Гольцева О.Ю. Международное право в официальных документах. Под ред. И.А. Горшеневой

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8. Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the equal ______________ of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world.

Exercise 19. Study these word combinations and make up sentences of your own.

Exercise 20. Pay attention to the translation.

Exercise 21. Translate these phrases into English.

1. Подтверждая приверженность (allegiance to) принципам свободы и демократии, … 2. Стремясь к укреплению экономического сотрудничества. 3. Желая и дальше рас-

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ширять функционирование данных институтов. 4. Подтверждая, что отношения между странами основаны на принципе взаимоуважения. 5. Выражая решимость продолжить переговоры. 6. Стремясь внести вклад в защиту окружающей среды. 7. Приняв решение заключить союз 8. Руководствуясь интересами укрепления безопасности.

Exercise 22. Read this extract, translating the words and phrases in parentheses.

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

Charter for European Security

Istanbul, 1999

… We are committed to preventing the outbreak of violent conflicts wherever possible. The steps we have agreed to take in this Charter (усилят) the OSCE’s ability in this respect. The Charter will (вносить вклад) to the formation of a common and indivisible security space. It will

(продвигать) the creation of an OSCE area free of dividing lines and zones with different levels of security. …

(Безопасность и мир должны расширяться) through an approach which combines two basic elements, we must build (доверие) among people within States and (укреп-

лять сотрудничество между государствами). Therefore, we will (укреплять) existing instruments and (развивать новые) to provide assistance and advice. We will (наращивать) our efforts to (обеспечить полное уважение) for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the rights of persons belonging to

(национальным меньшинствам). In parallel, we will strengthen our capacity (качественно повышать доверие и безопасность) between States. We (преисполнены решимости развивать) the means at our disposal to settle peacefully disputes between them…..

OVER TO YOU

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When and why was the European Union set up? Is there any difference between the European Union and the European Community? How many member-countries are there nowadays? What treaties regulate the existence and functioning of the EU? What is euro-zone? Make a computer presentation.

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LESSON 3

PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Starting up

Analyze the following quotation.

“...recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world”.

Preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948

Exercise 1. Read the text and find the English equivalents for these word combinations.

Провозглашать принципы, воздерживаться от применения силы, территориальная целостность, противоречащий целям ООН, урегулировать споры между государствами, подвергать опасности мир, вмешиваться во внутренние дела, самоопределение народов, добросовестно, принять на себя обязательства.

Principles of international law

The following principles are proclaimed in the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning friendly relations and cooperation among states in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations:

(a)The principle that States shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations,

(b)The principle that States shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered,

(c)The duty not to intervene in matters within the domestic jurisdiction of any State, in accordance with the Charter,

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(d)The duty of States to co-operate with one another in accordance with the Charter,

(e)The principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples,

(f)The principle of sovereign equality of States,

(g)The principle that States shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the Charter.

Exercise 2. Complete these sentences.

1.States shall refrain in their international relations from _.

2.States shall settle their international disputes by ___.

3.States shall not intervene in matters _____________.

4.States shall have the duty to ___________________.

5.States shall respect ____________ and __________.

6.States shall fulfill in good faith _________________.

Exercise 3. Translate into English.

В современной доктрине международного права выделяют десять универсальных принципов:

принцип неприменения силы и угрозы силой;

принцип разрешения международных споров мирными средствами;

принцип невмешательства в дела, входящие во внутреннюю компетенцию государств;

принцип обязанности государств сотрудничать друг

сдругом;

принцип равноправия и самоопределения народов;

принцип суверенного равенства государств;

принцип добросовестного выполнения обязательств по международному праву;

принцип нерушимости государственных границ;

принцип территориальной целостности государств;

принцип уважения прав человека и основных свобод.

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Exercise 4. Read this extract from the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning friendly relations and cooperation among states.

Every State has the duty to refrain in its international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations. Such a threat or use of force constitutes a violation of international law and the Charter of the United Nations and shall never be employed as a means of settling international issues.

A war of aggression constitutes a crime against the peace, for which there is responsibility under international law.

In accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations, States have the duty to refrain from propaganda for wars of aggression.

Every State has the duty to refrain from the threat or use of force to violate the existing international boundaries of another State or as a means of solving international disputes, including territorial disputes and problems concerning frontiers of States.

Every State likewise has the duty to refrain from the threat or use of force to violate international lines of demarcation, such as armistice lines, established by or pursuant to an international agreement to which it is a party or which it is otherwise bound to respect…

States have a duty to refrain from acts of reprisal involving the use of force…

Every State has the duty to refrain from organizing or encouraging the organization of irregular forces or armed bands including mercenaries, for incursion into the territory of another State.

