Urogenital system

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	154				Urogenital system
						Apparatus urogenitalis	26	Renal cortex. Cortex renalis. About 6 mm
		1
1					UROGENITAL SYSTEM.
					(systema urogenitale).	Urinary and genital or-		thick, it consists of glomeruli and predomi-
				gans.				nantly convoluted uriniferous tubules. With
2		2		URINARY ORGANS. Organa urinaria.				the renal columns, it extends up to the wall of
			3 KIDNEY. Ren (nephros). A B F					the renal pelvis. F
3							27	Convoluted part (cortical labyrinth). Pars
		4		Lateral margin. Margo lateralis. Convex lateral
								convoluta. Cortical region consisting of glomer-
4				border of kidney. A				uli and convoluted uriniferous tubules. F
		5		Medial margin. Margo medialis. Border of the			28	Radiating part (medullary rays). Pars radi-
				kidney which becomes concave at the hilum. A				ata. Collecting tubules coursing radially into
5		6		Renal hilum. Hilum renale. Site of entry and				the cortex from the medulla. F

				exit of renal blood vessels and ureter. A			29	Cortical lobules. Lobuli corticales. Areas
6		7		Renal sinus. Sinus renalis. Very concave cavity				delimited by interlobular arteries.
				at the medial border for the renal hilum. B D			29 a	Medullary rays. Radii medullares. Consisting

			8 Anterior surface. Facies anterior. Curved ante-					of pale collecting tubules which project into the

7
				rior surface of the kidney. A D				cortex. F
	9			Posterior surface. Facies posterior. Nearly flat			30	Renal medulla. Medulla renalis. Medullary
8								tissue in the shape of renal pyramids and con-
				posterior surface of the kidney. D
		10 Upper pole of kidney. Extremitas superior. A B						sisting of the straight portions of the urinifer-
								ous tubules and the collecting ducts. F
9
	11			Lower pole of kidney. Extremitas inferior. B
							31	Renal pyramids. Pyramides renales. Six to 20
		12 Renal fascia. Fascia renalis. Fibrous sheath that						pyramidal areas separated by renal columns.
10
				separates the adipose capsule from the per-				They form the medullary substance. F
				irenal fat. D			32	Base of pyramid. Basis pyramidis. It lies at the

11	13			Pararenal fatty body. Corpus adiposum para-				corticomedullary border. F
				renale. Fat pad between the posterior layer of			33	Renal papillae. Papillae renales. Rounded apical

				the renal fascia and the transversalis fascia. D				portion of the renal pyramid projecting into the
12
		14 Fatty capsule. Capsula adiposa. Fatty capsule of						renal calyx. F

				the kidney, more prominent posteriorly and			34	Area cribrosa. Surface of renal papillae with
13
				medially. D				sieve-like perforations created by the openings
		15 Fibrous capsule. Capsula fibrosa. Tough organ						of the uriniferous tubules. F

14				capsule fused with the surface of the kidney,			35	Papillary foramina. Foramina papillaria. Holes
				but removable. D F				in the area cribrosa produced by the openings

15	16			Renal segments. Segmenta renalia. Five seg-				of the uriniferous tubules.
								Renal columns. Columnae renales. Cortical
				ments of the kidney corresponding to the blood			36
				supply regions of the branches of the renal				substance which extends toward the hilum be-
16				artery.				tween the renal pyramids. F
	17			Superior segment. Segm. superius. Upper seg-			37	Renal corpuscle. Corpusculum renale. Com-

17				ment extending up to the posterior surface. A B				posed of a glomerulus and its capsule; it lies in
		18 Upper anterior segment. Segm. anterius su-						the convoluted part of the cortex. E

18				perius. A			38	Glomerulus. Capillary tuft within a renal cor-
	19			Lower anterior segment. Segm. anterius in-				puscle. E
				ferius. A			39	Glomerular [[Bowman’s]] capsule. Capsula
19
		20 Inferior segment. Segm. inferius. It reaches as						glomerularis [[Bowman’s]]. The capsule around
				far as the posterior and anterior surfaces. A B				a capillary	tuft (glomerulus) of	a	renal cor-
20								puscle. It	is continuous with	a	convoluted
	21			Posterior segment. Segm. posterius. B
								tubule. E

22 Renal (uriniferous) tubule (nephron). Tubulus

21renalis. Tubular system representing the structural unit of the kidney in which filtration and

22selective reabsorption take place. C

23Convoluted uriniferous tubules. [[Tubuli renales contorti]]. Tortuous parts of the renal

23	tubules. C

24Straight segments of renal tubules. [[Tubuli

24 renales recti]]. C

25Renal lobes. Lobi renales. Still preserved in the

25newborn, they correspond to renal pyramids with cortical caps.

												Urogenital system		155
			10											23
			10		10									23			1


4			17		17												2
																	2

	18				5												3
					5

					8
					8
					21					23					22		4
	19			6	7												4
				6	7												5
					20
	20

													22				6
4													22				6
4


					11									24			7



		Kidney segments,						Kidney segments				Schema					8
A		Kidney segments,					B	Kidney segments			C	Schema					8
		anterior view						posterior view				of a nephron
		anterior view						posterior view				of a nephron					9
																	9
	12		8	15	7

																	10
						14											10


																	11
	14
																	12




																	13
																	14
																	14


																	15

	13 12												26

			15
			15	9									36				16
				9													16
D	Cross-section through									28
D	Cross-section through									28
		kidney in situ														15	17
																	17



																	18
										156.15				31

																	19

	37
	37

									38								20
														30

									39								21
																	21
																29a

																	22
																	22


										34							23
										34
										32			33				24
																	24
E		Glomerulus, semischematic								F Section of left kidney
E		Glomerulus, semischematic								F Section of left kidney

	156			Urogenital system
			1 Renal arteries. Arteriae renales.				20	Abdominal part of ureter. Pars abdominalis.
1			1 Renal arteries. Arteriae renales.				20	Abdominal part of ureter. Pars abdominalis.
1		2		Interlobar arteries. Arteriae interlobares. Ar-				Part of ureter that extends from the renal pel-
		2		Interlobar arteries. Arteriae interlobares. Ar-				vis to the terminal line of the pelvis.
2				teries that run between the pyramids. B				vis to the terminal line of the pelvis.
				teries that run between the pyramids. B			21	Pelvic part of ureter. Pars pelvica. Part of ure-
		3		Arcuate arteries. Arteriae arcuatae. Arising			21	Pelvic part of ureter. Pars pelvica. Part of ure-
		3		Arcuate arteries. Arteriae arcuatae. Arising				ter that extends from the terminal line to the
				from the interlobar	arteries,	they take an		ter that extends from the terminal line to the
				from the interlobar	arteries,	they take an		urinary bladder.
3				arched course along the medullo-cortical				urinary bladder.
3				arched course along the medullo-cortical			22	Tunica adventitia. Superficial connective
				border. B			22	Tunica adventitia. Superficial connective
4		4		Interlobular arteries. Arteriae interlobulares.				tissue which unites the ureter with the sur-
		4		Interlobular arteries. Arteriae interlobulares.				rounding tissues and permits ureteral mobil-
				Radially oriented branches of the arcuate arter-				rounding tissues and permits ureteral mobil-
				Radially oriented branches of the arcuate arter-				ity. C
5				ies lying between two medullary rays. B				ity. C
				ies lying between two medullary rays. B			23	Tunica muscularis. Muscular layer in the wall
		5		Afferent glomerular arteriole. Arteriola glomeru-			23	Tunica muscularis. Muscular layer in the wall
		5		Afferent glomerular arteriole. Arteriola glomeru-				of the ureter. C
				laris afferens (vas afferens). Arteriole arising				of the ureter. C
				laris afferens (vas afferens). Arteriole arising			24	Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane lined by
6				from an interlobular artery and entering a renal			24	Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane lined by
				corpuscle where it subdivides to form the capil-				transitional epithelium with underlying con-
				lary tuft (glomerulus). B				nective tissue. C

