- •Рецензенты:
- •Рекомендует к печати
- •What is a computer?
- •1. Read and learn the following words:
- •2. Answer the following questions to the text a:
- •3. Insert the necessary prepositions to the following sentences:
- •4. Choose the words that are missed in the following sentences:
- •5. Choose the ending to each question:
- •6. Ask general questions to the following sentences:
- •The use of computers
- •1. Read and remember the words from the text b:
- •2. Make up the pairs or groups of the words which are close in their meanings. Use the words given below.
- •3. Match the words with their definitions:
- •4. Put the sentences into Past Simple:
- •5. A) Give a title to the following fragment and translate it into Russian in writing:
- •6. Read the following text with the dictionary if it is necessary. Perform the tasks given below: communication (1)
- •Computers in the different sphres of our life
- •1. Answer the following questions:
- •2. Put the necessary prepositions to the following sentences:
- •3. Put the missing words to the sentences:
- •4. Discuss with your partner what you have learned about computers in general.
- •5. Make a short report “The Use of Computers”.
- •Some facts from the history of computers
- •1. Read and learn the following words:
- •2. Answer the following questions to the text a:
- •3. Insert the necessary prepositions to the following sentences:
- •4. Choose the words that are missed in the following sentences:
- •5. Choose the ending to each question:
- •6. Ask alternative questions to the following sentences:
- •The fastest computers of the world
- •1. Read and remember the words from the text b:
- •2. Form the new words from the verbs:
- •3. Translate the word-combinations with: a) Participle I and b) Participle II:
- •4. Revise Active and Passive Voice of the verb. Open the brackets and use the proper form of the verb:
- •5. A) Give a title to the following fragment and translate it into Russian in writing:
- •6. Read the following text with the dictionary if it is necessary. Perform the tasks given below: communication (2)
- •From the history of computer development
- •1. Answer the following questions:
- •2. Put in the necessary words to the following sentences:
- •3. Make up the pairs of words that are close in their meaning:
- •4. Discuss with your partner some facts from the history of computers.
- •5. Make a short report “The History of Computers”.
- •Data processing and data processing systems
- •1. Read and learn the following words:
- •2. Answer the following questions to the text a:
- •3. Insert the necessary prepositions to the following sentences:
- •4. Choose the words that are missed in the following sentences:
- •5. Choose the ending to each question:
- •6. Ask general questions to the following sentences:
- •Storage units
- •1. Read and remember the words from the text b:
- •2. Try to find in the text the words the meaning of which are close to the meaning of the following ones:
- •3. Divide the words into three groups – nouns, adjective, adverb – according to their suffixes. Translate the words, if necessary use the vocabulary:
- •4. Translate the sentences with Perfect Participle Active and Perfect Participle Passive:
- •5. A) Read the following fragment and translate it into Russian in writing:
- •6. Read the following text with the dictionary if it is necessary. Perform the tasks given below: network development
- •Computer technology
- •1. Answer the following questions:
- •2. Put the necessary prepositions to the following sentences:
- •3. Put the missing words to the sentences:
- •4. Make a short report “Storage Units of the Computers”.
- •A computer system
- •1. Read and learn the following words:
- •2. Answer the following questions to the text a:
- •3. Insert the necessary prepositions to the following sentences:
- •4. Choose the words that are missed in the following sentences:
- •5. Choose the ending to each question:
- •6. Ask special questions to the following sentences:
- •Input-output environment
- •1. Read and remember the words from the text b:
- •2. Form nouns from the following verbs using suffixes:
- •3. Open the brackets using the correct form of the verb:
- •4. Combine the words from the left part with their interpretations from the right part:
- •5. A) Give a title to the following fragment and translate it into Russian in writing:
- •6. Read the following text with the dictionary if it is necessary. Perform the tasks given below:
- •The elements of computer system
- •1. Answer the following questions:
- •2. Give the Russian equivalents of the following words and make up the sentences using them:
- •3. Say if the statements are true or false:
- •4. Discuss with your partner what you have learned about the elements of computer system.
- •What is hardware?
- •Input hardware.
- •1. Read and learn the following words:
- •2. Answer the following questions to the text a:
- •3. Insert the necessary prepositions to the following sentences:
- •4. Choose the words that are missed in the following sentences:
- •5. Choose the ending to each question:
- •6. Ask general questions to the following sentences:
- •Scanners
- •1. Read and remember the words from the text b:
- •2. Form comparative and superlative degrees of the following adjectives:
- •3. Translate the following sentences with infinitives:
- •4. Translate the following word-combinations:
- •5. A) Translate the following text into Russian in writing:
- •6. Read the following text with the dictionary if it is necessary. Perform the tasks given below:
- •Input devices
- •1. Look through the following words and then answer the following questions:
- •2. Put the necessary prepositions to the following sentences:
- •3. Put the missing words to the sentences:
- •4. Discuss with your partner different types of hardware.
- •5. Make a short report “a Scanner”.
- •Computer operations
- •1. Read and learn the following words:
- •2. Answer the following questions to the text a:
- •3. Insert the necessary prepositions to the following sentences:
- •4. Choose the words that are missed in the following sentences:
- •5. Choose the ending to each question:
- •6. Ask general questions to the following sentences:
- •Types of software
- •1. Read and remember the words from the text b:
- •2. Translate into English:
- •3. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the underlined words:
- •4. Match the words and their definitions:
- •5. A) Translate the following text into Russian in writing: memory
- •6. Read the following text with the dictionary if it is necessary. Perform the tasks given below:
- •Operating systems
- •1. Look through the following words and then put 10 questions to the text:
- •2. Put the necessary prepositions to the following sentences:
- •3. Put the missing words to the sentences:
- •4. Discuss with your partner what you have learned about the types of computer data.
- •Output devices. Printers
- •1. Read and learn the following words:
- •2. Answer the following questions to the text a:
- •3. Insert the necessary prepositions to the following sentences:
- •4. Choose the words that are missed in the following sentences:
- •5. Choose the ending to each question:
- •6. Ask general questions to the following sentences:
- •Keyboard devices
- •1. Look through the following words and then put 10 questions to the text “Keyboard devices”:
- •2. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the underlined words:
- •3. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to their special formation:
- •4. A) Translate the following text into Russian in writing: magnetic media devices
- •5. Read the following text with the dictionary if it is necessary. Perform the tasks given below: higeness of the internet
- •6. Discuss with your partner what you have learned about output devices.
- •7. Make a short report “Keyboard Devices”.
- •A modem
- •1. Read and learn the following words;
- •2. Answer the following questions to the text a:
- •3. Insert the necessary prepositions to the following sentences:
- •4. Choose the words that are missed in the following sentences:
- •5. Put different types of questions to the following sentences:
- •Electronic mail
- •1. Learn the following words and make up as many sentences as you can using these words:
- •2. Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •Internet rules of safety.
- •Internet child safety.
- •1. Read and remember the words from the text c:
- •2. Read the following texts containing information about Internet and make a report “What the Internet is”.
- •3. Read and translate the text “What is Internet Explorer?” Say what else you know about other Web browsers.
- •4. Discuss with your partner what you have learned about Internet rules of safety.
- •5. Make a short report “Modems and Electronic Mail”.
- •Words and word combinations to be remembered.
- •History of the computer
- •Generations of computer
- •History of data processing
- •Digital and analog computers
- •History of programming languages
- •Words and word combinations to be remembered.
- •Computer components
- •Evolution in size
- •Microprocessor as a cpu
- •Bill gates
- •What is internet?
- •I. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •II. Put the verbs in brackets into a correct form.
- •Translating machines
- •What is steganography?
- •Words and word combinations to be remembered.
- •Uses of the web
- •Computer-intagrated manufacturing
- •Computer graphics
- •Cryptography
- •Words and word combinations to be remembered.
- •Computer viruses
- •What is a trojan horse and what threat does it pose?
- •Increase your knowledge of computer viruses
- •You cannot get virus from
- •Antivirus software
- •Preventing a virus
- •Word and word combinations to be remembered.
