Гольцева О.Ю. Международное право в официальных документах. Под ред. И.А. Горшеневой

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parties shall agree upon such peaceful means as may be appropriate to the circumstances and nature of the dispute.

The parties to a dispute have the duty, in the event of failure to reach a solution by any one of the above peaceful means, to continue to seek a settlement of the dispute by other peaceful means agreed upon by them.

States parties to an international dispute, as well as other

States shall refrain from any action which may aggravate the Situation so as to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, and shall act in accordance with the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

International disputes shall be settled on the basis of the Sovereign equality of States and in accordance with the Principle of free choice of means. Recourse to, or acceptance of, a settlement procedure freely agreed to by States with regard to existing or future disputes to which they are parties shall not be regarded as incompatible with sovereign equality.

Exercise 11. Complete these sentences.

1.Every State shall settle its international disputes with other States by _____________.

2.International disputes may be settled by _________.

3.The parties to a dispute have the duty, in the event of failure to reach a solution to ______________________.

4.States parties to an international dispute shall refrain from __________________.

5.International disputes shall be settled on the basis of __.

6.Recourse to a settlement procedure shall not be regarded as _____________.

Exercise 12. Translate these word combinations using the appropriate forms of the words in bold type.

to settle – разрешать споры, урегулирование мирными средствами, справедливое урегулирование, стремиться к мирному урегулированию, урегулировать разногла-

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сия, внесудебное урегулирование, вести переговоры об урегулировании претензий, достичь быстрого урегулирования, прибегнуть к процедуре урегулирования.

danger – в опасности, вне опасности, опасно близко, подвергнуть опасности сохранность мира, нанести ущерб безопасности, возможный ущерб национальным интересам, вымирающие виды, опасный шаг.

equal – равный статус, одинаковое качество, равное количество, равенство, равные права, обращаться как с равным, принцип равноправия, несовместимый с принципом суверенного равенства государств, юридически равные, равенство возможностей, уравнять в правах.

Exercise 13. Answer these questions.

1.How should States settle their international disputes with other States?

2.What forms of just settlement of international disputes do you know?

3.What duty do the parties to a dispute have, in the event of failure to reach a solution?

4.What actions should States parties to an international dispute, as well as other States refrain from?

5.What is the basis for international dispute settlement?

6.Which of the following do not involve the participation of third parties?

a)negotiation

b)inquiry

c)mediation

d)conciliation

e)arbitration

f)judicial settlement

g)resort to regional agencies or arrangements

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Exercise 14. Translate into English.

Устав ООН предоставляет сторонам, участвующим в споре, свободу выбора таких мирных средств, которые они считают наиболее подходящими для разрешения данного спора. Многие государства в системе мирных средств отдают предпочтение дипломатическим переговорам. Принцип разрешения международных споров мирными средствами конкретизирован в Декларации о принципах международного права 1970 года и Заключительном акте СБСЕ.

Exercise 15. Read this extract from the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning friendly relations and cooperation among states.

No State or group of States has the right to intervene, directly or indirectly, for any reason whatever, in the internal or external affairs of any other State. Consequently, armed intervention and all other forms of interference or attempted threats against the personality of the State or against its political, economic and cultural elements are in violation of international law.

No State may use or encourage the use of economic political or any other type of measures to coerce another State in order to obtain from it the subordination of the exercise of its sovereign rights and to get advantages of any kind. Also, no State shall organize, assist, foment, finance, incite or tolerate subversive, terrorist or armed activities directed towards the violent overthrow of the regime of another State, or interfere in civil strife in another State.

The use of force to deprive peoples of their national identity constitutes a violation of their inalienable rights and of the principle of non-intervention.

Every State has an inalienable right to choose its political, economic, social and cultural systems, without interference in any form by another State.

Nothing in the foregoing paragraphs shall be construed as reflecting the relevant provisions of the Charter relating to the maintenance of international peace and security.

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Exercise 16. Find in the text the English equivalents for these word combinations.

