Word and word combinations to be remembered.

Method of compiling метод сборки

Utilization использование

Extrapolate извлекать

Trial проба

To yield приносить, давать

Pattern образец

Exercise 1. Match the synonyms.

1. utilization 2. quantity 3. advance 4. boundless 5. trial 6. weather forecast 7. to require 8. drug 9. to yield 10. safe

a) achievement b) use c) amount d) weather prediction e) unlimited f) to result g) test h) to demand i) medicine j) harmless k) quality

Exercise 2. Pay attention to the explanations of the terms.

1. Data processing - doing calculation needed to deal with given information. The central unit of a computer processor is used for it.

2. Storage - a special device in a computer for keeping information.

3. Pure sciences - deal with theories.

4. Applied sciences- deal with practical application of scientific research.

TEXT 1

Read the text, translate it and choose the sentences covering the main idea of the text.

Computers in science

Computers are perhaps the most useful tools ever invented by mankind. In this, the era of computers, they are used to count our votes, figure our bank accounts, help plan new buildings and bridges, guide our astronauts through space and assist management in its everyday decisions.

The dynamic introduction of the computer has changed man's information needs entirely. Man has developed methods of compiling and analyzing large quantities of data with a minimum amount of human intervention. Technological advances in all fields have been dynamic and extensive. The methods of applying data processing systems to information needs are boundless. With each new application, data processing systems can be used to help man increase his productivity and advance civilization further. It's a giant step forward in man's utilization of science and knowledge as a means of progress.

What can computers do for the scientist? Now weather scientists are able to work out astronomical number of calculations for predicting weather changes. They are even working on a mathematic model of the world's weather that may some day enable us to make accurate weather forecasts a year or more ahead of time.

In medicine computers are helping researchers test drugs by extrapolating the information gained in limited trials, so that large scale tests will not only be safer, but will yield far more useful information. Computers are helping doctors make diagnoses by winnowing down the information a doctor has to go through to arrive at a valid conclusion.

Biochemists are using computers as a sort of mathematical microscope, in delving into the secret of the living cell; they have found a physical limit to the information they can obtain with their instruments. By using computers they have already obtained and are beginning to construct an accurate picture of the giant molecules that are the building blocks of all living things.

In astronomy, computers, of course, serve as computational workhorses, figuring out the exact positions and orbits of planets, stars and other heavenly bodies. With the growing importance of radio telescope, computers have been especially valuable in analyzing the patterns of signal received from outer space, separating the meaningful signals from the electronic roar of background "noise" that accompanies them.

Space technology would be almost unthinkable without the power of the computer. This is an area of science that requires the combined knowledge of all other sciences - physics, chemistry, thermodynamics, electronics, mathematics, even psychology. Only computers can bring this large amount of information under control to make it serve our efforts.

The achievements of computers in the fields of space exploration, weather reporting, medical, research and other areas of scientific study have been fantastic. The tremendous storage capacities and rapid processing of data have produced the valuable information necessary for research in the unknown areas of science. Scientific research has moved into the foreground of human activity. In both the pure and applied sciences, computers are being used to multiply man's thinking power - and to multiply the time he can spend thinking.

COMPREHENSION CHECK

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.

1. How is our era characterized in the text?

2. What are computers used for in everyday life?

3. How do computers help researchers in medicine?

4. What are biochemists using computers for?

5. What do computers serve in astronomy for?

Exercise 2. Name the sciences where computers are very useful tools.

Exercise 3. Agree or disagree to the following statements. Begin your sentences with the following phrases: I think so. Yes, it's really so. I'm afraid, it's wrong. I can't agree.

1. The computer has changed men’s information needs entirely.

2. Computers help scientists in all fields of knowledge.

3. Computers will be able to work without a man.

4. The methods of applying data processing systems are limited.

5. All scientists use computers in their work.

LANGUAGE ACTIVITY

Exercise 1. Insert articles where necessary.

1. ... computers are perhaps ... most useful tools ever invented by mankind.

2. Computers are working on ... mathematical model of world's weather.

3. Data processing is ... giant step forward in man's utilization of science and knowledge.

4. ... dynamic introduction of ... computer in ... last quarter of the last century has changed man's information needs entirely.

5. ...methods of ... applying data processing systems to information needs are boundless.

Exercise 2. Insert prepositions where necessary (without, of, in, for, by).

1. Technological advances ... all fields ... data processing have been dynamic and extensive.

2. ... medicine computers are helping researchers test drugs ... extrapolating the information gained ... trials.

3. What can computers do ... the scientist?

4. Space technology would be almost unthinkable ... the power ... the computer.

5. Space technology requires the combined knowledge ... almost all the other sciences.

Exercise 3. Analyze the forms and functions of the Infinitive and translate the following sentences.

1. To figure out bank accounts people use computers.

2. To bring the large amount of information under control scientists use the possibilities of computers.

3. To predict weather changes weather scientists work out astronomical number of calculations.

4. To obtain an accurate picture of living molecules is important for biochemists.

5. To apply computers in both the pure and applied sciences means to multiply man’s thinking power.

6. To make accurate weather forecasts is sometimes very difficult.

7. The method to be applied will help to process data.

8. Computer scientists had several problems to solve.

9. The first country to develop a computer was the US.

Exercise 4. Explain how scientists use computers in different fields. Start your sentences with the Infinitive to express the purpose of computer application.

Example: To figure out the exact positions and orbits of planets astronomers use computers.

Exercise 5. Make up complete sentences with different forms of the Infinitive and different subjects. Translate the sentences.

A) Example: The computer is known to calculate very fast.

The scientists The computer

is are was were

known considered assumed reported stated supposed found expected

to have invented a new method to have been solving the problem to be used everywhere to be thinking over the task to have been used in the investigation

B) Example: I supposed him to succeed.

I We

assume believe consider expect know suppose want see hear watch make let

him computer my friends scientists

to -

arrive be thinking work hard succeed have obtained investigate be helped have been used

Exercise 6. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using the Infinitive or Infinitive Constructions.

1. Известно, что биохимики используют компьютер как своеобразный математический микроскоп.

2. Чтобы обрабатывать большое количество информации ученые используют современные методы.

3. Ожидается, что возможности человека будут увеличиваться.

4. Чтобы добиться успеха в космических технологиях необходимо объединить знания химии, физики, термодинамики, электроники, математики.

5. Использовать компьютер – значит уменьшить время решения задачи.

6. Считается, что компьютер – одно из самых полезных изобретений человечества.

7. Мы видим, как мир изменяется благодаря новым технологиям.

TEXT 2

Read the text. Choose the most important information.