- •Computers in science
- •The future of computers
- •No worms in these apples
- •Supplementary reading
- •1. Look through the words to the text “computer literacy”:
- •2. Read the text, translate it and give a brief summary. Computer literacy
- •1. Look through the words to the text “from the history of telephony”:
- •2. Read the text, translate it and give a brief summary. From the history of telephony
- •1. Look through the words to the text “the first calculating devices”:
- •2. Read the text, translate it and give a brief summary. The first calculating devices
- •1. Look through the words to the text “charles babbage”:
- •2. Read the text, translate it and give a brief summary. Charles babbage
- •1. Look through the words to the text “development of electronics”:
- •2. Read the text, translate it and give a brief summary. Development of electronics
- •1. Look through the words to the text “microelectronics and microminiaturization”:
- •2. Read the text, translate it and give a brief summary. Microelectronics and microminiaturization
- •1. Look through the words to the text “advantages of computer data processing”:
- •2. Read the text, translate it and give a brief summary. Advantages of computer data processing
- •1. Look through the words to the text “hardware, software, and firmware”:
- •2. Read the text, translate it and give a brief summary. Hardware, software, and firmware
- •1. Look through the words to the text “from the history of computer development in russia”:
- •2. Read the text, translate it and give a brief summary. From the history of computer development in russia
- •1. Look through the words to the text “functional units of digital computers”:
- •2. Read the text, translate it and give a brief summary. Functional units of digital computers
- •1. Look through the words to the text “storage devices”
- •2. Read the text, translate it and give a brief summary. Storage devices
- •1. Look through the words to the text “management information technology (it)”
- •2. Read the text, translate it and give a brief summary. Management information technology (it)
- •1. Look through the words to the text “storage devices”
- •2. Read the text, translate it and give a brief summary. One woman's experience as a global head of it a successful manager sees a wider role for women in the male-dominated world of it networks
- •English-russian dictionary
- •Contents
- •Учебное издание
- •Английский язык
- •010503.65 «Математическое обеспечение и администрирование информационных систем»; 080116.65 «Математические методы в экономике».
- •Подписано в печать Формат 60х84
- •410003, Саратов, ул. Радищева, 89. Сгсэу
History of the computer
For a long time a man has been looking for ways of increasing the speed of computations.
The history of computers starts out about 3000 B.C. at the birth of the abacus, a wooden rack holding two horizontal wires with beads which are moved around according to programming rules memorized by the user, so all regular arithmetic problems can be done. It is still in existence* and used by some part of the world’s population. It made valuable contributions, including positional notation. Another important invention around the same time was the Astrolabe, used for navigation.
The achievements in this field, which step by step led to the computer as we know it today include such names as Napier (1612) – the inventor of logarithms; Pascal (1642) – the creator of the first gear-driven calculating machine**. It added numbers entered with dials. Calculating devices in use today closely resemble Pascal’s machine. In 1671 Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz improved on Pascal’s machine. He invented a special mechanism, which is still used in many modern day calculators. Ch.X.Thomas created the first successful mechanical calculator that could add, subtract, multiply and divide.
Jacquard (1801) developed the punched-card principle followed by Hollerith’s (1800) “unit record” principle by which data were coded and represented by holes in cards. He developed an automatic sorting machine, a cardpunch machine and semiautomatic tabulating machine. He organized “The Tabulating Machine Company” which with some other companies became the International Business Machines Corporation in 1924 (the famous IBM). By 1890 the range of improvements included accumulation of partial results, storage and automatic reentry of past results (a memory function), printing of the results. Ch.Babbage (1850) a mathematics professor in Cambridge constructed large-scale calculating machines when he realized that many long calculations were really a series of predictable actions that were constantly repeated. He called his automatic mechanical calculating machine a difference machine. The difference machine was really a great advance. Babbage continued to work on it for 10 years but then he started to work at the construction of a fully program-controlled, automatic mechanical digital computer. He called this idea an Analytical Engine, but failed because the necessary parts couldn’t be manufactured precisely in his time. Despite failures, his work made a valuable contribution to the later engineering of calculating machines. Between 1850 and 1900 great advances were made in mathematical physics and it came to be known that most observable dynamic phenomena can be identified by different equations (which meant that most events occurring in nature can be measured or described in one equation or another).