Вооруженное нападение, поощрять использование, заставить исполнять, осуществление суверенных прав, разжигать и подстрекать, подрывная деятельность, насильственное свержение, лишить национальной идентичности, неотъемлемые права, вышеупомянутый параграф, толковать, поддержание мира и безопасности.

Exercise 17. Study these word combinations and make up sentences of your own.

Exercise 18. Study these words with the prefix

NON.

non-interference, non-intervention, non-aggression, non-appearance, non-attendance, non-combatant, noncompliance, non-cooperation, non-observance, nonpayment, non-proliferation, non-resident, non-violence, non-standard.

Exercise 19. Translate into English.

1.The chairman received three apologies for nonattendance at the meeting.

2.Non – combatant is a person who does not fight in a war, even though he or she may be in the armed forces, e.g. an army doctor or chaplain.

3.The driver was imposed a fine for non-compliance with the safety regulations.

4.An all-out strike is unlikely but some forms of noncooperation are being considered.

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5.All nuclear states should sign a non-proliferation treaty aimed at stopping the spread of nuclear weapons.

6.The State Party to the Covenant was accused of nonobservance of the terms of the agreement.

7.Student fees are higher for non-residents.

Exercise 20. Say whether these statements are true or false. Correct the wrong ones.

1.Armed intervention and all other forms of interference against the personality of the State or against its political, economic and cultural elements do not always violate international law.

2.No State shall organize, assist, foment, finance, and incite subversive, terrorist or armed activities directed towards the violent overthrow of the regime of another State.

3.State may encourage the use of economic political measures to coerce another State in order to get advantages of any kind.

4.The use of force to deprive peoples of their national identity constitutes a violation of their inalienable rights and of the principle of non-intervention.

5.Ex colonies don’t have a right to choose their political, economic, social and cultural systems.

Exercise 21. Answer these questions.

1.Do States have the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of any other State?

2.What forms of interference are in violation of international law?

3.What activities mustn’t be organized, assisted, fomented, financed, incited or tolerated?

4.What inalienable rights do all States have?

5.What constitutes a violation of their inalienable rights and of the principle of non-intervention?

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Exercise 22. Translate into English.

Современное понимание принципа невмешательства в

дела, входящие во внутреннюю компетенцию государств в общей форме зафиксировано в п. 7 ст. 2 Устава ООН и конкретизировано в авторитетных международных документах: Декларации о принципах международного права 1970 года, Заключительном акте СБСЕ, Декларации ООН о недопустимости вмешательства во внутренние дела государств, об ограждении их независимости и суверенитета 1965 г. и др. Международное право не регулирует вопросы внутриполитического положения государств, поэтому вмешательством считаются любые меры государств или международных организаций, с помощью которых они попытаются препятствовать субъекту международного права решать дела, входящие в его внутреннюю компетенцию.

Exercise 23. Read this extract from the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning friendly relations and cooperation among states. Translate the words in brackets into English.

… States have the duty (сотрудничать друг с другом), irrespective of (различий в их политических, политических и социальных системах), in the various (сферах международных отношений), in order (поддерживать мир и безопасность во всем мире) and to promote international (экономическую стабильность и прогресс), the general (благосостояние) of nations and international co-operation (свободное от дискриминации) based on such differences.

To this end:

(a)States shall (сотрудничать с другими странами) in the maintenance of international peace and security;

(b)States shall co-operate in the promotion of universal (уважения к), and (соблюдения), human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, and in the elimination of

(всех форм расовой дискриминации) and all forms of religious intolerance;

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(c) States shall conduct their (международные отношения) in the economic, social, cultural, technical and trade fields (в соответствии с принципами) of sovereign equality and non-intervention …

Exercise 24. Translate into English.

В соответствии с Уставом ООН государства обязаны «осуществлять международное сотрудничество в разрешении международных проблем экономического, социального, культурного и гуманитарного характера. Принцип обязанности государств сотрудничать друг с другом также был зафиксирован в уставах многих международных организаций, в международных договорах, многочисленных резолюциях и декларациях.

