Indulgentia pity2

Vol* favor*6

MERC*4

FAVOR*7

PARC*

PITY3

BON* MERC*5

GOOD*2

BENIGNITA* GOOD*3

PRUDENTER GOOD*4

DOLUISTIS GOOD*5

CONTRISTARE* PITY3

PROPITIABILIS FORGIVE TRIBUIT MERC*6

RECONCILIATIO FAVOR*8

Vultus favor*9

FACIES FAVOR*10

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OT Latin and English The larger number of words in the Latin field causes some minor correspondences as seen in other sets. The field-by-field correspondences show that the varied Latin vocabulary for English favor* accounts for some of these marginal correspondences, while English variations on the miser*-merc* and gratia*-grace/favor* correspondences account for others.

Figure 53 OT L-E miser*-doluistis MERC* (109)

MISER* (172) LOVINGKINDNESS (25)

KINDNESS (9)

GOOD* (5)

FAVOR* (2)

COMPASSION (1)

PITY (1)

GRACIOUS (1)

DOLUISTIS (1) COMPASSION (1)

Examples of usage:

Pss. 18:50

A et facienti misericordiam christo suo.

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And sheweth mercy to his anointed.

Pss. 119:49

B vocem meam audi iuxta misericordiam tuam

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Hear my voice according to thy lovingkindness.

Gen. 20:13

C hanc misericordiam facies mecum

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This is thy kindness that thou shalt shew unto me.

Pss. 107:8

D confiteantur Domino misericordiam eius

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Oh that men would praise the Lord for his goodness.

Pss. 102:14

E quoniam placitos fecerunt servi tui lapides eius et pulverem eius miserabilem

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For thy servants take pleasure in her stones, and favor the dust thereof.

Pss. 78:38

F ipse vero misericors propitiabitur iniquitati

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But he, being full of compassion, forgave their iniquity.

Isa. 13:18

G et lactantibus uteri non misereantur

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They shall have no pity on the fruit of the womb.

Isa. 30:18

H propterea expectat Dominus ut misereatur vestri

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And therefore will the LORD wait, that he may be gracious unto you.

1Sam. 23:21

I dixitque Saul benedicti vos a Domino quia doluistis vicem meam

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And Saul said, Blessed be ye of the LORD; for ye have compassion on me Figure 53 shows the far-reaching relationships of miser* with the words in the English field, having at least one match with nearly all of them. Nevertheless, miser* and merc* correspond one hundred nine of one hundred seventy-eight times, and when lovingkindness (twenty-five) and kindness (nineteen) are added, that accounts for nearly

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all the occurrences of miser*, showing the same association of merc*/kindness/lovingkindness with miser* that was seen with Hebrew checed (as in examples A-C). Compassion corresponds with miser* in six of seven instances (F). In a single occurrence it matches doluistis (I), which strongly connotes the suffering and sympathy of compassion.

Figure 54 OT L-E tribuit TRIBUIT (1) MERC* (1)

Examples of usage:

Pss. 37:21

A lameth fenus accipit impius et non reddit iustus autem donat et tribuit

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The wicked borroweth, and payeth not again: but the righteous sheweth mercy, and giveth.

Figure 54 is a single occurrence of tribuit (‘bestow, grant, confer, give’ among other similar meanings) that is one of the many correspondences for merc*. While grace connotes giving more strongly than merc* in English, this correspondence brings out that aspect in merc* as well, especially in the sense of ‘granting (mercifully)’.

Figure 55 OT L-E bon*-benignita*-prudenter BON* (2) GOOD (2)

BENIGNITA* (1) GOOD* (1)

PRUDENTER (1) GOOD* (1)

Examples of usage:

Gen. 40:16

A videns pistorum magister quod prudenter somnium.

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When the chief baker saw that the interpretation was good Pss. 23:6

B sed et benignitas et misericordia subsequetur me omnibus diebus vitae meae et habitabo in domo Domini in longitudine dierum.

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Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life: and I will dwell in the house of the LORD for ever Pss. 86:17

C fac mecum signum in bonitate.

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Shew me a token for good.

The correspondences shown in Figure 55 of the two occurrences of bon* with good* is unsurprising. Good* is the conventional English equivalent of bon* and covers territory that includes the general meaning ‘goodness.’ Benignita* is morphologically

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related to bon* and it is not surprising to see it also matched with English good*. One common translation of benignita* is ‘kindness’ or ‘friendliness.’ ‘Friendliness’ recalls the German usage freund* (=Freundschaft, Freundlichkeit), which corresponds to English kindness and Latin miser* as well as Hebrew checed, showing relationships among all these unmarked terms. Prudenter is one of the single terms that matches the very general good*. Its meaning ‘prudent, cautious, skillful’ seems tangential to this field, although the original Hebrew is towb—‘good.’ Example A shows the reference to the prudenter interpretation by Joseph of his dream. The RSV uses favorable and the KJV the literal good, as does Luther (gut*).

Figure 56 OT L-E gratia*

GRACE (18)

GRATIA * (30) FAVOR* (8)

MERC* (2)

KINDNESS (2)

Examples of usage:

Gen. 6:8

A Noe vero invenit gratiam coram Domino.

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But Noah found grace in the eyes of the Lord.

Gen. 18:3

B et dixit Domine si inveni gratiam in oculis tuis ne transeas servum tuum.

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And said, My Lord, if now I have found favor in thy sight, pass not away, I pray thee, from thy servant

2Sam. 15:20

C ostendisti gratiam et fidem.

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Mercy and truth be with thee.

Gen. 20:13

D hanc misericordiam facies mecum .

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This is thy kindness that thou shalt shew unto me.

The area covered by gratia* (Figure 56) is broader than that of English grace. As noted earlier, grace matches only gratia* (as in A), while gratia* includes correspondences with some of the broadest and least marked terms in the English field, namely favor*, kindness, and merc* (examples B-D).

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Figure 57 OT L-E plac*

PLAC*(5) FAVOR* (4)

MERC* (1)

Examples of usage:

Pss. 5:12

A quia tu benedices iusto Domine ut scuto placabilitatis coronabis eum.

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For thou, LORD, wilt bless the righteous; with favor wilt thou compass him as with a shield.

Gen. 43:14

B Deus autem meus omnipotens faciat vobis eum placabilem et remittat vobiscum fratrem vestrum

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And God Almighty give you mercy before the man, that he may send away your other brother.

Plac* (Figure 57) corresponds with two of the least marked terms in the English set, merc* and favor*, indicating the broader concepts of being pleasing, giving approval, ‘kindness’ and ‘favor’ in general.

Figure 58 OT L-E repropitiatio-vol*-reconciliatio-vultus-facies REPROPITIATIO (3) FAVOR* (3)