Notes:
*in existence – существуют
**first gear-driven machine – машина, работающая по принципу зубчатой
передачи
TEXT 2
Generations of computer
First Generation Computers (1954-59) were rather bulky in size, required large amounts of air conditioning and repair time also. The important advantages over earlier machines were speed of calculation, use of the stored program, the ability to apply logical decisions to calculated results, various types of input and output equipment, magnetic tape, paper tape, ability to modify its own program, etc.
Second Generation Computers (1959-64) replaced the vacuum tubes with the tiny transistor, thus requiring less power and offering greater reliability. Highspeed card readers and printers were introduced. Symbolic programming was replacing machine language programming during this period. Random access devices were introduced. Repair and maintenance time was greatly reduced.
Third Generation Computers (1964-70) were characterized by advanced miniaturization and refinement of computer components. Greater compilers, newer and faster methods of input and output, optical scanners, magnetic ink character readers, data transmission over long distances, displays on video tubes, multiprogramming, tremendous storage capacities, remote terminals with access to central computers – innovations introduced during this period.
Fourth Generation Computers (1970-1980) featured many changes in all sectors of the computer field. The concept of “Virtual Storage” increased the main storage capabilities of computers by allowing a computer to directly access outside storage devices as though they were part of main storage. The minicomputer made spectacular advances during this period.
Fifth Generation. In the 1980s very large scale integration (VISI), in which hundreds of thousands of transistors were placed on a single chip, became more and more common.
The “shrinking” trend continued with the introduction of personal computers (PCs) used by individuals. By the late 1980s some personal computers were run by microprocessors that could process about 4000000 instructions per second. The new generation, the so-called “fifth” generation is using new technologies with new programming languages capable of amazing feats in the area of artificial intelligence.
COMPREHENSION CHECK
Exercise 1. Match the following words (a, b, c…) with the statements (1, 2, 3…).
-
a) Abacus
b) Babbage
c) First Generation Computer
d) Fourth Generation Computer
e) Jacquard, Hollerith
f) Pascal
g) Second Generation Computer
h) Third Generation Computer
1. Inventor of the first calculating machine.
2. Earliest known calculating device.
3. Bulky in size, requiring large amounts of air conditioning and having a high maintenance rate.
4. Developed punched card principle used in automatic looms.
5. Allows computer to direct access outside storage devices.
6. Replaced vacuum tubes with transistors.
7. Advanced miniaturization and refined computer components.
8. Invented large scale calculators.
Exercise 2. Answer the questions.
Who originated the ABACUS and what important contributions did it make to the data processing field?
What were the significant developments in the data processing field during the 17th century?
What important contributions did Babbage make to the field of data processing?
Who developed the punched card principle?
LANGUAGE ACTIVITY
Exercise 1. Insert articles where necessary.
Computer program of … future will probably be quite different from those in … use today.
It will be … interesting future – waiting for each new development and marveling at each new advance in data processing.
Every home could have … built-in communications system, similar to … cable television.
A built-in communications system will allow … user to have … world’s information at his immediate disposal without leaving his home.
… programming as we know it may cease to exist.
Exercise 2. Summarize your knowledge on the use of the Perfect Tenses. Translate the sentences.
1. Biochemists have found a physical limit to the information they can obtain with their instruments.
2. Computers have been especially valuable in analyzing the signals from outer space.
3. Scientific research has moved into the foreground of human activity.
4. The achievements of computers in all sciences have been fantastic.
5. The object of this text has been to show the usage of computers in various sciences.
Exercise 3. Summarize your knowledge on modal verbs and their equivalents. Translate the sentences.
1. Computers must be available to everybody nowadays in Russia.
2. We can see the character of the job in data processing changing.
3. Programming problems and hardware technology will have to give way to preoccupation with service.
4. The necessary parts for Babbage’s Analytical Engine couldn’t be manufactured precisely in his time.
5. Every home can have a built-in communication system and the users are allowed to have the world’s information at their disposal.
Exercise 4. Give the correct translation of the Russian phrases, paying attention to the Subjective Infinitive Constructions.
1. Сообщили, что движение изменилось ….
2. Полагают, что проблему решат ….
3. Ожидали, что объект движется ….
4. Говорили, что человек представляет ….
5. Известно, что теория применяется на практике ….
Exercise 5. Read the text and find the most important sentence – the main idea of the text.
TEXT 3