Every State has the duty to refrain from organizing, instigating, assisting or participating in acts of civil strife or terrorist acts in another State or acquiescing in organized

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activities within its territory directed towards the commission of such acts, when the acts referred to in the present paragraph involve a threat or use of force.

The territory of a State shall not be the object of military occupation resulting from the use of force in contravention of the provisions of the Charter. The territory of a State shall not be the object of acquisition by another State resulting from the threat or use of force. No territorial acquisition resulting from the threat or use of force shall be recognized as legal…

All States shall pursue in good faith negotiations for the early conclusion of a universal treaty on general and complete disarmament under effective international control and strive to adopt appropriate measures to reduce international tensions and strengthen confidence among States…

Exercise 5. Find in the text above the English equivalents for these word combinations.

Применять как средство, пропаганда войны, существующие границы, демаркационная линия, перемирие, акт возмездия, вооруженные формирования, наемники, вторжение на территорию другого государства, подстрекать к, акт гражданского неповиновения, согласиться участвовать, военная оккупация, противоречащий положениям Устава, объект захвата, всеобщее и полное разоружение, принять соответствующие меры, уменьшить международную напряженность, укрепить доверие.

Exercise 6. Cover the text above and fill in the appropriate prepositions.

1.The principles ___ International law are proclaimed

___ the Declaration ___ Principles ___ International Law concerning friendly relations and cooperation ___ states.

2.Every State has the duty ___ refrain ___ in its international relations ___ from the threat or use ___ Force ___ the territorial integrity or political independence ___ any State.

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3.A war ___ aggression constitutes a crime ___ the peace, ___ which there is responsibility ___ international law.

4.Every State has the duty to refrain from organizing, instigating, assisting or participating ___ acts ___ civil strife or terrorist acts ___ another State or acquiescing ___

organized activities ___ its territory directed ___ the commission ___ such acts.

5.____ accordance ___ the purposes and principles ___

the United Nations, States have the duty to refrain ___

propaganda ___ wars ___ aggression.

6.The territory ___ a State shall not be the object ___

military occupation resulting ___ the use ___ force ___

contravention ___ the provisions ___ the Charter.

7.All States shall pursue ___ good faith negotiations

___ the conclusion ___ a universal treaty ___ general and complete disarmament ___ effective international control.

Exercise 7. Match these terms to their definitions.

Exercise 8. Answer these questions.

1.May a threat or use of force be employed as a means of settling international issues?

2.What constitutes a crime against the peace, for which there is responsibility under international law?

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3.What shall States have the duty to refrain from?

4.What boundaries and lines mustn’t be violated in accordance with the Declaration?

5.Can the territory of a State be the object of military occupation or acquisition by another State?

6.What purposes should all States pursue to reduce international tensions and strengthen confidence among States?

Exercise 9. Translate into English.

Впервые закрепленный в Уставе ООН, принцип неприменения силы и угрозы силой был конкретизирован в Декларации о принципах международного права 1970 года, Определении агрессии 1974 года, Декларации об усилении эффективности принципа отказа от угрозы силой или ее применения в международных отношениях 1987 года. Обязанность неприменения силы распространяется на все государства, а не только на государ- ства-члены ООН. В нормативное содержание принципа неприменения силы включаются:

запрещение оккупации территории другого государства в нарушение норм международного права;

запрещение актов репрессалий, связанных с применением силы;

предоставление государством своей территории другому государству, которое использует ее для совершения агрессии против третьего государства;

организация, подстрекательство, оказание помощи или участие в актах гражданской войны или террористических актах в другом государстве;

организация или поощрение организации вооруженных банд, нерегулярных сил, в частности наемников, для вторжения на территорию другого государства

Идея нерушимости границ впервые получила свое правовое оформление в договоре СССР с ФРГ от 12 ав-

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густа 1970 г., а затем в договорах ПНР, ГДР и ЧССР с ФРГ. С этого времени нерушимость границ стала нормой международного права. Содержание принципа конкретизируется в Декларации принципов, касающихся дружественных отношений государств 1970 г. и Документе о мерах доверия Заключительного акта Совещания по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе. Основное содержание принципа нерушимости границ сводится к трем элементам:

признание существующих границ в качестве юридически установленных в соответствии с международным правом;

отказ от каких-либо территориальных притязаний на данный момент или в будущем;

отказ от любых иных посягательств на эти границы, включая угрозу силой или ее применение.

OVER TO YOU

Do you think the principle to refrain from the threat or use of force and the principle to respect territorial integrity and the existing international boundaries of another State are observed nowadays? Do any countries violate these principles? Write a paragraph giving your reasons and prove your point of view with some examples.

Exercise 10. Read this extract from the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning friendly relations and cooperation among states.

Every State shall settle its international disputes with other States by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered.

States shall accordingly seek early and just settlement of their international disputes by negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements or other peaceful means of their choice. In seeking such a settlement the