7
7	6			Efferent glomerular arteriole. Arteriola glomeru-			25	Urinary bladder. Vesica urinaria. Receptacle
	6			Efferent glomerular arteriole. Arteriola glomeru-			25	Urinary bladder. Vesica urinaria. Receptacle
				laris efferens (vas efferens). Arteriole leaving				that holds about 350−500 ml or more of
8				the glomerulus and forming a capillary net-				urine. D
				work between the convoluted tubules. B			26	Apex of urinary bladder. Apex vesicae (vesi-
				work between the convoluted tubules. B			26	Apex of urinary bladder. Apex vesicae (vesi-
9	7			Capsular branches. Rami capsulares. Small ar-				calis). Anterosuperiorly directed apical portion
				teries passing from the cortex to the capsule. B				of urinary bladder. D
	8			Straight arterioles.	Arteriolae rectae (vasa		27	Body of urinary bladder. Corpus vesicae. Por-
10	8			Straight arterioles.	Arteriolae rectae (vasa		27	Body of urinary bladder. Corpus vesicae. Por-
10				recta). Straight vessels coursing from the effer-				tion of the urinary bladder situated between
				recta). Straight vessels coursing from the effer-				tion of the urinary bladder situated between
				ent glomerular arterioles to the capillary net-				the fundus and apex. D
11				ent glomerular arterioles to the capillary net-				the fundus and apex. D
11				work of the tubules or coming from the arcuate			28	Fundus of urinary bladder. Fundus vesicae.
				arteries into the medulla. B				Posterior wall of the urinary bladder lying op-
				arteries into the medulla. B				Posterior wall of the urinary bladder lying op-
12	9			Renal veins. Venae renales.				posite to the apex, specifically in its lower
12	9			Renal veins. Venae renales.				segment between the ureters. D
	10			Interlobar veins. Venae interlobares. Veins				segment between the ureters. D
	10			Interlobar veins. Venae interlobares. Veins			29	Cervix (neck) or urinary bladder. Cervix ves-
13				coming from the periphery between the renal			29	Cervix (neck) or urinary bladder. Cervix ves-
13				pyramids. B				icae. The urethra arises from it. D
				pyramids. B				icae. The urethra arises from it. D
		11 Arcuate veins. Venae arcuatae. Veins that run					30	Median umbilical ligament. Lig. umbilicale
14		11 Arcuate veins. Venae arcuatae. Veins that run					30	Median umbilical ligament. Lig. umbilicale
14				an arched course along the corticomedullary				medianum. Fibrous cord derived from the ura-
				border. B				chus; it extends from the apex of the bladder
15	12			Interlobular veins.	Venae	interlobulares.		to the umbilicus. D
15	12			Interlobular veins.	Venae	interlobulares.	31	Urachus. Connecting passage between the
				Lobular veins corresponding to the interlobular
				Lobular veins corresponding to the interlobular
16				arteries. B				cloaca and allantois present only during
16		13 Straight venules. Venulae rectae. Fine veins in						embryonic development.
		13 Straight venules. Venulae rectae. Fine veins in
				the medullary substance which open into the
17				the medullary substance which open into the
17				arcuate veins. B

14 Stellate venules. Venulae stellatae. Veins form-

18ing a stellate network beneath the capsule and emptying into the interlobular veins. B

1915 Renal pelvis. Pelvis renalis. Funnel-shaped beginning of the ureter occupying the renal hilum. A

2016 Renal calices. Calices renales. More or less long tubular processes of the renal pelvis that drain

21the renal papillae. A

17 Major calices of kidney. Calices renales ma-

22jores. Two to three primary tubular diverticula of the renal pelvis. A

2318 Minor calices of kidney. Calices renales minores. Seven to 13 calices formed by further division of the major calices. Each receives a renal

24papilla. A

19 Ureter. Excretory duct of the kidney situated

25retroperitoneally. It connects the renal pelvis with the urinary bladder. A C

Urogenital system 157

16		18		7		14
				7



17		16
		16
					6
17				5
17				5
15
17				4			12
17							12

					8


19				3	3
				3


					11		13
A	Left renal pelvis, frontal view				11		13
A	Left renal pelvis, frontal view
22		10		2				8
								8


				Renal vessels, schematic

			B

C Cross section of ureter

	Urinary bladder, sagittal section	23
D	Urinary bladder, sagittal section	23

		24


		25

158			Urogenital system
		1	Tunica serosa. Peritoneal covering of the uri-	24	Tunica albuginea. Tough connective tissue cap-
1		1	Tunica serosa. Peritoneal covering of the uri-	24	Tunica albuginea. Tough connective tissue cap-
1			nary bladder. C		sule of the testis. D
	2		Tela subserosa. Connective tissue layer 25		Mediastinum testis. Connective tissue mass
2	2		Tela subserosa. Connective tissue layer 25		Mediastinum testis. Connective tissue mass
2			beneath the serosa of the urinary bladder. C		projecting into the interior of the testis from the
	3		Tunica muscularis. Entire musculature of the		posterior margin of the tunica albuginea. D
	3		Tunica muscularis. Entire musculature of the		posterior margin of the tunica albuginea. D
3			urinary bladder with the following four parts.	26	Septa of testis. Septula testis. Connective tissue
		4 Detrusor muscle of bladder. Musculus detru-			partitions radiating out from the mediastinum
		4 Detrusor muscle of bladder. Musculus detru-			to the tunica albuginea. D E
4			sor vesicae. True musculature of the wall of		to the tunica albuginea. D E
			sor vesicae. True musculature of the wall of	27	Lobules of testis. Lobuli testis. Compartmental-
			the bladder. It consists of an inner and outer	27	Lobules of testis. Lobuli testis. Compartmental-
			longitudinal layer as well as a middle circular		ized lobules of testicular parenchyma formed by
5			layer. B C		the septa. D E

5M. pubovesicalis. Smooth muscle extending 28 Parenchyma testis. Specific testicular tissue

6		from the lower portion of the pubic symphysis		made up of seminiferous tubules. D
6		to the neck of the bladder. A	29	Convoluted seminiferous tubules. Tubuli sem-
		to the neck of the bladder. A	29	Convoluted seminiferous tubules. Tubuli sem-
	6	M. rectovesicalis. Smooth muscle passing from		iniferi contorti. Tortuous testicular tubules
7	6	M. rectovesicalis. Smooth muscle passing from		iniferi contorti. Tortuous testicular tubules
7		the longitudinal musculature of the rectum to		which occupy the lobules of the testis. E
		the lateral base (fundus) of the bladder. A	30	Straight seminiferous tubules. Tubuli semi-
8	7	M. rectourethralis. Smooth muscle extending		niferi recti. Short straight tubules extending
		from the longitudinal muscules of the rectum to		from the convoluted seminiferous tubules to the
		the urethra in males. See p. 126.22 A		rete testis. E
9		the urethra in males. See p. 126.22 A		rete testis. E
9	8	Tela submucosa. Connective tissue layer	31	Rete testis. Network of canals within the medi-
	8	Tela submucosa. Connective tissue layer	31	Rete testis. Network of canals within the medi-
		beneath the mucosa of the bladder. It is absent in		astinum testis. Lined by simple cuboidal
		beneath the mucosa of the bladder. It is absent in		astinum testis. Lined by simple cuboidal
10		the trigone. C		epithelium, they connect the straight seminifer-
	9	Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane of the uri-		ous tubules with the efferent ductules. E
	9	Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane of the uri-		ous tubules with the efferent ductules. E
11		nary bladder. It is lined by transitional	32	Efferent ductules of testis. Ductuli efferentes
11		nary bladder. It is lined by transitional		testis. 10−12 ductulus between the rete testis
		epithelium. C		testis. 10−12 ductulus between the rete testis
		epithelium. C		and the duct of the epididymis. D E
	10	Trigone of bladder. Trigonum vesicae. Triangu-
12

		lar region between the openings of the ureters
		lar region between the openings of the ureters
		and the exit site of the urethra. Here the mucosa
13		and the exit site of the urethra. Here the mucosa
13		is firmly united with the muscularis and con-
		sequently there are no folds. B
		sequently there are no folds. B
14	11	Interureteric ridge. Plica interureterica. Trans-
14		verse mucosal fold between the two ureteric
		verse mucosal fold between the two ureteric
		openings. B
15		openings. B
15	12	Ostium ureteris. Slit-like opening of the ureter.
		B
16		B
16	13	Ostium urethrae internum. Initial portion of
		the urethra at the anterior apex of the trigone. B
		the urethra at the anterior apex of the trigone. B
17	14	Uvula of bladder. Uvula vesicae. Sagittal ridge
		located behind the urethral opening and above
		the middle lobe of the prostate. B
18		the middle lobe of the prostate. B
18	15	INTERNAL MALE GENITALIA: Organa genitalia
		masculina interna.
19		masculina interna.
19	16	Testis (Orchis). It measures about 5 cm in
		length. D E
20	17	Superior end of testis. Extremitas superior. D
	18 Inferior end of testis. Extremitas inferior. D
	18 Inferior end of testis. Extremitas inferior. D
21	19	Lateral, flattened surface of testis. Facies later-
		alis. D
		alis. D
22	20	Medial, flattened surface of testis. Facies me-
		dialis. D
	21 Anterior, free margin of testis. Margo anterior.
23	21 Anterior, free margin of testis. Margo anterior.
23		D
24	22 Posterior margin of testis. Margo posterior, at-
24		tached to a serous reflected fold. D

23 Tunica vaginalis testis. Serous covering of the

25testis formed developmentally by the vaginal process of the peritoneum. See also p. 162.1−6

Urogenital system 159

A Muscles of neck of urinary bladder

4

		2


		1
	C	Wall of urinary bladder
		32
			17
					24
			27



		25
160.1		25
160.1		22		26
			28		21
					21

					19

D Testicle and epididymis

				14	8
				14
			13
			13		9
					9


					10


					11


					12


	Urinary bladder and prostate,				13
B	Urinary bladder and prostate,				13
	opened, frontal view
					14


					15


					16


		26			17
30		26
			29
					18




					19
31			27

					20
					20
30

					21
					21


26					22

E Testicle, schematic

160

Urogenital system

Epididymis. Lying on the posteromedial surface

Ejaculatory duct. Ductus ejaculatorius. Sper-

of the testis, it serves as a storage receptacle for

matic duct formed by the union of the ductus

sperm. A

deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle. It

Head of epididymis. Caput epididymidis. It is

traverses the prostate and empties into the

occupied by the efferent ductules. A

prostatic urethra. B

Seminal

vesicle.