Exercise 25. Answer and debate these questions.

1.Why do all States have the duty to cooperate with each other?

2.What spheres should the countries cooperate in?

3.What principles should cooperation between states be based on?

4.Do you know anything about measures aimed at restricting cooperation with a particular state or group of states? Give examples of sanctions of different types or boycott? Do they help to solve such problems as nuclear proliferation, terrorism, etc.?

Exercise 26. Pay attention to the use of "shall" in these sentences, translate them into Russian.

1.The death penalty shall be abolished. No one shall be condemned to such penalty or executed.

2.The High Contracting Parties shall continue strengthening relations of friendship, solidarity and mutual assistance.

3.They shall contribute in every possible way to international peace and security.

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4.The present agreement shall enter into force on the date of the exchange of instruments of ratification and shall remain in force for five years.

5.This Protocol shall be open for signature by the member States of the Council of Europe.

6.The Parties shall encourage international efforts to resolve problems of international law in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes.

7.All reports shall be submitted to the SecretaryGen- eral, who shall transmit copies to the Economic and Social Council for consideration.

Exercise 27. Read this extract from the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning friendly relations and cooperation among states.

By virtue of the principle of equal rights and selfdetermination of peoples enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, all peoples have the right freely to determine, without external interference, their political status and to pursue their economic, social and cultural development, and every State has the duty to respect this right in accordance with the provisions of the Charter.

Every State has the duty to promote, through joint and separate action, realization of the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, in accordance with the provisions of the Charter, and to render assistance to the United Nations in carrying out the responsibilities entrusted to it by the Charter regarding the implementation of the principle, in order:

(a)To promote friendly relations and co-operation among States; and

(b)To bring a speedy end to colonialism, having due regard to the freely expressed will of the peoples concerned;

and bearing in mind that subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation constitutes a violation of the principle, as well as a denial of fundamental human rights, and is contrary to the Charter.

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Every State has the duty to promote through joint and separate action universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms in accordance with the Charter.

The establishment of a sovereign and independent State, the free association or integration with an independent State or the emergence into any other political status freely determined by a people constitute modes of implementing the right of self-determination by that people.

Every State has the duty to refrain from any forcible action which deprives peoples referred to above in the elaboration of the present principle of their right to selfdetermination and freedom and independence. In their actions against, and resistance to, such forcible action in pursuit of the exercise of their right to self-determination, such peoples are entitled to seek and to receive support in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter.

The territory of a colony or other Non-Self-Governing Territory has, under the Charter, a status separate and distinct from the territory of the State administering it; and such separate and distinct status under the Charter shall exist until the people of the colony or Non-Self-Governing Territory have exercised their right of self-determination in accordance with the Charter, and particularly its purposes and principles.

Nothing in the foregoing paragraphs shall be construed as authorizing or encouraging any action which would dismember or impair, totally or in part, the territorial integrity or political unity of sovereign and independent States conducting themselves in compliance with the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples as described above and thus possessed of a government representing the whole people belonging to the territory without distinction as to race, creed or colour.

Every State shall refrain from any action aimed at the partial or total disruption of the national unity and territorial integrity of any other State or country.

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Exercise 28. Find in the text above the English equivalents for these word combinations.

Благодаря принципу, прописанный в Уставе, самоопределение народов, продолжать развитие, оказывать содействие, выполнять возложенные обязанности, применение принципа, покончить с колониализмом, чужеземное подчинение и господство, противоречить Уставу, способы реализации принципа, объяснение принципа, лишить права, иметь право просить поддержку, расчленить и нарушить территориальную целостность, без различий по вероисповеданию.

Exercise 29. Match these words as they occur in the text. Make sentences using these word combinations.

Exercise 30. Complete these sentences with the prepositions from the box. Translate these sentences into Russian.

1.All peoples have the right freely to determine, ____

external interference, their political status and to pursue their economic, social and cultural development.

2.Every State has the duty to promote, ___ joint and separate action, realization of the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples.