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108

Digestive system

Apparatus

digestorius 26

Sublingual papilla. Caruncula sublingualis. A

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

(systema alimentarium)

small mucosal eminence on either side of the

ORAL CAVITY. Cavitas oris.

frenulum. It receives the opening of the sub-

mandibular

duct and

the major sublingual

Vestibule of mouth. Vestibulum oris. Space be-

duct. B

tween the rows of teeth and the lips or cheeks.

27 Sublingual fold. Plica sublingualis. Mucosal

B C

fold overlying the sublingual gland and extend-

Oral fissure. Rima oris. Mouth opening be-

ing posterolaterally from the sublingual papilla.

tween the lips. A

Lips. Labia oris.

28 Parotid papilla. Papilla ductus parotidei. Small

Upper lip. Labium superius. A B C

mucosal elevation at the opening of the parotid

7 Philtrum. Groove extending from nasal septum

duct lateral to the second upper molar tooth. B

to upper lip. A

Transverse palatine folds. Plicae palatinae

Tuberculum. Small eminence on upper lip mark-

transversae.

Mucosal

folds

running

trans-

ing end of philtrum. A

versely on the anterior part of the hard palate.

Lower lip. Labium inferius. A B C

30 Incisive papilla. Papilla incisiva. Small mucosal

Commissure of lips. Commissura

labiorum.

elevation over the incisive foramen at the ante-

Transition of upper lip into lower lip at the

rior end of the palatine raphe. D

angle of the mouth. A B

30 a GLANDULAE ORIS. The glands of the mouth.

Angle of mouth. Angulus oris. A

31 Small glands of the oral cavity. Glandulae

Cheek. Bucca.

Lateral

wall of

vestibule

salivariae minores.

mouth. A

Labial glands.

Gll.

labiales.

Small

salivary

13 Buccal fat pad. Corpus adiposum buccae. [[Bi-

glands at the inner aspect of the lips. B

chat]]. Encapsulated body of fat between the

Buccal glands. Gll. buccales. Small mucous

buccinator and masseter muscles. A

Oral cavity proper. Cavitas oris propria. True

salivary glands

the inner aspect

of the

cheeks. B

oral cavity enclosed anteriorly and laterally by

34 Molar glands. Gll. molares. Salivary glands cor-

the teeth and extending as far as the isthmus of

responding

the

buccal

glands situated

fauces (oropharyngeal isthmus). C

beneath the mucosal at the level of the molar

Palate. Palatum. Partition between

oral

and

teeth. B

nasal cavities.

35 Palatine glands. Gll. palatinae. Salivary glands

Hard palate. Palatum durum. Hard, bony part

situated beneath the

mucosa of the

palate.

of the palate. C D

(Two large groups right and left of the midline.)

Soft palate. Palatum molle (velum palatinum).

Soft, posterior part of the palate. C D

Lingual glands. Gll. linguales. Numerous

Palatine raphe. Raphe palati. Median mucosal

mucous, serous and mixed glands primarily in

ridge at the junction of the right and left bony

the lateral and posterior areas of the tongue. B

palatal processes. D

Anterior lingual glands. Gl. lingualis anterior

Oral mucosa. Tunica mucosa oris. Mucous

[[gl. apicis linguae, Nuhn’s glands]]. Mixed

membrane of oral cavity consisting of

glands near the apex of the tongue providing

stratified,

nonkeratinized

squamous

several drainage ducts on the undersurface of

epithelium throughout and underlying mixed

the tongue. B

glands.