Vesicula seminalis. Er-

Body

epididymis.

Corpus

epididymidis.

roneously designated as a receptacle for sperm,

Middle segment of the epididymis consisting of

this organ is a vesicular gland which consists of a

the convolutions of the duct of the epididymis. A

coiled tube, about 12

cm in length. B C

Tail of epididymis. Cauda epididymidis. Infe-

21 Tunica adventitia. Connective tissue covering

rior, terminal portion of the epididymis con-

of the seminal vesicle. C

sisting of the convolutions of the duct of the

Tunica muscularis. Muscular layer in the wall of

epididymis. A

Lobules (cones) of epididymis. Lobuli coni

the seminal vesicle. C

Tunica mucosa. Multilocular mucous mem-

epididymidis. Wedge-shaped lobules in the

head of the epididymis separated by connective

brane of the seminal vesicle lined by a simple

tissue and formed by one or two efferent duc-

secretory epithelium. C

tules. A

Excretory duct. Ductus excretorius. Efferent

Duct

epididymis.

Ductus

epididymidis.

duct of the seminal vesicle. It unites with the

ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct. B

Coiled duct, 5−6

meters long, beginning at the

Spermatic cord. [[Funiculus spermaticus]]. It

end of the head of the epididymis where it re-

ceives the efferent ductules. It terminates at the

consists of the ductus deferens, accompanying

end of the tail where it is continuous with the

vessels, nerves and connective tissue, together

ductus deferens. A

with its coverings. D

Aberrant ductules. Ductuli aberrantes. Blind

Tunicae funiculi spermatici. Coverings of the

branches of the efferent ductules and duct of the

spermatic cord and the testis, described below.

epididymis representing vestiges of the caudal

mesonephric tubules.

External spermatic fascia. Fascie spermatica

[Ductulus aberrans superior]. Superior aber-

externa. Outer covering of the spermatic cord,

rant ductule in the head of the epididymis.

which is continuous with the fascia of the exter-

[Ductulus aberrans inferior]. Inferior aber-

nal oblique m. of the abdomen. It also envelops

the testis together with its remaining coverings.

rant ductule in the tail of the epididymis. A

Appendix testis. Vesicular appendage superior

M. cremaster. Elevator of the testis. It is derived

to the testis (vestige of the paramesonephric

mainly

from internal abdominal oblique

duct). A

muscle. D

[Appendix

epididymidis]. Appendix of epid-

29 Cremasteric fascia. Fascia cremasterica. Con-

idymis. Pedunculate appendage at the head of

nective tissue on and between the cremaster

the epididymis (vestige of the mesonephros). A

muscle fibers. D

12 Paradidymis. Bilateral blind ductules superior

30 Internal spermatic fascia. Fascia spermatica in-

to the head of the epididymis and in front of the

terna [tunica vaginalis communis]]. The finger-

spermatic

cord

(remnant of

mesonephric

like inner covering of the spermatic cord, which

tubules). A

is derived from the transverse fascia. It lies

Ductus deferens. Spermatic duct, about 60 cm

beneath the cremaster muscle and surrounds

long, between the epididymis and the seminal

the testis, epididymis and ductus deferens to-

vesicle. It is initially coiled and then becomes

gether with blood vessels and nerves. D

straight. A B D E

Vestige of vaginal process. [Vestigium proces-

Ampulla of ductus deferens. Ampulla ductus

sus vaginalis]. Remnant of the not completely

deferentis. Oval enlargement of ductus deferens

obliterated embryological vaginal process of the

just prior to joining the duct of the seminal ves-

peritoneum. D

icle. B

Diverticula of ampulla. Diverticula ampullae.

Lateral sacculations in the wall of the ampulla of

the ductus deferens. B

Tunica adventitia. Connective tissue covering

of the ductus deferens. E

17 Tunica muscularis. Relatively very thick muscle

layer of the ductus deferens. E

18 Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane of ductus

25deferens lined by pseudostratified, stereociliated, columnar epithelium. E

Urogenital system 161

			12											1
5			12											2
5			2											2
5									13	13
					11				13	13				3


1			10
1			10				15							4
							15
3							14
3							14
							20						20	5
														5
		13											24	6
		13											19	6
9


														7
														7
				4

														8




6														9
6
	Testicle and epididymis							Postate and seminal vesicle,
A	Testicle and epididymis						B	Postate and seminal vesicle,						10
								opened, frontal view
								opened, frontal view
														11
												13

						21	176.23							12




							86.28							13
						22


											26			14
						23	25



														15
							27

														16
														16
	Seminal vesicle, histological section										28

C							31							17
C



											29			18
											29			18
											30

	16	19
	16

		20
17

		21
18		21
18

ESperm duct (ductus deferens), cross section

D	Coverings of the spermatic	24
	cord and the testis	24
	cord and the testis

		25

	162		Urogenital system
			Tunica vaginalis testis. Double-layered serous			19	Capsule of prostate. Capsula prostatica. Pro-
1		1	Tunica vaginalis testis. Double-layered serous			19	Capsule of prostate. Capsula prostatica. Pro-
1			covering of the testis, a remnant of the vaginal				vided with smooth muscle fibers, it is firmly
			process of the peritoneum. A				fused to the prostate. D
2		2	Parietal layer.	Lamina parietalis	[[peri-	20	Parenchyma. Glandular component of the pros-
			orchium]]. External layer of the serous tunica				tate.
3			vaginalis testis. A			21	Prostatic ductules. Ductuli prostatici. 15−30
3		3	Visceral layer. Lamina visceralis [[eporchium]].				glandular excretory ductules which open into
		3	Visceral layer. Lamina visceralis [[eporchium]].				glandular excretory ductules which open into
4			Layer of the tunica vaginalis testis that attaches				the prostatic urethra. C
4			superiorly to the testis. A			22	Substantia muscularis. Smooth muscle situated
		4	Superior ligament of epididymis. Lig. epid-				between the glandular alveoli. C
5			idymidis superius. Reflected fold of the tunica			23	M. puboprostaticus. Tracts of smooth muscle
5			vaginalis testis located superiorly at the head of				contained within the puboprostatic (pubovesi-
			vaginalis testis located superiorly at the head of				contained within the puboprostatic (pubovesi-
6			the epididymis. A				cal) ligament extending from the pubic symphy-
6		5	Inferior ligament of epididymis. Lig. epididy-				sis to the prostate.
			midis inferius. Reflected fold of the tunica vagi-			24	Bulbourethral [[Cowper’s]] gland. Glandula
			nalis testis situated inferiorly at the tail of the				bulbourethralis [[Cowper’s]]. Pea-sized mucous
7			nalis testis situated inferiorly at the tail of the				bulbourethralis [[Cowper’s]]. Pea-sized mucous
7			epididymis. A				gland located in the urogenital diaphragm. E
			epididymis. A				gland located in the urogenital diaphragm. E
	6		Sinus of epididymis. Sinus epididymidis. Ser-			25	Duct of bulbourethral gland. Ductus gl. bul-
8	6		Sinus of epididymis. Sinus epididymidis. Ser-			25	Duct of bulbourethral gland. Ductus gl. bul-
8			ous cleft between the testis and epididymis. It is				bourethralis. Excretory duct of the bulbourethral
			accessible laterally and is bordered above and				gland, 3−4 cm long. E
9			below by the superior and inferior ligaments of			26	EXTERNAL MALE GENITALIA. Organa genitalia
			the epididymis. A				masculina externa. E
	7		Descent of testis. [[Descensus testis]]. Down-			27	Penis. Male copulatory organ consisting of
10	7		Descent of testis. [[Descensus testis]]. Down-			27	Penis. Male copulatory organ consisting of
10			ward migration of the fetal testis during the last				cavernous bodies and the urethra. E
			weeks of pregnancy. It descends from the peri-			28	Root of penis. Radix penis. Portion of the penis
11			toneal cavity into the scrotal sac via the inguinal				attached to the pubis. E
			canal.			29	Body (shaft) of penis. Corpus penis. Portion of
	8		[[Gubernaculum testis]]. Fetal connective tissue			29	Body (shaft) of penis. Corpus penis. Portion of
12	8		[[Gubernaculum testis]]. Fetal connective tissue				the penis situated between the root and the
12			band which arises from the caudal gonadal fold				glans. E
			and guides the testis during its descent.			30	Crus penis. Cavernous body attached to the infe-
13			and guides the testis during its descent.
	9		Genitoinguinal ligament. [[Lig. genitoingui-
	9		Genitoinguinal ligament. [[Lig. genitoingui-				rior ramus of the pubis. E
			nale]]. Embryonic	precursor of the	guber-	31	Dorsum penis. Flattened upper surface of penis.
			nale]]. Embryonic	precursor of the	guber-	31	Dorsum penis. Flattened upper surface of penis.
14			naculum testis.			32	Urethral surface. Facies urethralis. Underside of
14		10 Prostate. Prostata (glandula prostatica). Chest-				32	Urethral surface. Facies urethralis. Underside of
		10 Prostate. Prostata (glandula prostatica). Chest-					penis. It bears the urethra within the corpus
			nut-sizedorganconsistingof30−50tubulo-alve-				penis. It bears the urethra within the corpus
			nut-sizedorganconsistingof30−50tubulo-alve-				spongiosum. E

