms tumor: a report from the national Wilms tumor study group. Ann Surg. 2011;253(5):1004–10.
13. Harel M, Makari JH, Ferrer Jr FA. Oncology: the role of partial nephrectomy in Wilms tumor. Curr Urol Rep. 2013;14:350–8.
14. Ko EY, Ritchey ML. Current management of Wilms’ tumor in children. J Pediatr Urol. 2009;5:56–65.
15. Lange JM, Takashima JR, Peterson SM, Kalapurakal JA, Green DM, Breslow NE. Breast cancer in female survivors of Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor late effects study. Cancer. 2014;20:3722.
16. Meisel JA, Guthrie KA, Breslow NE, Donaldson SS, Green DM. Significance and management of computed tomography detected pulmonary nodules: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;44(3):579–85.
17. Mitchell C, Pritchard-Jones K, Shannon R, et al. Immediate nephrectomy versus preoperative chemotherapy in the management of non-metastatic Wilms’ tumor: results of a randomized trial (UKW3) by the UK Children’s Cancer Study Group. Eur J Cancer.
2006;42(15):2554–62. |
|
|
||
18. Paulino |
AC, |
Thakkar |
B, |
Henderson |
WG. Metachronous bilateral Wilms’ tumor: the importance of time interval to the development of a second tumor. Cancer. 1998;82(2):415–20.
19. Paulino AC, Wilimas J, Marina N, et al. Local control in synchronous bilateral Wilms tumor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;36(3):541–8.
Further Reading |
169 |
|
|
20. Shamberger RC, Anderson JR, Breslow NE, et al. Long-term outcomes with very low risk Wilms tumor treated with surgery alone in National Wilms Tumor Study-5. Ann Surg. 2010;251:555–8.
21. Van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Grundy P, Graf N, et al. Characteristics and survival of 750 children diagnosed with a renal tumor in the first seven months of life: a collaborative study by the SIOP/GPOH/ SFOP, NWTSG, and UKCCSG Wilms tumor study groups. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50(6):1130–4.
22. Verschuur A, Van Tinteren H, Graf N, Bergeron C, Sandstedt B, de Kraker J. Treatment of pulmonary metastases in children with stage IV nephroblastoma with risk-based use of pulmonary radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(28):3533–9.
Mesoblastic Nephroma
23. Bayindir P, Guillerman RP, Hicks MJ, et al. Cellular mesoblastic nephroma (infantile renal fibrosarcoma): institutional review of the clinical, diagnostic imaging, and pathologic features of a distinctive neoplasm of infancy. Pediatr Radiol. 2009;39(10):1066–74.
24. Bayindir P, Guillerman RP, Hicks MJ, Chintagumpala MM. Cellular mesoblastic nephroma (infantile renal fibrosarcoma): institutional review of the clinical, diagnostic imaging, and pathologic features of a distinctive neoplasm of infancy. Pediatr Radiol. 2009;39(10):1066–74.
25. Bolande RP, Brough AJ, Izant Jr RJ. Congenital mesoblastic nephroma of infancy. A report of eight cases and the relationship to Wilms’ tumor. Pediatrics. 1967;40(2):272–8.
26. Chaudry G, Perez-Atayde AR, Ngan BY, Gundogan M, Daneman A. Imaging of congenital mesoblastic nephroma with pathological correlation. Pediatr Radiol. 2009;39(10):1080–6.
27. Chaudry G, Perez-atayde AR, Ngan BY, et al. Imaging of congenital mesoblastic nephroma with pathological correlation. Pediatr Radiol. 2009;39(10):1080–6.
28. England RJ, Haider N, Vujanic GM, Kelsey A, Stiller CA, Pritchard-Jones K, Powis M. Mesoblastic nephroma: a report of the United Kingdom Children’s Cancer and Leukaemia Group (CCLG). Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;56(5):744–8.
29. Sheth MM, Cai G, Goodman TR. AIRP best cases in radiologic-pathologic correlation: congenital mesoblastic nephroma. Radiographics. 2012;32(1):99–103.
30. Sheth MM, Cai G, Goodman TR. AIRP best cases in radiologic-pathologic correlation: congenital mesoblastic nephroma. Radiographics. 2012;32(1):99–103.
31. Silver IM, Boag AH, Soboleski DA. Best cases from the AFIP: multilocular cystic renal tumor: cystic nephroma. Radiographics. 2008;28(4):1221–5.
32. Wang ZP, Li K, Dong KR, Xiao XM, Zheng S. Congenital mesoblastic nephroma: clinical analysis of eight cases and a review of the literature. Oncol Lett. 2014;8(5):2007–11.
Clear Cell Sarcoma
of the Kidney (CCSK)
33. Argani P, Perlman EJ, Breslow NE, Browning NG, Green DM, D’Angio GJ, Beckwith JB. Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney: a review of 351 cases from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group Pathology Center. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000;24(1):4–18.
34. Balarezo FS, Joshi VV. Clear cell sarcoma of the pediatric kidney: detailed description and analysis of variant histologic patterns of a tumor with many faces. Adv Anat Pathol. 2001;8(2):98–108.
35. Brownlee NA, Perkins LA, Stewart W, et al. Recurring translocation (10;17) and deletion (14q) in clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2007;131(3):446–51.
36. Cutcliffe C, Kersey D, Huang CC, et al. Clear cell sarcoma of kidney: up-regulation of neural markers with activation of the sonic hedgehog and Akt pathways. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:7986–94.
37.Gooskens SL, Furtwängler R, Spreafico F, van Tinteren H, de Kraker J, Vujanic GM, et al. Treatment and outcome of patients with relapsed clear cell sarcoma of the kidney: a combined SIOP and AIEOP
study. Br J Cancer. 2014;111(2):227–33.
38. Green DM, Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, et al. Treatment of children with clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(10):2132–7.
39. Hadley GP, Sheik-Gafoor MH. Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney in children: experience in a developing country. Pediatr Surg Int. 2010;26(4):345–8.
40. Kalapurakal JA, Perlman EJ, Seibel NL, Ritchey M, Dome JS, Grundy PE. Outcomes of patients with revised stage I clear cell sarcoma of kidney treated in National Wilms Tumor Studies 1–5. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;85(2):428–31.
41. Manchanda V, Mohta A, Khurana N, Gupta CR, Neogi S. Bilateral clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. J Pediatr Surg. 2010;45:1927–30.
42. Punnett HH, Halligan GE, Zaeri N, Karmazin N. Translocation 10;17 in clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. A first report. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1989;41(1):123–8.
43. Radulescu VC, Gerrard M, Moertel C, et al. Treatment of recurrent clear cell sarcoma of the kidney with brain metastasis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50(2):246–9.
44. Seibel NL, Li S, Breslow NE, et al. Effect of duration of treatment on treatment outcome for patients with clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney: a report from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(3):468–73.
45. Stoneham S, Kheder M, Moroz V, et al. Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) – combined 20 year experience of therapeutic outcomes from United Kingdom (UK) and France. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009;53:1.
46. Taguchi K, Kojima Y, Mizuno K, Kamisawa H, Kohri K, Hayashi Y. Molecular analysis of clear cell
170 |
4 Renal Tumors in Children |
|
|
sarcoma with translocation (1;6)(p32.3;q21). Urology. 2011;78(3):684–6.
47. Watts KE, Hansel DE, MacLennan GT. Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. J Urol. 2011;185:279–80.
Malignant Rhabdoid
Tumor of the Kidney
48. Amar AM, Tomlinson G, Green DM, et al. Clinical presentation of rhabdoid tumors of the kidney. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2001;23(2):105–8.
49. Chung CJ, Lorenzo R, Rayder S, et al. Rhabdoid tumors of the kidney in children: CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995;164(3):697–700.
50. Furtwängler R, Nourkami-Tutdibi N, Leuschner I, Vokuhl C, Niggli F, Kager L, et al. Malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney: significantly improved response to pre-operative treatment intensified with doxorubicin. Cancer Genet. 2014;18.
51. Haas JE, Palmer NF, Weinberg AG, Beckwith JB. Ultrastructure of malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney. A distinctive renal tumor of children. Hum Pathol. 1981;12(7):646–57.
52. Han TI, Kim MJ, Yoon HK, et al. Rhabdoid tumour of the kidney: imaging findings. Pediatr Radiol. 2001;31(4):233–7.
53. Hilden JM, Meerbaum S, Burger P, et al. Central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor: results of therapy in children enrolled in a registry. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(14):2877–84.
54. Jackson EM, Sievert AJ, Gai X, et al. Genomic analysis using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism-based oligonucleotide arrays and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification provides a comprehensive analysis of INI1/ SMARCB1 in malignant rhabdoid tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:1923–30.
55. Kordes U, Bartelheim K, Modena P, et al. Favorable outcome of patients affected by rhabdoid tumors due to rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome (RTPS). Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2014;61:919–21.
56. Reinhard H, Reinert J, Beier R, et al. Rhabdoid tumors in children: prognostic factors in 70 patients diagnosed in Germany. Oncol Rep. 2008;19:819–23.
57. Tomlinson GE, Breslow NE, Dome J, Guthrie KA, Norkool P, Li S, Thomas PR, Perlman E, Beckwith JB, D’Angio GJ, Green DM. Rhabdoid tumor of the kidney in the National Wilms’ Tumor Study: age at diagnosis as a prognostic factor. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(30):7641–5.
58. van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, van Tinteren H, Rehorst H, et al. Malignant rhabdoid tumours of the kidney (MRTKs), registered on recent SIOP protocols from 1993 to 2005: a report of the SIOP renal tumour study group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;56:733–7.
59. Wagner L, Hill DA, Fuller C, et al. Treatment of metastatic rhabdoid tumor of the kidney. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002;24(5):385–8.
60. Waldron PE, Rodgers BM, Kelly MD, et al. Successful treatment of a patient with stage IV rhabdoid tumor of the kidney: case report and review. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1999;21:53–7.
61.Weeks DA, Beckwith JB, Mierau GW, Luckey DW. Rhabdoid tumor of kidney. A report of 111 cases from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Pathology Center. Am J Surg Pathol. 1989;13(6):439–58.
62.Weeks DA, Beckwith JB, Mierau GW, Luckey DW. Rhabdoid tumor of kidney. A report of 111 cases from the National Wilms’ Tumor Study Pathology Center. Am J Surg Pathol. 1989;13(6):439–58.
Renal Cell Carcinoma in Children
63. Altinok G, Kattar MM, Mohamed A, Poulik J, Grignon D, Rabah R. Pediatric renal carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocations/TFE3 gene fusions and clinicopathologic associations. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2005;8:168–80.
64. Argani P, Lae M, Ballard ET, et al. Translocation carcinomas of the kidney after chemotherapy in childhood. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:1529–34.
65. Bruder E, Passera O, Harms D, et al. Morphologic and molecular characterization of renal cell carcinoma in children and young adults. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;28:1117–32.
66. Camparo P, Vasiliu V, Molinie V, et al. Renal translocation carcinomas: clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and gene expression profiling analysis of 31 cases with a review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32:656–70.
67. Cheng JX, Tretiakova M, Gong C, Mandal S, Krausz T, Taxy JB. Renal medullary carcinoma: rhabdoid features and the absence of INI1 expression as markers of aggressive behavior. Mod Pathol. 2008;21:647–52.
68. Geller JI, Dome JS. Local lymph node involvement does not predict poor outcome in pediatric renal cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;101:1575–83.
69. Medeiros LJ, Palmedo G, Krigman HR, Kovacs G, Beckwith JB. Oncocytoid renal cell carcinoma after neuroblastoma: a report of four cases of a distinct clinicopathologic entity. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23:772–80.
70.Pastore G, Znaor A, Spreafico F, Graf N, PritchardJones K, Steliarova-Foucher E. Malignant renal
tumours incidence and survival in European children (1978–1997); report from the ACCIS project. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:2103–14.
71. Ramphal R, Pappo A, Zielenska M, Grant R, Ngan BY. Pediatric renal cell carcinoma: clinical, pathologic, and molecular abnormalities associated with
Further Reading |
171 |
|
|
the members of the mit transcription factor family. Am J Clin Pathol. 2006;126:349–64.
72. Swartz MA, Karth J, Schneider DT, Rodriguez R, Beckwith JB, Perlman EJ. Renal medullary carcinoma: clinical, pathologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic analysis with pathogenetic implications. Urology. 2002;60:1083–9.
73. Wu A, Kunju LP, Cheng L, Shah RB. Renal cell carcinoma in children and young adults: analysis of clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics with an emphasis on the spectrum of Xp11.2 translocation-associated and unusual clear cell subtypes. Histopathology. 2008;53:533–44.
