Гольцева О.Ю. Международное право в официальных документах. Под ред. И.А. Горшеневой

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пользование средств массовой информации 6) принять повестку дня с внесёнными поправками 7) организовать региональные симпозиумы 8) широкий спектр сведений 9) опубликовать тезисы конференции 10) использовать национальные языки как средство обучения. 11) проанализировать биржевые индексы 12) стимулы развития экономики государств региона

Exercise 6. Read the information and answer these questions.

1.Which of the state qualifications do not these countries possess?

2.Are these states recognized internationally? Why?

The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

In law, a State must fulfill two objective and two subjective criteria. It must have a population and territory. But beyond these, it must meet the subjective assessments of other States as to whether it has effective control over that population and territory by means of a government, and the ability to carry out international relations. This final criterion is manifested through other States 'recognizing' a new State as becoming a member of the club of States. The issue of

‘recognition' as an attribute of the State was at the heart of a visit to the so-called Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in November 2003. Although this entity has a population, territory and a government asserting effective control, no other State beyond Turkey recognizes this ‘State', which came into being as a result of an invasion by Turkish forces in 1974. As such, the vast majority of the international community does not recognize it as

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State.

Vatican City

Vatican City, established by the 1929 Lateran treaties, is the smallest State in the world consisting of 106 acres; there are only 200 citizens and it is represented by its government – the 'Holy See' – in international relations. Despite its limited size (territory) and non-perpetuating citizenship (population) Vatican City has an effective government and is recognized by more than 150 States, making it a full-fledged member of the community of States.

OVER TO YOU

Do you know any other states that are non or partly recognized by the international community? Do they meet the basic recognition criteria? Why or why not? What do you think of the future of these states?

Exercise 7. Give a written translation of the extract

("Popular Law Library Vol. 12 International Law, Conflict of Laws, Spanish-American Laws, Legal Ethics", by Albert H. Putney).

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"It is true that occasionally individuals are interested in the questions raised, and are sometimes even the cause of international complications, perhaps of war, but it is not as individuals that public international law interferes in their behalf or condemns them. It is because individuals necessarily form a constituent part of every State, parts of which the nation as a whole is made up and as no injury can be inflicted on one part of the body or by one member without the participation of the whole, so no member of the body politic can be injured without damage to the material interests, the dignity, and the honor of the whole. It is because of this blow to or by the State that public international law interferes in such matters."

Exercise 8. Answer these questions.

1.What are individuals compared to, according to Albert H. Putney?

2.What matters concerning individuals does public international law interfere in?

Exercise 9. Give the English translation of the following text.

Субъекты международного частного права (МЧП) – это участники гражданских правоотношений, осложненных «иностранным элементом». Под иностранным элементом понимаются имущественные отношения, где субъектом выступает сторона, имеющая иностранное подданство; субъекты принадлежат одному государству,

аобъект находится за границей.

Кчислу субъектов международного частного права относятся:

1.физические лица (граждане; лица без гражданства – апатриды; иностранные граждане; лица, имеющие двойное гражданство – бипатриды);

2.юридические лица (государственные организации, частные фирмы, предприятия, научно-исследователь-

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ские и иные организации);

3.государства;

4.нации и народы, борющиеся за свободу и независимость, и создание собственной государственности в лице своих руководящих органов (к их числу относится, например, Организация Освобождения Палестины);

5.международные межправительственные организации;

6.государственно-подобные образования, являющиеся субъектами международного публичного права (к ним относятся вольные города и Ватикан – резиденция главы римско-католической церкви).

Физические и юридические лица, как субъекты международного частного права являются участниками правоотношений по МЧП независимо от того, кто является другой стороной в правоотношении:

Государства; нации и народы, борющиеся за независимость и создание собственной государственности; международные межправительственные организации; государственно-подобные образования как субъекты МЧП только тогда будут входить в состав правоотношения, регулируемого нормами МЧП, когда будет выполнено следующее условие: контрагентом по сделке (или другой стороной в правоотношении) будет физическое, либо юридическое лицо.

Exercise 10. Read the text below and find the English equivalents for these word combinations.

Предмет сильных споров и обсуждения, оценивать чтолибо в свете, добровольно взять на себя обязательства, уступать полномочия, узкое толкование, военная хунта, находиться у власти, сила и принуждение, с согласия государств, гибкий подход к, невмешательство во внутренние дела, на двустороннем уровне, обязательства по разоружению, мало считаться с, серьезные нарушения.

Conflicts between public international law and na-

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tional sovereignty

The conflict between international law and national sovereignty is subject to vigorous debate and dispute in academia, diplomacy, and politics. Certainly, there is a growing trend toward judging a state's domestic actions in the light of international law and standards. Numerous people now view the nation-state as the primary unit of international affairs, and believe that only states may choose to voluntarily enter into commitments under international laws.

Certain political leaders feel that these modern developments endanger nation states by taking power away from state governments and ceding it to international bodies such as the U.N. and the World Bank.

A number of states support very narrow interpretations of international law, including the People's Republic of China, the military junta currently holding power in Burma, and the Russian Federation. These states maintain that sovereignty – and thus what some view as the basis of sovereignty, the ultima ratio regum, or last argument of kings (force and coercion, by military or other means) – is the only true international law; thus seeing states as having free rein over their own affairs and their affairs in the larger world.

Other states oppose this view. Many European nations, for example, maintain that all civilized nations have certain norms of conduct expected of them, including the prohibition of genocide, slavery and the slave trade, wars of aggression, torture, and piracy, and that violation of these universal norms represents a crime, not only against the individual victims, but against humanity as a whole.