15olarglands.Situatedbelowtheurinarybladder,it is penetrated by the urethra. B C D

1611 Base of prostate. Basis prostatae. Part of the prostate fused with the urinary bladder. B

17	12	Apex of prostate. Apex prostatae. Portion of
17		prostate directed downward and forward and
		containing the urethra. B
18	13	Anterior surface. Facies anterior. Surface of the
		prostate facing the symphysis. B D
		prostate facing the symphysis. B D
19	14	Posterior surface. Facies posterior. Surface of
		the prostate facing the rectum. B
	15	Inferolateral surface. Facies inferolateralis. Sur-
20	15	Inferolateral surface. Facies inferolateralis. Sur-
20		face of the prostate directed downward and
		lateral. D
		lateral. D
21	16	Right/left lobe. Lobus (dexter/sinister). Part of
		the prostate arising from the caudal anlage. B D
	17 Isthmus of prostate. Isthmus prostatae. Median
22	17 Isthmus of prostate. Isthmus prostatae. Median
22		part of the prostate located in front of the urethra
		and connecting the right and left lobes. It is
23		devoid of glands and possesses a fibromuscular
		stroma. D
	18	Middle lobe. [Lobus medius]. Prostatic lobe sit-
24	18	Middle lobe. [Lobus medius]. Prostatic lobe sit-
24		uated between the ejaculatory duct and the
		urethra. It tends to undergo hormone-induced
25		hypertrophy in the elderly, thus closing the
		urethral canal like a valve. B D

Urogenital system 163

	3					11
						11

		4
					18


6			2	1	13


			3
			3

5		14

	16

	12

ARight testicle with epididymis and investing layers, lateral view

C Prostate, histologic view

13
15
17		19
17		19
16	16
18

D Prostate, horizontal section

B Prostate, sagittal section

29	27
	32

30		30

28	28

E Penis from below

	164			Urogenital system
				Glans penis. Expanded end of the corpus spon-		22	Preputial glands. Gll. preputiales. Sebaceous
1		1		Glans penis. Expanded end of the corpus spon-		22	Preputial glands. Gll. preputiales. Sebaceous
1				giosum penis. A D			glands, mainly on the corona of the glans.
2		2		Corona glandis. Raised posterior margin of the		23	Male urethra. Urethra masculina. D
2				glans. A D		24	Prostatic part of urethra. Pars prostatica. Por-
		3		Septum glandis. Median partition in the glans.			tion of male urethra passing through the pros-
3				C			tate. D
		4		Collum glandis. Neck of glans. Constricted por-		25	Urethral crest. Crista urethralis. Mucosal fold in
4				tion behind the corona. A			the dorsal wall of the prostatic urethra continu-
4			5 Prepuce (foreskin) of penis. Preputium penis.				ous with the uvula of the urinary bladder. D
							ous with the uvula of the urinary bladder. D
						26	Colliculus seminalis. Elevated portion (veru-
5				Double layer of skin over the glans. A		26	Colliculus seminalis. Elevated portion (veru-
5		6		Frenulum of prepuce. Frenulum preputii. Re-			montanum) of the urethral crest containing the
		6		Frenulum of prepuce. Frenulum preputii. Re-			openings of the ejaculatory duct. D
6				flected fold passing from the prepuce to the un-			openings of the ejaculatory duct. D
				flected fold passing from the prepuce to the un-		27	Prostatic utricle. Utriculus prostaticus. Blind
				derside of the glans. A		27	Prostatic utricle. Utriculus prostaticus. Blind
		7		Raphe penis. Seam on the skin on the underside			sac in the colliculus seminalis measuring up to
							1 cm in length and representing a rudiment of
7
				of the penis that forms during development. B
				of the penis that forms during development. B			the paramesonephric duct. D
	8			Corpus cavernosum	penis. Cavernous body		the paramesonephric duct. D
	8			Corpus cavernosum	penis. Cavernous body	28	Prostatic sinus. Sinus prostaticus. Furrow on
8				divided into two halves by the septum of the		28	Prostatic sinus. Sinus prostaticus. Furrow on
8				divided into two halves by the septum of the			both sides of the colliculus seminalis containing
				penis. A B D			the openings of the prostatic ductules. D
				penis. A B D
9			9 Corpus spongiosum penis.Cavernousbodysur-
			9 Corpus spongiosum penis.Cavernousbodysur-			29	Membranous part of urethra. Pars mem-
				rounding the urethra. A B D		29	Membranous part of urethra. Pars mem-
				rounding the urethra. A B D			branacea. Portion of the male urethra passing
							branacea. Portion of the male urethra passing
10	10			Bulb of penis. Bulbus penis. Posterior thickened			through the urogenital diaphragm. D
				end of the corpus spongiosum. D		30 Spongy part of urethra. Pars spongiosa. Portion
		11 Tunica albuginea of corpora cavernosa.Tunica					of male urethra surrounded by the corpus spon-
11		11 Tunica albuginea of corpora cavernosa.Tunica					of male urethra surrounded by the corpus spon-
11				albuginea corporum cavernosorum. Tough con-			giosum. D
				nective tissue covering of the corpora cavernosa.		31	Navicular fossa of urethra. Fossa navicularis
12				B		31	Navicular fossa of urethra. Fossa navicularis
				B			urethrae. Oval dilatation of the male urethra
							urethrae. Oval dilatation of the male urethra
	12			Tunica albuginea of corpus spongiosum.			before its external opening. A D
	12			Tunica albuginea of corpus spongiosum.			before its external opening. A D
13				Tunica albuginea corporis spongiosi. Less firm		32	Valve of navicular fossa. [Valvulafossaenavic-
13				connective tissue covering of the corpus spon-		32	Valve of navicular fossa. [Valvulafossaenavic-
				connective tissue covering of the corpus spon-			ularis]. Mucosal fold on the upper wall of the
				giosum. B			navicular fossa.
14				giosum. B			navicular fossa.
14	13			Septum of penis. Septum penis [[septum pec-		33	External urethral orifice. Ostium urethrae ex-
				tiniforme]]. Pectinate partition between the			ternum. D
15				right and left corpus cavernosum. Gaps are pre-		34	Urethral lacunae. Lacunae urethrales. Numer-
15				sent. B		34	Urethral lacunae. Lacunae urethrales. Numer-
				sent. B			ous outpocketings in the urethral mucosa with
	14			Trabeculae corporum cavernosorum. Connec-			ous outpocketings in the urethral mucosa with
16	14			Trabeculae corporum cavernosorum. Connec-			the openings of the urethral glands. D
16				tivetissuetractswithinthecorporacavernosain-		35 Urethral glands. Gll. urethrales. Small mucous
				tivetissuetractswithinthecorporacavernosain-
				terspersed with smooth muscle. A B D
17				terspersed with smooth muscle. A B D			glands opening into the urethral lacunae.
	15			Trabeculae corporis	spongiosi. Connective		glands opening into the urethral lacunae.
	15			Trabeculae corporis	spongiosi. Connective	36	Ductus (canales) paraurethrales. Inconstant
				tissue tracts within the corpus spongiosum in-		36	Ductus (canales) paraurethrales. Inconstant
				tissue tracts within the corpus spongiosum in-			paraurethralductsthatdraintheurethralglands.
18				terspersed with smooth muscle. B			paraurethralductsthatdraintheurethralglands.
				terspersed with smooth muscle. B			They open in the vicinity of the external urethral
	16			Cavernae corporum cavernosorum. Wide-			They open in the vicinity of the external urethral
							orifice.
							orifice.
19				meshed, blood-filled spaces within the corpora
19				cavernosa. B D
				cavernosa. B D