20 Frenulum of upper lip. Frenulum labii super-

ioris. Median mucosal fold between the gums

20 and upper lip. B

	21 Frenulum of lower lip. Frenulum labii inferi-
21		oris. Median mucosal fold between the gums
		and lower lip. B
		and lower lip. B
22	22	Gums. Gingivae. Mucous membrane united
		firmly with the teeth and jaw bones. B D
	23	Gingival (gum) margin. Margo gingivalis. B D
23	23	Gingival (gum) margin. Margo gingivalis. B D
23	24	Gingival (interdental) papilla. Papilla ging-
		ivalis (interdentalis). B D
24		ivalis (interdentalis). B D
24	25	Gingival sulcus. Sulcus gingivalis. Shallow fur-
		row between the gum margin and the tooth. Its
25		deepening leads to cavity formation. See p. 113.
		A

Digestive system 109

13 10

	7	12
6	8	12
6	8	11
	4	11
	9
		20	22

A Face, anterior view

37		32
37
36			33
36
28
			34

10


		27
26			23
26


	9		24
			24

3 21 22

B Mouth with tongue elevated

	16					24
						24
						30
				29		30	23
				29

6	14						18
	14	16		16			18
		16		16
3			17
3			17
9
					22
				35
		17		17

Sagittal section of oral cavity

Palate, inferior view

	110		Digestive system
			Major salivary glands. Glandulae salivariae		21 Root of tooth. Radix dentis. Portion of the
1		1
		1
			majores.			tooth covered by cementum. E
2		2	Sublingual gland. Glandula sublingualis. Pre-		22	Apex of root of tooth. Apex radicis dentis. E
2			dominantly mucous gland situated on the my-		23 Clinical root. Radix clinica. Portion of the tooth
			lohyoid muscle diaphragma oris. It contains			situated below the gum. C
3			several drainage ducts. D			situated below the gum. C
			several drainage ducts. D		24	Occlusal (masticatory) surface. Facies oc-
		3	Major sublingual duct. Ductus sublingulis		24	Occlusal (masticatory) surface. Facies oc-
		3	Major sublingual duct. Ductus sublingulis			clusalis (masticatoria) dentis. B E
4			major. Main drainage duct of the sublingual		25 Vestibular (facial) surface. Facies vestibularis
			gland. It opens at the sublingual caruncle next		25 Vestibular (facial) surface. Facies vestibularis
			gland. It opens at the sublingual caruncle next			(facilis) dentis. Tooth surface facing the vesti-
			to the submandibular duct. D			(facilis) dentis. Tooth surface facing the vesti-
						bule. D G