Angiomyolipoma of the Kidney
74. Blute ML, Malek RS, Segura JW. Angiomyolipoma: clinical metamorphosis and concepts for management. J Urol. 1988;139(1):20–4.
75. Cui L, Zhang JG, Hu XY, et al. CT imaging and histopathological features of renal epithelioid angiomyolipomas. Clin Radiol. 2012;67(12):e77–82.
76.Ellingson JJ, Coakley FV, Joe BN, et al. Computed tomographic distinction of perirenal liposarcoma from exophytic angiomyolipoma: a feature analysis study. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2008;32(4):548–52.
77. Flum AS, Hamoui N, Said MA, Yang XJ, Casalino DD, McGuire BB, et al. An update on the diagnosis and management of renal angiomyolipoma. J Urol. 2015 Nov 20.
78. Halpenny D, Snow A, McNeill G, Torreggiani WC. The radiological diagnosis and treatment of renal angiomyolipoma-current status. Clin Radiol. 2010;65(2):99–108.
79. Lai HY, Chen CK, Lee YH, et al. Multicentric aggressive angiomyolipomas: a rare form of PEComas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;186(3):837–40.
80. Maclean DF, Sultana R, Radwan R, et al. Is the fol- low-up of small renal angiomyolipomas a necessary precaution? Clin Radiol. 2014;69(8):822–6.
81. Moratalla MB. Wunderlich’s syndrome due to spontaneous rupture of large bilateral angiomyolipomas. Emerg Med J. 2009;26(1):72.
82. Rakowski SK, Winterkorn EB, Paul E, Steele DJ, Halpern EF, Thiele EA. Renal manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex: incidence, prognosis, and predictive factors. Kidney Int. 2006;70(10):1777–82.
diagnosis for a renal mass. Indian J Cancer. 2011;48:255–6.
84. Hyder AO, Mahmoud RH. Primary renal lymphoma. Nephrology. 2007;12:314–5.
85.Malbrain MLNG, Lambrecht GLY, Daelemans R, Lins RL, Hermans P, Zachee P. Acute renal failure due to bilateral lymphomatous infiltrates. Primary extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (p-EN-NHL)
of the kidneys: does it really exist?”. Clin Nephrol. 1994;42(3):163–9.
86. Okuno SH, Hoyer JD, Ristow K, Witzig TE. Primary renal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. An unusual extranodal site. Cancer. 1995;75(9):2258–61.
87. Sawa N, Ubara Y, Katori H, et al. Renal intravascular large B-cell lymphoma localized only within peritubular capillaries report of a case. Intern Med. 2007;46(10):657–62.
88. Scoft HO, James DH, Kay RBS, Thomas EW. Primary renal nonHodgkin’s lymphoma an unusual extranodal site. Cancer. 1995;75:2258–61.
89. Sheth S, Ali S, Fishman E. Imaging of renal lymphoma: patterns of disease with pathologic correlation. RadioGraphics. 2006;26:1151–68.
90. Shimada K, Matsue K, Yamamoto K, et al. Retrospective analysis of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab-containing chemotherapy as reported by the IVL Study Group in Japan. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(19):3189–95.
91. Skarin A. Uncommon presentations of nonHodgkin’s lymphoma. Primary renal lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:564–9.
92. Stallone G, Infante B, Manno C, Campobasso N, Pannarale G, Schena FP. Primary renal lymphoma does exist: case report and review of the literature. J Nephrol. 2000;13(5):367–72.
Ossifying Renal Tumor of Infancy
93. Hu J, Wu Y, Qi J, Zhang C, Lv F. Ossifying renal tumor of infancy (ORTI): a case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Surg. 2013;48(2):e37–40.
94. Lee SH, Choi YH, Kim WS, Cheon J-E, Moon KC. Ossifying renal tumor of infancy: findings at ultrasound, CT and MRI. Pediatr Radiol. 2014;44:625–8.
95. Schelling J, Schröder A, Stein R, Rösch WH. Ossifying renal tumor of infancy. J Pediatr Urol. 2007;3:258–61.
Renal Lymphoma
83. Belbarkara R, Elyoubi MB, Boutayeb S, et al. Primary renal non-Hodgkin lymphoma: an unusual
Metanephric Adenoma
96. Bastide C, Rambeaud JJ, Bach AM, et al. Metanephric adenoma of the kidney: clinical and radiological study of nine cases. BJU Int. 2009;103:1544–8.