17 Cavernae corporis spongiosi Blood-filled,

20finely meshed spongy network within the corpus spongiosum. A B

2118 Helicine arteries. Arteriae helicinae. Coiled branches of the deep artery of the penis. D

2219 Cavernous veins. Vena cavernosae. Dilated veins in the cavernous bodies.

2320 Superficial fascia of penis. Fascia penis superficialis. Delicate subcutaneous fascia with individual smooth muscle fibers, continuous with

24the tunica dartos of the scrotum. B

21 Deep fascia of penis. Fascia penis profunda.

25Deeper, somewhat tougher fascia surrounding the three cavernous bodies. B

Urogenital system 165

8	14	4	2	5	1


					2
					2

							6

9		17	31
	End of penis, longitudinal section
A	End of penis, longitudinal section
			250.11
20			252.5
20
21					346.22
21
11

			224.17
			224.17
11
11
13						20


14						21
14
8


			16
9				15
9				15

12 7 17

B Penis, cross section

C Glans, cross-section 3

						3


						4


						5


						6
		25

						7



24		26	27
24		26				8
		28



						9
29						9


			10			10
			10			10


						11


						12


						13
		23

						14
						14
			14

		18				15
						15


						16
30					8	16


						17
						17


		16			9	18


			34

						19


				2		20
				2

						21
			31


						22
					1	22
					1

		33				23
						23


						24
D	Penis with prostate and base of bladder					24
D	Penis with prostate and base of bladder
	opened from dorsal up to the urethra

	166				Urogenital system
			1 Scrotum. The scrotal sac containing the two				23	Follicular epithelium. Epithelium folliculare
1			1 Scrotum. The scrotal sac containing the two				23	Follicular epithelium. Epithelium folliculare
1					testes. A			(stratum granulosum). Granular, stratified layer
2		2			Raphe of scrotum. Raphe scroti (scrotalis).			of follicular epithelial cells. B
		2			Raphe of scrotum. Raphe scroti (scrotalis).
					Developmental median skin suture on the		24	Cumulus oophorus (ovifer). Mass of follicular
					scrotum. A			epithelial cells projecting into the antrum of the
3		3			Septum of scrotum. Septum scroti (scrotale).			follicle. It surrounds the ovum. B C
3		3			Septum of scrotum. Septum scroti (scrotale).		25	Ovum (oocyte). Ovocytus. B
					Median connective tissue partition in the		25	Ovum (oocyte). Ovocytus. B
4					scrotum. A		26	Corpus luteum. Endocrine gland arising from
		4			Dartos muscle. Tunica [musculus] dartos. Layer		26	Corpus luteum. Endocrine gland arising from
								the follicular and thecal cells of the ruptured fol-
								the follicular and thecal cells of the ruptured fol-
					of subcutaneous smooth muscle fibers that			licle. C
5					wrinkle the skin of the scrotum. A		27	Corpus albicans.Connectivetissuereplacement
		5			INTERNAL FEMALE GENITALIA. Organa geni-			of the degenerated corpus luteum. C
6					talia feminina interna. B C D		28	Ovarian ligament. Lig. ovarii proprium [[chorda
6		6		Ovary.		Ovarium. Intraperitoneal, almond-	28	Ovarian ligament. Lig. ovarii proprium [[chorda
		6		Ovary.		Ovarium. Intraperitoneal, almond-		utero-ovarica]]. Ligament between the uterine
					shaped gonad, about 2.5−4.5 cm long and 0.5−			extremity of the ovary and the tubal angle. It
7					shaped gonad, about 2.5−4.5 cm long and 0.5−			extremity of the ovary and the tubal angle. It
7					1 cm thick. C D			arises from the caudal gonadal fold. D
	7				Hilum of ovary. Hilum ovarii. Place of entry and		29	Uterine (Fallopian) tube, oviduct. Tuba uterina
8	7				Hilum of ovary. Hilum ovarii. Place of entry and		29	Uterine (Fallopian) tube, oviduct. Tuba uterina
8					exit of the ovarian vessels and attachment site of			(salpinx). Thin connection tube, about 10 cm in
					the mesovarium. C			length, extending from the region of the ovary to
					the mesovarium. C			length, extending from the region of the ovary to
9	8				Medial surface. Facies medialis. Surface of the			the uterus. D
9	8				Medial surface. Facies medialis. Surface of the
					ovary directed medial to the intrapelvic space. D		30	Abdominal opening of uterine tube. Ostium
					ovary directed medial to the intrapelvic space. D		30	Abdominal opening of uterine tube. Ostium
	9				Lateral surface. Facies lateralis. Surface of the			abdominale tubae uterinae. Opening at the base
10	9				Lateral surface. Facies lateralis. Surface of the			abdominale tubae uterinae. Opening at the base
10					ovary adjoining the wall of the pelvis. D			of the infundibulum which communicates with
					ovary adjoining the wall of the pelvis. D			of the infundibulum which communicates with
	10			Free margin. Margo liber. Free margin of the				the peritoneal cavity. D
11								the peritoneal cavity. D
							31	Infundibulum of uterine tube. Infundibulum
					ovary lying opposite the hilum of the ovary. C D		31	Infundibulum of uterine tube. Infundibulum
	11				Mesovarian border. Margo mesovaricus. Mar-			tubae uterinae. Funnel-shaped beginning of the
								tubae uterinae. Funnel-shaped beginning of the
12								uterine tube at the ovary. D
					gin of attachment of the mesovarium lying op-			uterine tube at the ovary. D
					gin of attachment of the mesovarium lying op-		32	Fimbriae of uterine tube. Fimbriae tubae.
					posite the free margin. D
					posite the free margin. D
	12				Tubal extremity. Extremitas tubaria (tubalis).			Fringe-like processes of the infundibulum. D
13								Fringe-like processes of the infundibulum. D
13							33	Ovarian fimbria. Fimbria ovarica. An especially
					Upper pole of the ovary that faces the uterine		33	Ovarian fimbria. Fimbria ovarica. An especially
					tube. D			long fimbria projecting from the base of the in-
14					tube. D			long fimbria projecting from the base of the in-
14	13			Uterine extremity. Extremitas uterina. Lower				fundibulum to the ovary where it is attached. D
	13			Uterine extremity. Extremitas uterina. Lower			34	Ampulla of uterine tube. Ampulla tubae uter-
					pole of the ovary facing the uterus. D		34	Ampulla of uterine tube. Ampulla tubae uter-
15	14				Tunica albuginea. Thin organ capsule beneath			inae. Lateral 2/3 of the tube. Its lumen tapers
					the epithelial covering of the ovary, sometimes			toward the isthmus. D
					the epithelial covering of the ovary, sometimes		35	Isthmus of uterine tube. Isthmus tubae uter-
16					called the ”germinal epithelium.” C		35	Isthmus of uterine tube. Isthmus tubae uter-
16	15			Stroma		of ovary. Stroma ovarii. Highly nu-		inae. Narrow medial 1/3 of the tube. D
								inae. Narrow medial 1/3 of the tube. D
							36	Uterine part of uterine tube. Pars uterina. Por-
					cleated connective tissue framework of the
17					cleated connective tissue framework of the
17					ovary. C			tion of the tube within the wall of the uterus. D
	16				Cortex of ovary. Cortex ovarii. Cortical region of		37	Uterine opening of uterine tube. Ostium uter-
18	16				Cortex of ovary. Cortex ovarii. Cortical region of		37	Uterine opening of uterine tube. Ostium uter-
18					the ovary with follicles of variable maturity. C			inum tubae. Opening of the tube into the uterine
	17				Medulla of ovary. Medulla ovarii. Tissue and			cavity. D
								cavity. D

19massofbloodvesselsthatformthecentralareaof the ovary. C

20	18	Primary ovarian follicles. Folliculi ovarici pri-
		marii. Immature ovarian follicles, each con-
		sistingofanovumsurroundedbyasinglelayerof
21		follicular epithelial cells without a lumen. C
	19 Vesicular ovarian [[Graafian]] follicles.Folliculi
	19 Vesicular ovarian [[Graafian]] follicles.Folliculi
22		ovarici vesiculosi. Maturing ovarian follicles,
22		each with a fluid-filled cavity (antrum). B C
		each with a fluid-filled cavity (antrum). B C
	20	[[Thecae folliculi]]. Specific connective tissue
23	20	[[Thecae folliculi]]. Specific connective tissue
23		investments of the follicles. B
24	21	Theca externa. External, fibrous layer of the
24		theca folliculi. B

22 Theca interna. Internal cell and vessel-rich

25layer of the theca folliculi. It produces estradiol when the follicle is mature. B