5	4		Minor sublingual ducts. Ductus sublinguales
5	4		Minor sublingual ducts. Ductus sublinguales		25 a Buccal surface. Facies buccalis dentis. Tooth
			minores. About 40 small ducts that drain the			surface facing the cheek.
			minores. About 40 small ducts that drain the
6			sublingual gland and open along the sublingual
			sublingual gland and open along the sublingual		25 b Labial surface. Facies		labialis	dentis. Tooth
			fold and the sublingual caruncle. D		25 b Labial surface. Facies		labialis	dentis. Tooth
		5	Submandibular gland. Glandula submandibu-			surface facing the lips.
7		5	Submandibular gland. Glandula submandibu-		26 Lingual and palatine surfaces. Facies lingualis/
7			laris. Predominantly serous salivary gland lo-		26 Lingual and palatine surfaces. Facies lingualis/
			cated almost entirely below the mylohyoid. D F			palatalis dentis. Tooth	surfaces facing the
			cated almost entirely below the mylohyoid. D F			tongue and palate, respectively. A G
8		6	Submandibular	duct. Ductus submandibu-		tongue and palate, respectively. A G
		6	Submandibular	duct. Ductus submandibu-	27	Approximal surface.	Facies	approximalis.
			laris. Duct that	drains the submandibular	27	Approximal surface.	Facies	approximalis.
			laris. Duct that	drains the submandibular		Tooth surface facing the adjacent tooth. G
9			gland. It loops around the posterior margin of			Tooth surface facing the adjacent tooth. G
			gland. It loops around the posterior margin of		28	Mesial surface. Facies mesialis. Vertical con-
			the mylohyoid accompanied by glandular		28	Mesial surface. Facies mesialis. Vertical con-
			tissue and opens at the sublingual caruncle. D			tact surface of a tooth turned away from the last
10		7	Parotid gland. Glandula parotidea. Salivary			molar. G
10		7	Parotid gland. Glandula parotidea. Salivary		29	Distal surface. Facies distalis. Vertical contact
			gland located behind and on the mandibular		29	Distal surface. Facies distalis. Vertical contact
11			ramus. F			surface of a tooth facing away from the first in-
11		8	Superficial part. Pars superficialis. The parts			cisor. G
		8	Superficial part. Pars superficialis. The parts		29 a Contingent area. Area contingens. Direct contact
			of the parotid gland located superficial to the		29 a Contingent area. Area contingens. Direct contact
12			facial nerve. F			surface of adjacent teeth.
		9	Deep part. Pars produnda. Parts of the parotid		30 Cingulum. Ridge near the neck of a tooth con-
13			gland located deep with respect to the facial			necting both marginal crests at the lingual sur-
13			nerve. F			face of incisor and canine teeth. A
			nerve. F			face of incisor and canine teeth. A
14		10	Accessory parotid gland. Glandula parotidea		31	Marginal crest. Crista marginalis. Lateral
14			accessoria. Portion of the parotid gland located			marginal ridge on the lingual surface of the in-
			on the masseter muscle near the parotid ex-			cisor and canine teeth which goes over into the
15			cretory duct. F			cingulum at the neck region. A
15		11	Parotid duct. Ductus parotideus. Excretory		32 Incisal margin. Margo incisalis. Occlusal edge
		11	Parotid duct. Ductus parotideus. Excretory		32 Incisal margin. Margo incisalis. Occlusal edge
16			duct of the parotid gland. It passes around the			of incisor and canine teeth. A
16			anterior margin of the masseter and opens near
17			the second upper molar tooth. F
17		12	TEETH. Dentes. A B C D E G
		13 Crown of tooth. Corona dentis. Portion of the
18			tooth covered by enamel. E
		14 Cusp of tooth. Cuspis dentis [[tuberculum]]. 1−
19			5 protuberances	on the occlusal surface of
19			tooth (with the exception of the incisors). E
			tooth (with the exception of the incisors). E
20		15 Apex of cusp. Apex cuspidis. E
20		16	Dental tubercle. Tuberculum dentis. Distinct
21			eminence on the side of the crown, especially
21			in canine and incisor teeth. A
		17 Transverse ridge. Crista transversalis. Trans-
22			verse connecting ridge between adjacent
			cusps. B
23		18 Triangular ridge. Crista triangularis. Triangu-
23			lar connecting ridge between the cusps of the
24			molars. B
24		19	Clinical crown. Corona clinica. Portion of the
			tooth projecting above the gum. C
25		20	Neck of tooth. Cervix [[collum]] dentis. Portion
			of the tooth at the enamel-cementum border. E

									Digestive system			111

32										19				1
32				24				17
														2

26		26	31

														3
		16					18			23
														4



30														5
30														5


														6
	Incisor tooth and canine tooth,					First and second molars,				Incisor, sagittal
A					B				C
A					B				C
	lingual surface						occlusal surface			section				7