Another group believes that states only commit to international law with express consent and have the right to make their own interpretations of its meaning; and that international courts only function with the consent of states.

Though the European democracies tend to support broad, universalistic interpretations of international law, many other democracies have differing views on international law. Sever-

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al democracies, including Israel, India, the United States, take a flexible, eclectic approach, recognizing aspects of public international law as universal, regarding other aspects as arising from treaty or custom, and viewing certain aspects as not being subjects of public international law at all.

Democracies in the developing world, due to their past colonial histories, often insist on non-interference in their internal affairs, particularly regarding human rights standards or their peculiar institutions, but often strongly support international law at the bilateral and multilateral levels, such as in the United Nations, and especially regarding the use of force, disarmament obligations, and the terms of the UN Charter.

Most dictatorships have very low regard for any kind of international law, either in principle, or in practice, except when it comes to the international laws that protect their own thrones and sovereignties; indeed, most grave breaches of public international law are committed by dictatorships.

Exercise 11. Complete these sentences.

1.The conflict between international law and national sovereignty is subject to __________________________.

2.There is a growing trend toward ________________.

3.Certain political leaders feel that nation states are endangered by _________________________.

4.Some states maintain that sovereignty ___________.

5.The European democracies tend to support _______.

6.Democracies in the developing world often insist on __.

7.Most dictatorships have very low regard for _______.

Exercise 12. Fill in the chart.

People's Republic of China

European Union

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the United States

the Russian Federation

Burma

Israel

India

Exercise 13. Answer and debate these questions.

1.Why is the conflict between international law and national sovereignty subject to debate?

2.Are there many views on International law? What are the most common ones?

3.What is your interpretation of International law? Give your reasons.

Exercise 14. Study the information below and debate this question.

Starting as a series of economic agreements between six nations in the 1950s, the European Community has provided many interesting cases in the development of international law.

In theory, each member state has agreed to be bound by EC decisions. So what happens when the laws of one country directly conflict with those of the Community?

A year before Britain joined the European Community in 1973, the respected judge Lord Denning suggested that membership would reduce the sovereignty (independent power) of the British parliament, but in 1979 he said that British courts would have to follow all British laws, even ones that conflicted with Community law.

Which law should be modified, when an internal law has conflicted with European law?

Exercise 15. Suggest the Russian equivalents.

to deepen the solidarity, to enhance further the democratic and efficient functioning, to achieve the strength-

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ening and the convergence of the economies, to establish an economic and monetary union, taking into account the principle of sustainable development, reinforcing the European identity and its independence, to facilitate the free movement of persons, the progressive framing of a common, to continue the process of creating an ever closer union.

Exercise 16. Read and translate the preamble to the treaty on the European Union.

Treaty on the European Union

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE BELGIANS, HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN OF DENMARK, THE PRESIDENTOFTHE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, THE PRESIDENT OF THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC, HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SPAIN, THE PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE PRESIDENT OF IRELAND, THE PRESIDENT OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC, HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUKE OF LUXEMBOURG, HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN OFTHE NETHERLANDS, THE PRESIDENTOFTHE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC, HER MAJESTYTHE QUEEN OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND,

Resolved to mark a new stage in the process of European integration undertaken with the establishment of the European Communities,

Recalling the historic importance of the ending of the division of the European continent and the need to create firm bases for the construction of the future Europe,

Confirming their attachment to the principles of liberty, democracy and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and of the rule of law,

Desiring to deepen the solidarity between their peoples while respecting their history, their culture and their traditions,

Desiring to enhance further the democratic and effi-

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cient functioning of the institutions so as to enable them better to carry out, within a single institutional framework, the tasks entrusted to them,

Resolved to achieve the strengthening and the convergence of their economies and to establish an economic and monetary union including, in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty, a single and stable currency,

Determined to promote economic and social progress for their peoples, within the context of the accomplishment of the internal market and of reinforced cohesion and environmental protection, and to implement policies ensuring that advances in economic integration are accompanied by parallel progress in other fields,

Resolved to establish a citizenship common to nationals of their countries,

Resolved to implement a common foreign and security policy including the eventual framing of a common defense policy, which might in time lead to a common policy defense, thereby reinforcing the European identity and its independence in order to promote peace, security and progress in Europe and in the world,

Reaffirming their objective to facilitate the free movement of persons, while ensuring the safety and security of their peoples, by including provisions on justice and home affairs in this Treaty,

Resolved to continue the process of creating an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe, in which decisions are taken as closely as possible to the citizens in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity,

In view of further steps to be taken in order to advance European integration,

Have decided to establish a European Union and to this end have designated as their Plenipotentiaries:

……………………………………………………………………………………………

WHO, having exchanged their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed as follows.

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*to designate as their Plenipotentiaries – назна-

чить своими полномочными представителями

Exercise 17. Complete these word partnerships using

See the Appendix for the answers

Exercise 18. Complete these sentences with word partnerships from Exercise 17.

1.The State Parties to the Convention expressed their desire ________ in the world.

2.The European leaders are determined to encourage closer __________, further cooperation, economic stability and well-being in their countries.

3.The Prime Ministers reaffirmed the common

______________ of freedom, democracy, and equality.

4.The two Presidents discussed the whole range of mutual relations and ___________ to resume the dialogue on the agreed dates.

5.The High Contracting Parties expressed their determination ______ common foreign __________.

6.The cultural, religious and _____________ of this country is hard to assess.

7.During the negotiations the Heads of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Armenia reiterated their commitment to strengthen mutual cooperation between their nations and ________________.