Urogenital system 167

1	B Ripening follicle

14 24 2

A Scrotum, frontal view

					26			19
								19
								17
			10		15
			10



					18			27			7
		C	Ovary		18			27			7
		C	Ovary					16
								16

	34						35			36
	34						35			36
12	29		11	13		28			37		168.9
12	29		11	13		28			37		168.9

32 30 33

10 9

D Uterine tube, ovary and uterus, posterior view

	168			Urogenital system
				Tunica serosa. Peritoneal covering of the uterine	22	Palmate folds. Plicae palmatae. Mucosal folds
1		1		Tunica serosa. Peritoneal covering of the uterine	22	Palmate folds. Plicae palmatae. Mucosal folds
1				tube. B		in the cervix organized like leaves of a palm tree.
2		2	Tela subserosa. Connective tissue layer beneath			C
		2	Tela subserosa. Connective tissue layer beneath
				the peritoneal covering of the uterine tube. B	23	Cervical glands Gll. cervicalis (uteri). Branched,
		3		Tunica muscularis. Layer of muscle in the wall of		tubular mucous glands in the mucosa of the cer-
3				the uterine tube. B		vix.
3				the uterine tube. B	24 Parametrium. Connective tissue between the
		4		Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane lined by cil-	24 Parametrium. Connective tissue between the
4				iated columnar epithelium with glandular cells		two layers of the broad ligament. A
4				forming abundantly branched folds. B	25 Paracervix. Continuation of the parametrium
				forming abundantly branched folds. B	25 Paracervix. Continuation of the parametrium
5		5		Tubal folds. Plicae tubariae (tubales). Exten-		into the cervical region.
5				sively branched mucosal folds which in some	26	Tunica serosa (perimetrium). Peritoneal cover-
				areasfilluptheentirelumenoftheuterinetube.B		ing of the uterus. A
6		6		Uterus [[Metra]]. It measures about 7.5 cm in		ing of the uterus. A
6		6		Uterus [[Metra]]. It measures about 7.5 cm in	27	Tela subserosa. Connective tissue layer beneath
				length. A C		the peritoneal covering of the uterus. A

	7		Body of uterus. Corpus uteri. Portion of the
7	7		Body of uterus. Corpus uteri. Portion of the		28	Tunica muscularis (myometrium). Very thick
7				uterus situated between the cervix and fundus.	28	Tunica muscularis (myometrium). Very thick
				uterus situated between the cervix and fundus.		muscular layer of the wall of the uterus. Its fibers
				Itslumenisflattenedfromanteriortoposterior.C		muscular layer of the wall of the uterus. Its fibers
						are arranged in a spiral system. A
8
	8			Fundus of uterus. Fundus uteri. Dome of the
	8			Fundus of uterus. Fundus uteri. Dome of the	29	Tunica mucosa (endometrium). Mucous mem-
				uterus lying above the entrance of the uterine	29	Tunica mucosa (endometrium). Mucous mem-
				uterus lying above the entrance of the uterine		brane of uterus lined by simple columnar
9				tube. C		brane of uterus lined by simple columnar
				tube. C		epithelium and glands. It undergoes changes
	9			Right/left horn of uterus. Cornu uteri dextrum/		epithelium and glands. It undergoes changes
						corresponding to the menstrual cycle. A
						corresponding to the menstrual cycle. A
				sinistrum. Pointed extension of the uterus at the	30	Uterine glands. Gll. uterinae. Simple, branched,
10				sinistrum. Pointed extension of the uterus at the
10				entrance of the uterine tube owing to the in-
				complete union of both paramesonephric ducts.		tubular glands within the endometrium. A
				complete union of both paramesonephric ducts.		tubular glands within the endometrium. A
11				See p. 167 D	31	M. recto-uterinus. Smooth muscle within the
11	10		Right/left margin of uterus. Margo uteri dex-			rectouterine fold. C
						rectouterine fold. C

12				ter/sinister. Blunt lateral margins of the uterus to	32	Round ligament of uterus. Lig. teres uteri.
12				which the broad ligament of the uterus is at-		Derived from the caudal gonadal fold, it extends
				tached. A		fromthetubeangletothelabiummajusbywayof
13	11			Intestinal surface. Facies intestinalis. Surface of		the broad ligament and the inguinal canal. C
				uterus facing posterosuperiorly and bordering	33	[[Processus vaginalis peritonei]]. Transient
				uterus facing posterosuperiorly and bordering	33	[[Processus vaginalis peritonei]]. Transient
14				on the intestine. C		developmental diverticulum of the peritoneum
14	12			Cavity of uterus. Cavitas uteri. It is lined by mu-		extending through the inguinal canal. In rare
	12			Cavity of uterus. Cavitas uteri. It is lined by mu-		extending through the inguinal canal. In rare
				cosa. A C		cases it is the site of a congenital inguinal hernia
15				cosa. A C		cases it is the site of a congenital inguinal hernia
15	13			Vesical surface. Facies vesicalis. Uterine surface		in the female.
				directed anteroinferiorly and facing the urinary
16				bladder. C
	14		Isthmus uteri. Portion of the uterus between the
	14		Isthmus uteri. Portion of the uterus between the
17				body and cervix. It is about 1 cm long. C
17

15Cervix uteri. More tubular lower third of the uterus adjacent to the isthmus and about 2.5 cm

long. C

16 Supravaginal part of cervix. Portio supravagi-

19nalis cervicis. Portion of the cervix surrounded on all sides by connective tissue. C

2017 Vaginal part of cervix. Portio vaginalis cervicis. Cone-shaped portion of the cervix that projects into the vagina and is covered on all sides by

21vaginal epithelium. C

18 External os of uterus. Ostium uteri. Opening

22of the uterine lumen into the vagina. It is pit-like in nullipara and becomes slit-like after childbirth. C

2319 Anterior lip. Labium anterius. Anterior border of the uterine ostium. C

2420 Posterior lip. Labium posterius. Posterior border of uterine ostium. C

2521 Cervical canal. Canalis cervicis uteri. Tubeshaped canal of the cervix. C

Urogenital system 169

27 26

	12	28		24
	12			24


24
10		10

30	29
			Cross section of uterus
1		A
1		A
2
2

6 12 11

B Cross section of uterine tube4

	22 31
32	7
	8
	21
13	20
	18
	19

		14 16 17
	Sagittal section of female pelvis	15
C	Sagittal section of female pelvis	15