										14	15			8
										14	15

										13			24	9
														9



														10

25
									20


							4							11




3							2			21				12
3										21

														13
									22


														14
	Oral cavity,									First lower molar				14
D									E
D									E
	medial view													15

							16

							17
	10

11		8					18



	7

							19
							19
		9

						27	20
							20
	28				29

							21
				26			21


	5				29		22
					29

					29		23

							24
F Salivary glands, lateral view			G Teeth of lower jaw
F Salivary glands, lateral view			G Teeth of lower jaw

	112			Digestive system
				Pulp cavity of tooth. Cavitas dentis (pulparis).			20	Incisor teeth. Dentes incisivi. Cutting teeth lo-
1		1		Pulp cavity of tooth. Cavitas dentis (pulparis).			20	Incisor teeth. Dentes incisivi. Cutting teeth lo-
1				Cavity in the dentin. Towards the root, it be-				cated on both sides of the midline at the 1st and
2				comes continuous with the root canal. A				2nd positions of the dental arch. D
2		2		Pulp chamber in the crown. Cavitas coronae.			21	Canine teeth. Dentes canini. Teeth located at
3				Crown portion of the pulp cavity. A				the 3rd position of the dental arch. D
3		3		Root canal of tooth. Canalis radicis dentis.			22	Premolar teeth. Dentes premolares. Teeth oc-
				Canal between the pulp cavity and the apical				cupying the 4th and 5th positions of the dental
4				foramen. A				arch. D
4		4		Apical foramen of root of tooth. Foramen apicis			23	Molar teeth. Dentes molares. Teeth located at
		4		Apical foramen of root of tooth. Foramen apicis			23	Molar teeth. Dentes molares. Teeth located at
				radicis dentalis. The opening of the root canal at				the 6th, 7th and 8th positions of the dental arch. D
5				radicis dentalis. The opening of the root canal at				the 6th, 7th and 8th positions of the dental arch. D
5				the apex of the root. A			24	Wisdom tooth. Dens serotinus [molaris ter-
			5 Pulp of tooth. Pulpa dentis. Contents of the					tius]. Tooth located at the 8th position of the
6			5 Pulp of tooth. Pulpa dentis. Contents of the					tius]. Tooth located at the 8th position of the
6				pulp cavity consisting of loose, finely fibered				dental arch. D
				connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves.			25 Deciduous (milk) teeth. Dentes decidui.
				connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves.
7	6			Crown pulp. Pulpa coronalis. Pulp within the
7	6			Crown pulp. Pulpa coronalis. Pulp within the			26 Permanent teeth. Dentes permanentes. Teeth
				crown portion of the pulp cavity.			26 Permanent teeth. Dentes permanentes. Teeth
				crown portion of the pulp cavity.				that develop after the deciduous teeth.
	7			Root pulp. Pulpa radicularis. Pulp within the
8
							27	Diastema. Space between adjacent teeth.
				root canal portion of the pulp cavity.			27	Diastema. Space between adjacent teeth.
	8			Dental papilla.	Papilla dentis. A mass	of	28 TONGUE. Lingua. D E
9							28 TONGUE. Lingua. D E

				mesenchyme present in the bell stage of tooth			29	Body of tongue. Corpus linguae. Portion of the
				mesenchyme present in the bell stage of tooth			29	Body of tongue. Corpus linguae. Portion of the
				development. B				tongue situated between the apex and root. E
10				development. B				tongue situated between the apex and root. E
10	9			Dentine. Dentinum [[substantia eburnea]]. Pre-			30	Root of tongue. Radix linguae. Anchoring re-
				dominant mass of a tooth consisting of inor-				gion of the tongue at the mandible and hyoid
11				ganic and organic material (especially col-				bone. Also the posterior, vertical segment of the
				lagenous fibers). A C				tongue. E
				lagenous fibers). A C				tongue. E
12	10			Enamel. Enamelum [[substantia adamantina]].			31	Dorsum of tongue. Dorsum linguae. E
				The extremely hard substance surrounding the			32	Anterior, oral portion of tongue. Pars pre-
				crown of the tooth like a mantle. A C			32	Anterior, oral portion of tongue. Pars pre-
13				crown of the tooth like a mantle. A C				sulcalis (anterior). The part of the dorsum of
		11 GOMPHOSIS. Type of fibrous joint in which a						sulcalis (anterior). The part of the dorsum of
								the tongue situated anterior to the sulcus ter-
								the tongue situated anterior to the sulcus ter-
				conical process, e. g., a tooth, is inserted into a				minalis. 115 B
14				conical process, e. g., a tooth, is inserted into a				minalis. 115 B
14				socket, e. g., alveolus of the jaw (dentoalveolar			33	Posterior, pharyngeal part of tongue. Pars
				articulation).			33	Posterior, pharyngeal part of tongue. Pars
				articulation).				postsulcalis (posterior). The vertical portion of
	12			Periodontium. Tissues that invest and support				postsulcalis (posterior). The vertical portion of
15	12			Periodontium. Tissues that invest and support				the dorsum of the tongue between the sulcus
				the tooth within the alveolus. It consists of the				terminalis and the epiglottis. 115 B
				following parts: A			34 Inferior surface of tongue. Facies inferior lin-
16				following parts: A
	13			Periodontium	protectoris [[gingiva]].	The
	13			Periodontium	protectoris [[gingiva]].	The		guae. D E
				outer part of the periodontium with the exter-			35	Fimbriated fold. Plica fimbriata. Serrated fold
17				outer part of the periodontium with the exter-
				nal border epithelium. A
				nal border epithelium. A				lateral to the frenulum. It is a remnant of the in-
	14			Periodontium insertionis. Portion of the peri-				lateral to the frenulum. It is a remnant of the in-
								ferior tongue. D
18								ferior tongue. D
18				odonium touching the tooth. It consists of the			36 Lateral margin of tongue bordering the teeth.
				inner border epithelium and the periodontal			36 Lateral margin of tongue bordering the teeth.
				ligament. A				Margo linguae. D
19								Margo linguae. D

