III. Translate from Ukrainian into English.

1. Різноманіття, яке існує серед різних типів тварин та рослин, включаючи видову різницю, називається біологічною варіативністю.

2. Сонячний колектор – це пластикова панель, вмонтована в дах будинку, щоб уловлювати сонячні промені.

3. До дна контейнера для відходів прилипло багато сміття.

4. Я розчинив 2 ложки цукру у чашці з кавою.

5. Постійний витік води був результатом довгої тріщини у трубі.

6. Конгрес визначив небезпечними відходами будь-які тверді відходи, що можуть спричинити серйозну загрозу здоров’ю людини або довкіллю.

7. Пестициди – це різноманітні речовини, які використовують для знищення шкідливих живих організмів, що руйнують ріст рослин або розносять хвороби.

8. Скандинавські та американські дослідники підозрюють, що кислотні дощі знищили рибу в багатьох озерах обох регіонів.

9. Фільтри використовують для очистки води.

10. Блискавка –це електричний розряд в атмосфері.

11. Ми за те, щоб зробити все необхідне для боротьби з забрудненням повітря.

12. Родючий ґрунт дає хороші врожаї.

13. Гриби живляться мертвими та живими органічними речовинами.

14. Сміття відвозять до місцевого смітника.

15. Джунглі – це природне середовище існування мавп.

IV. You will get an extract from the text entitled ‘John Muir: American Naturalist’. Read it carefully and restore the text matching its parts together. Reproduce the text and discuss the following points:

1. What quality in John do you like the most? Why?

2. If he were alive today what do you think John Muir would say about the environment?

V. Speak on the following problems:

1. Environmentally friendly tourism, its advantages and disadvantages.

2. Keeping endangered species of animals in the zoos is said to help preserve them. Do you agree or disagree with the statement?

3. Modern industry and agriculture: eco-friends or eco-foes?

UNIT 7

AIR POLLUTION

Functions practised: stating and justifying opinions, expressing hopes, disappointment and regret.

Vocabulary Area: to dirty, motor vehicle, pollen, oil refinery, impurity, ailment, smog, fertility, bronchitis, poisonous, rural, to reverse, to smelt, to expel, to stunt, to alter.

LISTENING AND SPEAKING

I. You will hear the text entitled ‘Trees in danger’. Guess what problems it considers. Listen to the text and check if your guesses were right.

II. Answer these questions.

1. What disease killed many of the elm trees in Europe in the 1970s?

2. What danger threatens all kinds of trees in Europe now?

3. What are the stages of this disease?

4. Why doesn’t acid rain always fall on the countries which produce the pollution?

5. What else threatens the trees in other parts of the world?

6. Why is it important to save trees?

III. Put the statements into their logical order.

How the acid rain is formed

a Sunlight turns these acids into poisonous substances.

b Smoke contains sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide.

c Poisonous substances fall in rain or snow onto the trees.

d Pants emit tons of smoke into the air.

e These substances mix with water vapour in the atmosphere and form toxic acids.

READING

Pre-reading

Match the words in column A with the generalizing words in column B.

A B

1. ammonia, hydrocarbons, a respiratory diseases

organic acids, sulphur oxides

2. asthma, bronchitis, ‘killer smog’ b waste

3. dust, pollen, soil particles, c industrial pollutants

naturally occurring gases

4. garbage, refuse, trash d natural pollutants

What do you know about air pollution ? Why is it dangerous to the environment?

Reading

Read the text and do the tasks that follow.

The problem of air pollution

Air pollution occurs when wastes dirty the air. People produce most of the wastes that cause air pollution. Such wastes can be in the form of gases or particulates. These substances result chiefly from burning fuel to power motor vehicles and to heat buildings. Industrial processes and the burning of garbage also contribute to air pollution. Natural pollutants include dust, pollen, soil particles, and naturally occurring gases.

The rapid growth of population and industry, and the increased use of automobiles and airplanes, have made air pollution a serious problem. The air we breathe has become so filled with pollutants that it can cause health problems. Polluted air also harms plants, animals, building materials, and fabrics. Air pollution also causes damage to the environment that cannot be reversed.

Industrial processes produce a wide range of pollutants. Oil refineries discharge ammonia, hydrocarbons, organic acids, and sulphur oxides. Metal smelting plants give off large amounts of sulfur oxides and particulates containing lead and other metals. Plants that make aluminum expel fluoride dust. Burning of solid wastes often creates a very visible form of air pollution--thick, black smoke. The burning of garbage, leaves, and other refuse is banned in most countries. Forest fires and structural fires also contribute to air pollution. In rural areas and in developing countries, the burning of forests and grasslands to clear areas for farming is a major source of air pollution.

When people breathe polluted air, the impurities can irritate their air passages and their lungs. Particulates often remain in the lungs and can worsen such respiratory ailments as asthma and bronchitis. Ozone reduces resistance to colds and pneumonia.

In London in 1952, about 4,000 people died of respiratory diseases during a "killer smog." Today, such extreme events are rare because of government emission standards, which limit pollutants released by factories and other sources. However, air pollution still contributes to a large number of deaths each year.

Air pollutants can stunt the growth of crops, harm livestock, and destroy crops as well. Forests also have been damaged by air pollution.

Some pollutants are not poisonous but can cause damage by altering the earth's atmosphere.

Air pollution is closely related to other forms of pollution. Acid rain pollutes lakes and streams and, in high concentrations, can harm soil fertility.

Follow-up