	170			Urogenital system
				Vagina. Flat canal, about 10 cm long, leading				21	Paroophoron. Tubules derived from the caudal
1		1		Vagina. Flat canal, about 10 cm long, leading				21	Paroophoron. Tubules derived from the caudal
1				into the uterus. A					part of the mesonephros and situated between
2		2		Fornix vaginae. Recess between the vaginal part					the lowermost branches of the ovarian artery. B
		2		Fornix vaginae. Recess between the vaginal part				22	Vestigial ductus deferens. [Ductus deferens
				of the cervix and the wall of the vagina. A				22	Vestigial ductus deferens. [Ductus deferens
		3		Anterior part. Pars anterior. Anterior, shallower					vestigialis]. Remains of the embryonic meso-
		3		Anterior part. Pars anterior. Anterior, shallower					nephric duct in the female.
3				fornix of the vagina. A					nephric duct in the female.
3				fornix of the vagina. A				23 FEMALE EXTERNAL SEX ORGANS. Organa geni-
		4		Posterior part. Pars posterior. Posterior fornix				23 FEMALE EXTERNAL SEX ORGANS. Organa geni-
		4		Posterior part. Pars posterior. Posterior fornix					talia feminina externa. C D
4				of the vagina with its clinically very significant					talia feminina externa. C D
				of the vagina with its clinically very significant				24	Female pudendum. Pudendum femininum. Ex-
				relationship to the peritoneal cavity. A
				relationship to the peritoneal cavity. A
5		5		Lateral part. Pars lateralis. Lateral connection					ternal female genitalia. C D
		5		Lateral part. Pars lateralis. Lateral connection				25	Mons pubis. Pad of fat situated in front of and
				between the anterior and posterior parts of the				25	Mons pubis. Pad of fat situated in front of and
6				fornix vaginae.					above the pubic symphysis. C
6		6		Anterior wall of vagina. Paries anterior. A				26	Labium majus pudendi. Greater lip of the pu-
		7		Posterior wall of vagina. Paries posterior. A					dendum. A fold of skin the outer surface of which
									is covered with hair. The internal surface is
7
	8			Hymen. Cutaneous fold emanating especially
	8			Hymen. Cutaneous fold emanating especially					smooth and hairless, resembling mucosa. C
				from the posterior wall of the vagina and, as a				27	Anterior labial commissure. Commissura la-
8				virginal membrane, partially closing off the en-				27	Anterior labial commissure. Commissura la-
				virginal membrane, partially closing off the en-					biorum anterior. Anterior right and left labia ma-
				trance (introitus) to the vagina. C					biorum anterior. Anterior right and left labia ma-
				trance (introitus) to the vagina. C					jora. C
			9 Hymenal caruncle. Carunculae hymenales.Fle-						jora. C
9			9 Hymenal caruncle. Carunculae hymenales.Fle-					28	Posterior labial commissure. Commissura la-
9				shyremainsofthehymeninthewallofthevagina				28	Posterior labial commissure. Commissura la-
				after childbirth. A D					biorum posterior. Posterior junction of the labia
									biorum posterior. Posterior junction of the labia
									majora. C
10	10			Tunica muscularis. Relatively thin layer			of		majora. C
10	10			Tunica muscularis. Relatively thin layer			of	29	Pudendal fissure. Rima pudendi. Fissure be-
				muscle in the vagina. A				29	Pudendal fissure. Rima pudendi. Fissure be-
				muscle in the vagina. A					tween the labia majora. C
11	11			Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane of			the		tween the labia majora. C
	11			Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane of			the	30	Labium minus pudendi. Thinner fold of skin
				vagina lined by glycogen-rich, stratified, nonker-				30	Labium minus pudendi. Thinner fold of skin
				atinized squamous epithelium. A					devoid of hair and provided with abundant se-
12				atinized squamous epithelium. A					baceous glands. C
12	12			Rugae vaginales. Transverse folds (rugae) in					baceous glands. C
	12			Rugae vaginales. Transverse folds (rugae) in				31	Frenulum of pudendal labia. Frenulum labi-
				the vaginal mucosa. A				31	Frenulum of pudendal labia. Frenulum labi-
13				the vaginal mucosa. A					orum pudendi. Sharp-edged fold in front of the
	13			Columns of rugae. Columnae rugarum. Two					orum pudendi. Sharp-edged fold in front of the
	13			Columns of rugae. Columnae rugarum. Two					posterior labial commissure where the labia
				longitudinal ridges in the anterior and posterior					minora meet. C
14				walls of the vagina produced by underlying					minora meet. C
				walls of the vagina produced by underlying				32	Vestibule of vagina. Vestibulum vaginae. Space
				venous plexuses.				32	Vestibule of vagina. Vestibulum vaginae. Space
	14			Posterior column of rugae. Columna rugarum					enclosed by the labia minora. C
15									enclosed by the labia minora. C
								33	Fossa of vestibule of vagina. Fossa vestibuli
				posterior. It lies	in	the posterior wall of	the	33	Fossa of vestibule of vagina. Fossa vestibuli
				vagina. A D					vaginae. Part of the vestibule between the
									vaginae. Part of the vestibule between the
16									frenulum and the vaginal opening. C
	15			Anterior column	of	rugae. Columna rugarum			frenulum and the vaginal opening. C
	15			Anterior column	of	rugae. Columna rugarum		34 Bulb of vestibule. Bulbus vestibuli. Body of erec-
				anterior.Itliesintheanteriorwallofthevagina.A				34 Bulb of vestibule. Bulbus vestibuli. Body of erec-
				anterior.Itliesintheanteriorwallofthevagina.A					tile tissue corresponding to the male corpus
17				D					tile tissue corresponding to the male corpus
				D					spongiosum, found primarily at the root of the
	16			Urethral carina	of	vagina. Carina urethralis			spongiosum, found primarily at the root of the
									labia majora. C
									labia majora. C
18				vaginae. Longitudinal ridge produced by the				35	Intermediate part of bulb of vestibule. Pars
18				urethra in the lower part of the anterior column				35	Intermediate part of bulb of vestibule. Pars
				of the rugae. A C D					intermedia [commissura] bulborum. Bridge
									intermedia [commissura] bulborum. Bridge
									uniting right and left bulbi vestibuli at the cli-
19
		16 a		Tunica spongiosa. Layer of spongy vascular
		16 a		Tunica spongiosa. Layer of spongy vascular					toris.
				plexuses outside of the tunica muscularis. A
				plexuses outside of the tunica muscularis. A

2017 Epoophoron. Developmental derivative of the mesonephros within the mesosalpinx. B

21	18	Duct of epoöphoron. Ductus epoophorontis
		longitudinalis. Remnant of the mesonephric
		duct and some of its tubules. It lies in the me-
		duct and some of its tubules. It lies in the me-
22		sosalpinx. B
	19	Transverse ductules of epoöphoron. Ductuli
	19	Transverse ductules of epoöphoron. Ductuli

23transversi epoöphorontis. Remains of 10−20 transversely coursing mesonephric tubules which open into the duct of the epoophoron. B

2420 Appendices vesiculosae. Dispersed remains of mesonephric tubules in the vicinity of the infun-

25dibulum of the uterine tube. They terminate in vesicles. B

Urogenital system 171

		3											20			2
													20

														17

																3

													19


										7						4


									10				18

																5


6			1					11
			1					11
		12				21										6


15						14
						14
					16a											7
16a					16a



																8
																8

																9
16		9														9

																10


																11
A	Urinary bladder, urethra, vagina,										B	Development of the female				11


	uterus and rectum, sagittal section											urogenital system
	uterus and rectum, sagittal section											urogenital system				12
																12


																13


		25														14
							27

																15

							29
		26														16
		26														16


																17
34		30

															16	18
																18
16						32


															15	19
															15
													9
172.3


		8														20
		8														20
		33													14
		33

		31														21
		31														21
				28

																22




	External female virginal genitalia															23
C											D	External female genitalia				23
C											D	External female genitalia

172

Urogenital system

Orifice (introitus) of vagina. Ostium vaginae.

Paraurethral duct. [Ductus paraurethrales].

Opening of vagina into vestibule. A

Glandular duct, 1−2 cm long, which opens into

Lesser vestibular glands. Gll. vestibulares

the female urethra near the urethral orifice. D

Urethral crest. Crista urethralis. A thick longi-

minores. Simple, tubular mucosal glands near

the urethra.

tudinal fold in the posterior wall of the female

Greater vestibular [[Bartholin’s]] gland. Gl.

urethra. D

vestibularis major [[Bartholini]]. Pea-sized 22

EMBRYOLOGICAL

TERMINOLOGY.

Nomina

mucousglandsituatedposteriorlyintheurogen-

ontogenetica.

italdiaphragm.Itopensintothelowerthirdofthe

Decidual membranes. [[Membranae deciduae]].

vestibule between the labium minus and hymen

Mucous membranes of the pregnant uterus. C

or hymenal caruncle. A

Decidua parietalis. Mucosalliningofthepartof

Clitoris. Erectile portion of the female puden-

the uterine wall not occupied by the embryo. C

dum. Its two cavernous bodies unite at the ante-

Decidua capsularis. Uterine mucosa between

rior ends of the labia minora to form the glans cli-

the embryo and the uterine cavity. C

toridis. A

Decidua basalis. Mucous membrane between

Crus of clitoris. Crus clitoridis. Portion of the cli-

toris attached to the inferior pubic ramus. A

the embryo and the uterine wall. C

27 Placenta. Organ of metabolic interchange be-

Body of clitoris. Corpus clitoridis. Shaft of cli-

tween mother and fetus. It consists of tropho-

toris formed by the two cavernous bodies. A

blast and uterine mucosa (endometrium). E

Glans of clitoris. Glans clitoridis. Acorn-shaped

Uterine part. [[Pars

uterina]]. Part

the

cap of the clitoris connected with the bulb of the

placenta consisting of the basal plate (decidua

vestibule by a thin cord. A

basalis) and placental septa. E

Frenulum of

clitoris.

Frenulum

clitoridis.

Fetal part. [[Pars fetalis]]. Part of the placenta

Double fold approaching the clitoris inferiorly

consisting of the chorion and amnion. E

from the labia minora. A

Umbilical

cord. Funiculus

umbilicalis. Cord

Prepuce of clitoris. Preputium clitoridis. Fold

derived from the embryological connecting

formed by the union of the two folds of the labia

stalk. E

minora above the clitoris. A

Primordial

kidney. Mesonephros. Develops

CORPUS CAVERNOSUM OF CLITORIS. Corpus

subsequent to the pronephros and is involved in

cavernosum

clitoridis

(dextrum/sinistrum).

the development

the

permanent meta-

Right and left cavernous bodies that join to form

nephros. B

the body of the clitoris. A

32 Mesonephric [Wolffian] duct. Ductus mesone-

11 Septum of corpus cavernosum. Septum cor-

phricus. Excretory duct formed by the prone-

porum cavernosorum. Incomplete connective

phros. It forms the ductus deferens in the male. B

tissue partition between the right and left cor-

Paramesonephric

[[Müllerian]] duct. Ductus

pora cavernosa.

paramesonephricus.