	15			Periodontal ligament. Desmodontium. All con-			37	Apex of tongue. Apex linguae. D E
				nective tissue fibers which are anchored in the

20cementum and, with their vessels and nerves, extend partly into the gum and partly into the

alveolar wall. A

16Cementum. Substance similar to bone. It surrounds the tooth from the enamel border to the

22apex of the root and receives the fibers of the periodontal ligament. A

2317 Alveolar bone. Os alveolare. Bony wall of the alveolus. A

2418 Superior dental arch. Arcus dentalis superior. Curved row of teeth of the maxilla.

2519 Inferior dental arch. Arcus dentalis inferior. Curved row of teeth of the mandible.

Digestive system 113

																	1
																	2
			10		108.25												3
12			2				14										4
			9				14
			9			13

																	5
																	5


			1														6
15									17					8			7
15

																	8


								16									9
								16

			3										B	Tooth development
			3										B	Tooth development
																	10
																	11
																	11
			4														12

															9	10
	A	Longitudinal section of tooth													9	10	13



			20														14
																	14
														Enamel-dentin border
			37								21		C	Enamel-dentin border			15


35														31			16

			34
36			34														17
36

23				114.2							24	37		29		30	18
				114.2



												34					19


22										21							20


21			20														21



																	22
		Mouth with tongue elevated												Tongue, sagittal section
	D	Mouth with tongue elevated											E	Tongue, sagittal section			23
																	24
																	25

	114			Digestive system
				Mucous membrane of tongue. Tunica mucosa		18	TONGUE MUSCULATURE. Musculi linguae (lin-
1		1		Mucous membrane of tongue. Tunica mucosa		18	TONGUE MUSCULATURE. Musculi linguae (lin-
1				linguae. C			guales). The following eight tongue muscles are
2		2		Frenulum of tongue. Frenulum linguae. Mu-			innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (XII).
		2		Frenulum of tongue. Frenulum linguae. Mu-		19	M. genioglossus. o: Mental spine of mandible.
				cosal fold extending from the floor of the		19	M. genioglossus. o: Mental spine of mandible.
				mouth to the inferior side of the tongue. D; see			i: Fan-shaped distribution within the tongue
3				also p. 113. D			from the apex to the base. A: It pulls the tongue
3		3		Lingual papillae. Papillae linguales. Collective			forward or towards the	chin. I: Hypoglossal
		3		Lingual papillae. Papillae linguales. Collective			nerve. C D
4				term for the following five different types of			nerve. C D
				term for the following five different types of		20	M. hyoglossus. o: Body and greater horn of
				mucosal formations: A B		20	M. hyoglossus. o: Body and greater horn of
		4	Filiform papillae. Papillae filiformes. Fine, al-				hyoid bone. i: Coming from below, it radiates
		4	Filiform papillae. Papillae filiformes. Fine, al-				into the lateral parts of the tongue and pene-
5				most threadlike epithelial elevations on a con-			into the lateral parts of the tongue and pene-
5				most threadlike epithelial elevations on a con-			trates up to the mucosa. A: It draws the base of
				nective tissue core. Their tips that are often			trates up to the mucosa. A: It draws the base of
				cleft. A			the tongue backward and downward. I: Hypo-
6				cleft. A			glossal nerve. D
6	5			Conical papillae. Papillae conicae. Special			glossal nerve. D
	5			Conical papillae. Papillae conicae. Special		21 M. chondroglossus. o: Lesser horn of hyoid. i:
				form of filiform papilla. They are somewhat		21 M. chondroglossus. o: Lesser horn of hyoid. i:
				form of filiform papilla. They are somewhat			Same as hyoglossus. I: Hypoglossal nerve. D
7				larger, longer and exhibit conical apices which			Same as hyoglossus. I: Hypoglossal nerve. D
7				larger, longer and exhibit conical apices which		22	M. styloglossus. o: Styloid process. i: Coming
				bend backwards. A
				bend backwards. A
	6			Fungiform papillae. Papillae	fungiformes.		from behind and above, it radiates to the lateral
8							from behind and above, it radiates to the lateral
							parts of the tongue and interweaves with the
				Mushroom-like papillae which are not pointed			parts of the tongue and interweaves with the
				at the tip, but terminate with a small plateau. A			hyoglossus. A: It draws the tongue backward
9				at the tip, but terminate with a small plateau. A			and upward. I: Hypoglossal nerve. D
				B			and upward. I: Hypoglossal nerve. D
				B		23 Superior longitudinal muscle of tongue. M.
	7		Vallate (circumvallate) papillae. Papillae val-
	7		Vallate (circumvallate) papillae. Papillae val-
10				latae. 7−12 large papillae located in front of the			longitudinalis superior. Longitudinal bundles of
				latae. 7−12 large papillae located in front of the			muscle just below the mucosa that extend from
				sulcus terminalis. They are circular in cross-			muscle just below the mucosa that extend from
				section and are surrounded by a moat, the wall			the apex of tongue to the region of the hyoid
11				section and are surrounded by a moat, the wall			bone. I: Hypoglossal nerve. C
11				of which contains taste buds. A B			bone. I: Hypoglossal nerve. C
	8		Lenticular papillae. Papilla lentiformes. Short			24	Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue. M.
	8		Lenticular papillae. Papilla lentiformes. Short			24	Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue. M.
12				fungiform papillae. A			longitudinalis inferior.	Longitudinal	fibrous
12				fungiform papillae. A			system situated close to the inferior surface of
	9			Foliate papilla. Papillae foliatae. Several paral-			system situated close to the inferior surface of
	9			Foliate papilla. Papillae foliatae. Several paral-			the tongue. It passes from the base to the apex
13				lel folds containing taste buds	at the post-		of the tongue. I: Hypoglossal nerve. C
13				erolateral margin of the tongue. B D			of the tongue. I: Hypoglossal nerve. C
				erolateral margin of the tongue. B D		25 Transverse muscle of tongue. M. transversus
		10 Median groove of tongue. Sulcus medianus				25 Transverse muscle of tongue. M. transversus
14		10 Median groove of tongue. Sulcus medianus					linguae. Transversely oriented muscle		fibers
				linguae. Shallow, median longitudinal groove			linguae. Transversely oriented muscle		fibers
				linguae. Shallow, median longitudinal groove			extending between the longitudinal system of
				situated above the lingual septum. B C			fibers. o: Lingual septum. i: Mucous membrane
15				situated above the lingual septum. B C			fibers. o: Lingual septum. i: Mucous membrane
15	11			Sulcus terminalis [[”V” linguae]]. Bilateral			along lateral margins of tongue. A: Extension of
				groove passing obliquely forward from the			tongue together with the vertical muscle of the
				groove passing obliquely forward from the			tongue together with the vertical muscle of the
16				foramen caecum. It lies behind the row of val-			tongue. I: Hypoglossal nerve. C
16				late papillae which run parallel to it. B		26	Vertical muscle of tongue. M. verticalis lin-
				late papillae which run parallel to it. B		26	Vertical muscle of tongue. M. verticalis lin-
	12			Foramen caecum linguae. Pit situated at the			guae. Vertical muscle fibers coursing from the
17	12			Foramen caecum linguae. Pit situated at the			guae. Vertical muscle fibers coursing from the
17				apex of the sulcus terminalis. It is the embryo-			back of the tongue to the inferior surface. I: Hy-
				logical remains of the thyroglossal duct. B			poglossal nerve. C
				logical remains of the thyroglossal duct. B			poglossal nerve. C

18 13 Thyroglossal duct. Ductus thyroglossalis. Embryological connection between thyroid gland and tongue. At the site of the future fora-

19men caecum, it extends downward from the base of the tongue as an epithelial cone.

2014 Lingual tonsil. Tonsilla lingualis. Accumulation

		of lymphatic tissue (lingual follicles) which is
		irregularly distributed over the root of the
	21	irregularly distributed over the root of the
	21	tongue. B D

15 Lingual follicles. Folliculi linguales. Dome-

22shaped protrusions of the mucosa, 1−5 mm in diameter, caused by masses of lymphatic tissue beneath them. Each has a central crypt. A

2316 Lingual septum. Septum lingualis. Connective tissue plate with a special fibrous architecture

24located in the midsagittal plane. C

17 Lingual aponeurosis. Aponeurosis lingualis.

25Stout connective tissue framework of the tongue between the muscles and the mucosa. C

Digestive system 115

A Surface of tongue, enlarged

	6
112.32
		9
		9
		7
		7
	11
112.33	12
112.33	14
	14

B Dorsum of tongue, overview

118.27

118.22

118.29

1 23 10 17 25

16				24

196.5

C Cross-section of tongue

116.2214

82.12

	Tongue muscles	24
D	Tongue muscles	24

		25

116

Digestive system

Pharynx. Passageway for air and food. 14−

M. levator veli palatini. o: Petrous portion of

16 cm long, it extends from the fornix to the

temporal bone in front of the lower opening of

beginning of the esophagus in front of the 6th

the carotid canal. i: Palatine aponeurosis. It

cervical vertebra. E

passes through the pharyngeal wall above the

FAUCES. Space between soft palate and base of

superior constrictor muscle and moves the soft

palate backward and upward, thereby taking

tongue. E

along the dorsomedial part of the auditory tube

Isthmus of fauces. Isthmus faucium. Space be-

cartilage below the pharyngeal opening of the

tween right and left palatoglossal and

pala-

auditory tube. I: Vagus (X) nerve. C

topharyngeal arches.

20 M. tensor veli palatini. o: Spine of sphenoid,

Soft palate. Palatum molle (velum palatinum).

scaphoid fossa and anterior (lateral) lip of car-

The dorsal portion projects downward in front

tilaginous

auditory

tube.

i: After

looping

of the posterior pharyngeal wall and assists in

around the pterygoid hamulus, it radiates into

swallowing by closing off like a valve the na-

the palatine aponeurosis, stiffens the anterior

sopharyngeal space from the oral cavity. A D E

(lateral) membranous wall of the auditory tube

Uvula. Uvula palatina. Conical process project-

and tenses the soft palate. I: Mandibular nerve.

ing downward from the posterior margin of the

soft palate. A D E

21 M. uvulae. o: Palatine aponeurosis. i: Connec-

Palatoglossal arch. Arcus palatoglossus. Mu-

tive tissue of uvulae. I: Vagus nerve. C

cosal fold overlying the palatoglossal muscle

palatoglossus.

Transversus

linguae

and extending from the palate to the tongue in

muscle. i: Palatine aponeurosis. A: Elevates the

front of the tonsillar fossa. A

base of the tongue, depresses the palate and

Palatopharyngeal arch. Arcus palatopharyn-

narrows the isthmus of fauces. I: Vagus nerve. D

geus. Mucosal fold overlying the palatopharyn-

palatopharyngeus

[[m.

pharyngopalat-

geal muscle and extending between the palate

inus]].

Palatine

aponeurosis, pterygoid

and pharyngeal wall behind the tonsillar fossa.

hamulus and medial plate of pterygoid process.

i: Lateral wall of pharynx and thyroid cartilage.

Salpingopalatine fold. Plica salpingopalatina

A: It lowers the palate and constricts the isth-

[[plica palatotubalis]]. Fold extending from the

mus of fauces. I: Vagus nerve. D

anterior lip of the auditory tube to the soft pa-

24 PHARYNGEAL CAVITY. Cavitas pharyngis. Space

late in front of the tubal elevation. A

enclosed by the pharyngeal walls.

