Гольцева О.Ю. Международное право в официальных документах. Под ред. И.А. Горшеневой

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3.Modes of implementing the right of self-determination are the establishment of a sovereign and independent State, the free integration ___ an independent State.

4.The territory of a colony or other Non-Self-Governing Territory has a status separate and distinct ___ the territory of the State administering it.

5.Peoples mustn’t be deprived ___ their right ___ selfdetermination.

Exercise 31. Answer and debate these questions.

1.Where is the principle of equal rights and selfdetermination of peoples enshrined?

2.What does the principle of equal rights and selfdetermination involve?

3.What kind of assistance should the States render to the United Nations?

4.What constitutes modes of implementing the right of self-determination?

5.What status does the territory of a colony or other Non-Self-Governing Territory have under the Charter?

6.What kind of actions does every State have the duty to refrain from?

7.Is the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples observed nowadays? Are there any colonies left in the world? Are they properly governed? Give your reasons.

Exercise 32. Translate into English.

В соответствии п. 2 ст. 1 Устава ООН, одна из важнейших целей ООН – «развивать дружественные отношения между нациями на основе уважения принципа равноправия и самоопределения народов…». Принцип равноправия и самоопределения народов неоднократно получал свое подтверждение в документах ООН – в Декларации о предоставлении независимости колониальным странам и народам 1960 года, Пактах о правах человека 1966 года,

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Декларации о принципах международного права 1970 года. В Декларации принципов Заключительного акта СБСЕ особо подчеркнуто право народов распоряжаться своей судьбой. Данный принцип – это право народов и наций, но не обязанность, и осуществление этого права может быть многовариантным. Самоопределение не должно осуществляться с сепаратистских позиций в ущерб территориальной целостности и политическому единству суверенных государств.

Exercise 33. Read this extract from the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning friendly relations and cooperation among states.

All States enjoy sovereign equality. They have equal rights and duties and are equal members of the international community, notwithstanding differences of an economic, social, political or other nature.

In particular, sovereign equality includes the following elements:

(a)States are judicially equal;

(b)Each State enjoys the rights inherent in full sovereignty;

(c)Each State has the duty to respect the personality of other States;

(d)The territorial integrity and political independence of the State are inviolable;

(e)Each State has the right freely to choose and develop its political, social, economic and cultural systems;

(f)Each State has the duty to comply fully and in good faith with its international obligations and to live in peace with other States.

Exercise 34. Complete these sentences.

1.All States enjoy ________________________.

2.Sovereign equality includes _________________.

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3.All States are equal members of the international community, notwithstanding ____________________.

4.Each State has the right freely to choose _________.

5.Each State has the duty to comply with __________.

Exercise 35. Translate into English.

Каждое государство обязано уважать суверенитет

других участников системы. Принцип суверенного равенства государств отражен в п. 1 ст. 2 Устава ООН. Основное назначение принципа суверенного равенства – обеспечить юридически равное участие в международных отношениях всех государств, независимо от различий экономического, социального, политического или иного характера.

Принцип территориальной целостности государств

утвердился с принятием Устава ООН, который запретил угрозу силой или ее применение против территориальной целостности (неприкосновенности) и политической независимости любого государства. Следующим этапом в развитии данного принципа явился Заключительный акт Совещания по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе 1975 года, который содержит отдельную и наиболее полную формулировку принципа территориальной целостности государств.

Exercise 36. Read this extract from the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning friendly relations and cooperation among states. Answer these questions.

1.What duties shall the States fulfill in good faith?

2.What obligations shall prevail: the obligations under the UN Charter or the ones arising under international agreements?

… Every State has the duty to fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by it in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.

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Every State has the duty to fulfill in good faith its obligations under the generally recognized principles and rules of international law.

Every State has the duty to fulfill in good faith its obligations under international agreements valid under the generally recognized principles and rules of international law.

Where obligations arising under international agreements are in conflict with the obligations of Members of the United Nations under the Charter of the United Nations, the obligations under the Charter shall prevail.

Exercise 37. Study these word combinations and make sentences of your own.

to be under

Exercise 38. Answer and debate these questions.

1.What obligations does every State have the duty to fulfill?

2.What happens if the obligations arising under international agreements are in conflict with the obligations of Members of the United Nations?

3.Do you think all state-parties to international agreements always fulfill the assumed obligations? Why or why not? Give your reasons.

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Exercise 39. Study the use of the word in different phrases, suggest their Russian equivalents.

State

an independent state, the contracting states, a founding state, an aggressor state, a host state, a member state, a neighboring state, a neutral state, a(non)nuclear state, a state-party to the present convention, a hostile state, a(non) belligerent, a receiving state, the states concerned, head of state, the contesting state, a transgressing state, an offending state.

Exercise 40. Translate into English.

принимающая сторона, договаривающиеся стороны, воюющее государство, соседнее государство, спорящие государства, государство-нарушитель, заинтересованные страны, государство, совершившее противоправное действие

Exercise 41. Translate into English.

Считается, что принцип добросовестного выполнения

обязательств по международному праву возник с 1648 года (Вестфальское соглашение после тридцатилетней войны), когда представители государств собрались за круглым столом как равноправные участники. Принцип добросовестного выполнения обязательств закреплен в Уставе ООН. Данный принцип распространяется только на действительные соглашения. Это значит, что рассматриваемый принцип применяется только к международным договорам, заключенным добровольно и на основе равноправия. Любой неравноправный международный договор прежде всего нарушает суверенитет государства и как таковой нарушает Устав ООН

Exercise 42. Memorize the following:

in this regard / in this в этом плане, в этом контек- context / in this respect сте, в этом отношении, в

этой связи

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Exercise 43. Translate into Russian.

1.Nothing in the foregoing shall be construed as prejudicing the positions of the parties concerned with regard to the status and effects of such lines under their special regimes or as affecting their temporary character.

2.Any measure in this respect must be based on the recognition of the inalienable right of all states to territorial integrity or political unity of sovereign and independent States.

3.The exceptional importance of the search for solutions in regard to settlement of international disputes by peaceful means will warrant particularly close attention.

4.Every State has the duty to refrain from any forcible action which deprives peoples referred to in the elaboration of the principle of equal rights and self-determination of their right to self-determination and freedom and independence.

5.The participating States declare their resolve to pay due regard to and implement the provisions of the Final Act of the Conference.

6.Nothing in the foregoing paragraphs prejudices or derogates from the applicable provisions of the Charter, in particular those relating to the pacific settlement of international disputes.

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Exercise 44. Translate into Russian.

The Helsinki summit had unprecedented historic mission to perform. It defined a code of conduct governing relations among states with different social systems. The summit dealt with standards and principles which were brought forth by the realities of European life and were voluntary accepted as a basis for building future relations among states. The final Helsinki Act affirms the following ten principles:

sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty;

refraining from the threat or use of force against territorial integrity or political independence of any state;

inviolability of one another’s frontiers and the frontiers of all states in Europe, and refraining at present and in the future from any encroachment of these frontiers;

peaceful settlement of disputes by means of negotiation, mediation, and arbitration;

non-intervention in the internal affairs of other states;

respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief;

equal rights and self-determination of peoples;

cooperation among states on equal footing, promoting mutual understanding and trust, friendly relations, international peace, security and justice;

fulfillment in good faith of obligations of states under international law.

OVER TO YOU

Study the information below and discuss the issues. Write a paragraph expressing your point of view on how well the basic principles of international law are observed nowadays.

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The principles of International Law cover use of force, war crimes, torture and other mistreatment of prisoners, arbitrary detention, command responsibility, and adherence to international law. The following are shorthand summaries of the principles, together with the interpretations of the implicit messages intended by many – though not all – members of the Society.

Other members of the Society may read the implicit messages differently. Still others may insist, with a straight face, that these principles are no more than bland statements of law, aimed at no one in particular. Such is the diversity of views within the Society.

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LESSON 4

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Starting up

Look at the photo. What event does it show? What do you know about this organization? What does it responsible for?

Analyze this quotation. Give your reasons if you agree.

“The United Nations remains our most important global actor. These days we are continuously reminded of the enormous responsibility of the Security Council to uphold international peace and stability”.

Anna Lindh, (1957 - 2003), a Swedish Social Democratic politician, a Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1998 until her assassination in 2003.

Exercise 1. Read the following text.

The United Nations

In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization to draw up the United Nations Charter. The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United