Duct

formed

Fascia clitoridis. Connective tissue layer cover-

epithelial invagination lateral to the mesone-

ing the clitoris.

phric duct. It gives rise to the uterus, uterine tube

Urethra feminina. Female urethra. Canal for

and a part of the vagina. B

passage of urine in females, about 2.5 to 4

Primitive urogenital sinus. Sinus urogenitalis

long. D

primitivus. Anterior portion of the cloaca sepa-

External opening of female urethra. Ostium

rated by the embryonic urorectal septum. It gives

urethrae externum femininae. It is situated

rise to the inferior pole of the urinary bladder,

urethra and vestibule of the vagina. B

2−3 cm below the clitoris. A

Tunica muscularis. Layer of female urethra con-

sisting primarily of circular smooth muscle

fibers. D

Tunica spongiosa. Submucosal layer of erectile

tissue containing a plexus of

veins.

2217 Tunica mucosa. Mucous coat of the female urethra.Thepartleavingthebladderislinedwith transitional epithelium, the more distal part by

23stratified columnar epithelium. D

18	Urethral glands. Gll. urethrales. Small mucous
24	glands opening into the urethra. D

19 Urethral lacunae. Lacunae urethrales. Small

25pits in the urethral mucosa into which the urethral glands open. D

Urogenital system 173

6 9

	10			4
	10
	7
	7			8	31
	5



	14				32
	14

			1						33
									33

	3								34
	3


	External female genitalia,							Development of the
A	External female genitalia,						B	Development of the
	with pubic bone				26			female urogenital system
					26
						25
						25
	Gravid uterus,					24
						24

C					30
	schematic
	16	15	17
					19

21	29

Female urethra

Placenta, schematic

	174			Urogenital system
				PERINEUM. Segment between anus and geni-	19	Parietal pelvic fascia. Fascia pelvis parietalis.
1		1		PERINEUM. Segment between anus and geni-	19	Parietal pelvic fascia. Fascia pelvis parietalis.
1				talia.		Portionofthepelvicfascialiningthepelvicwall.A
2		2		Perineal raphe. Raphe perinealis. Raphe along		B
2				the medial line of the perineum; it is continuous	20	Obturator fascia. Fascia obturatoria. Especially
				with the scrotal raphe.		strong portion of the pelvic fascia situated on the
3			3 Perineal muscles. Musculi perinei (perineales).			obturator internus muscle. A B
			3 Perineal muscles. Musculi perinei (perineales).		21	Visceral pelvic (endopelvic) fascia. Fascia
		4		Perineal body.Centraltendonofperineum.Cen-

						pelvis visceralis [[f. endopelvina]]. Portion of the
4				trum tendineum perinei. Tough fibromuscular		pelvis visceralis [[f. endopelvina]]. Portion of the
				trum tendineum perinei. Tough fibromuscular		pelvic fascia that invests the pelvic viscera. B
				mass in the median plane of the perineum where		pelvic fascia that invests the pelvic viscera. B
				the perineal muscles unite between the rectum	22	Prostatic fascia. Fascia prostatae. Fascia of pros-
5				and vagina or urethra. A		tate which fuses with the surrounding tissues. C
		5		PELVIC DIAPHRAGM. Diaphragma pelvis.	23	Peritoneoperineal fascia. Fascie peritoneoper-
6				Muscular floor of pelvis formed mainly by the le-		inealis. Collective term for 24 and 25.
6				vator ani muscle. A B	24	Rectovesical	septum. Septum rectovesicale.
				vator ani muscle. A B	24	Rectovesical	septum. Septum rectovesicale.
		6		M. levator ani. Funnel-shaped muscle extend-		Connective tissue partition between the rectum

7
7				ing from the pubis and obturator fascia to the		and urinary bladder. It is a part of the pelvic and
				anus and the anococcygeal ligament. I: Pudendal		prostatic fascia. C
				anus and the anococcygeal ligament. I: Pudendal		prostatic fascia. C
8				nerve and S3−4. A B	25	Rectovaginal septum. Septum rectovaginale.
8					25	Rectovaginal septum. Septum rectovaginale.
	7			M. pubococcygeus. Fibers of the levator ani		Connective tissue partition between the rectum
				passing from the pubis to the perineal body,		and vagina. It is a part of the pelvic fascia.
9				passing from the pubis to the perineal body,		and vagina. It is a part of the pelvic fascia.
9				sphincter ani muscle and coccyx. A B	26	Superior fascia of pelvic diaphragm. Fascia
	8			M. levator prostatae (m. pubovaginalis).		diaphragmatis pelvis superior. Fascial covering
10				Fibers of the pubococcygeus muscle radiating		on the superior surface of the pelvic diaphragm
				into the fascia of the prostate or the wall of the		(facing the pelvis). B
				into the fascia of the prostate or the wall of the		(facing the pelvis). B
				vagina. A	27	Tendinous	arch of pelvic fascia. Arcus ten-
11				vagina. A	27	Tendinous	arch of pelvic fascia. Arcus ten-
11	9			M. puborectalis. Muscle running posteriorly		dineus fasciae pelvis. Tendinous reinforcement
	9			M. puborectalis. Muscle running posteriorly		dineus fasciae pelvis. Tendinous reinforcement
				from the pubis and looping around the perineal		of the pelvic fascia that arches from the symphy-
12				from the pubis and looping around the perineal		of the pelvic fascia that arches from the symphy-
12				flexure of the rectum. A		sis downward to the ischial spine. It corresponds
		10 M. iliococcygeus. Muscle passing from the ten-				to the band where the visceral vessels and nerves
		10 M. iliococcygeus. Muscle passing from the ten-				to the band where the visceral vessels and nerves
13				dinous arch of the levator ani to the coccyx and		leave the lateral wall of the pelvis and where the
				dinous arch of the levator ani to the coccyx and		pelvic connective		tissue is especially firmly
				the anococcygeal ligament. A B		pelvic connective		tissue is especially firmly
		11 Tendinous arch of levator ani muscle. [Arcus				united with the pelvic wall. A
14						united with the pelvic wall. A
					28	Puboprostatic (pubovesical) ligament. Lig.
				tendineus m. levatoris ani]. Arched tendinous	28	Puboprostatic (pubovesical) ligament. Lig.
				thickening of the obturator fascia at the origin of		puboprostaticum		(pubovesicale). Reinforced
15				the levator ani. A B		connective	tissue	permeated with smooth
15				the levator ani. A B		muscle passing from the pubic symphysis to the
	12			Anococcygeal ligament. Lig. anococcygeum.		muscle passing from the pubic symphysis to the
	12			Anococcygeal ligament. Lig. anococcygeum.		prostate (to the neck of the bladder in females). C
16				Tough connective tissue tract between the anus		prostate (to the neck of the bladder in females). C
				Tough connective tissue tract between the anus	29	Inferior fascia of		pelvic diaphragm. Fascia
				and coccyx. A C	29	Inferior fascia of		pelvic diaphragm. Fascia
				and coccyx. A C		diaphragmatis pelvis inferior. Fascia covering
		13 M. coccygeus. Fan-shaped muscle fibers pass-				diaphragmatis pelvis inferior. Fascia covering
17		13 M. coccygeus. Fan-shaped muscle fibers pass-				the levator ani muscle on the side of the ischio-
				ingfromtheischialspinetothelateralsurfacesof		the levator ani muscle on the side of the ischio-
				ingfromtheischialspinetothelateralsurfacesof		anal fossa. B
				the sacrum and coccyx. They are fused with the		anal fossa. B
				the sacrum and coccyx. They are fused with the
18				sacrospinous ligament. I: S4−5. A
18

14M. sphincter ani externus. External anal sphincter. Skeletal muscle that consists of the

19	three parts listed below. I: Pudendal nerve. B C

15 Subcutaneous part. Pars subcutanea. More su-

20perficial portion of the external anal sphincter radiating into the dermis in front of and behind the anus. B C See p. 177 B

2116 Superficial part. Pars superficialis. Fibers of external anal sphincter which spread out between

22the perineal body and the anococcygeal ligament. B C

2317 Deep part. Pars profunda. Purely circular portionoftheexternalanalsphincterwhichattainsa height fo 3−4 cm. B C

2418 Pelvic fascia. Fascia pelvis. Connective tissue covering of the pelvic viscera and the pelvic wall.

25It is the caudal continuation of the transversalis fascia.

Urogenital system 175

													1
													2
									8	27			3
									8

						11
						11		19					4
						4		20					4
								20
						7					6		5
						5
						5
						9					44.5		6
						9					44.5

						10							7
												12
													8
						13



													9
			Pelvic floor

	A												10
			from above										10
			from above

													11


94.11													12

19		11			6								13
		11											13
				10

20													14
						26							14
					7

													15
						9	5

1416

BFrontal section through the true pelvis (pelvis minor)

29					16
29

					17


					18


					19


					20


					21


		24	17	12	22


	22			15

					23

28 16

C Male pelvic viscera

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