Palatine tonsil. Tonsilla palatina. Tonsil sit-

25 Pharyngeal fornix. Fornix pharyngis. Roof of

uated between the palatoglossal and

pala-

the pharyngeal cavity beneath the sphenoid

topharyngeal arches. A

bone. E

Tonsillar pits. Fossulae tonsillae. Pit-like open-

26 Nasopharynx. Pars nasalis pharyngis. The por-

ings of the tonsillar crypts visible on the sur-

tion of the pharyngeal cavity located behind

face. B

the choanae. E

Tonsillar crypts. Cryptae tonsillares. Epithelial

Tonsilla

Nasopharyngeal tonsil

(adenoids).

invaginations extending into the tonsil

from

pharyngealis (adenoidea). It lies at the pharyn-

the tonsillar pits. B

geal fornix. E

Capsule of tonsil. Capsula tonsillaris. Fibrous

Tonsillar pits. Fossulae tonsillares. Openings

capsule covering the organ.

of crypts visible on surface of tonsil. See also

Triangular fold. Plica triangularis. Triangular

p. 116.10. B

fold emanating from the palatoglossal arch in

Tonsillar

crypts. Cryptae

tonsillares. Epithelial

front of the tonsil. A

invaginations emanating from the tonsillar

Semilunar fold. Plica semilunaris. Arched fold

pits. See also p. 116.11. B

between the palatoglossal and palatopharyn-

20geal arches. It forms the upper boundary of the tonsillar fossa. A

	21	15 Tonsillar fossa. Fossa tonsillaris. Recess for the
	21	tonsil bordered by the palatoglossal and pala-
		topharyngeal arches as well as by the triangular
	22	and semilunar folds. D
		16 Supratonsillar fossa. Fossa supratonsillaris. Su-
		16 Supratonsillar fossa. Fossa supratonsillaris. Su-
	23	perior portion of tonsillar fossa not occupied by
	23	the tonsil. A
		the tonsil. A
	24	17 Muscles of palate and fauces. Musculi palati et
	24	faucium.

18 Palatine aponeurosis. Aponeurosis palatina. It

25is formed primarily by the tendon of the tensor veli palatini muscle. C

Digestive system 117

13 9

ATonsillar fossa and soft palate

22				5

D Muscles of tonsillar fossa

10;(28)

11;(29)

B Palatine tonsil, microscopic view

102.2

20		21

CNasal cavity from behind and muscles of soft palate

26 27

2 118.8

118.12

E Head, sagittal section

118 Digestive system

1 Pharyngeal bursa. [Bursa pharyngealis]. Blind 1 pouch in the roof of the pharynx; it is more frequently present in children, less often in

2adults. A

2Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube. Ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae (auditoriae). Open-

3ing found in the nasopharynx. A

3Torus tubarius. Elevation produced by the dor-

4somedial cartilage of the auditory tube posterior to the tube opening. A

4 Salpingopharyngeal fold. Plica salpingopharyngea.

5 Mucosal fold overlying the salpingopharyngeal muscle and extending obliquely downward from

6the dorsomedial lip of the auditory tube cartilage. A

5 Torus levatorius. Elevation situated in front of

7the dorsomedial lip of the cartilage of the auditory tube and below the tube opening. It overlies

8the levator veli palatini muscle. A

	6	Tubal tonsil. Tonsilla tubaria. Submucosal lym-
9		phatic tissue near the opening of the auditory
9		tube.
		tube.
	7	Pharyngeal recess. Recessus pharyngeus
10	7	Pharyngeal recess. Recessus pharyngeus
10		[[Rosenmüller’s]]. Lateral recess of the na-
		sopharyngeal space behind the auditory tube. A
		sopharyngeal space behind the auditory tube. A
11	8	Oropharynx. Pars oralis pharyngis. The portion
		of the pharyngeal cavity located behind the oral

cavity. See p. 117. E

129 Vallecula epiglottica. Fossa between the median and lateral glossoepiglottic folds. B

1310 Median glossoepiglottic fold. Plica glossoepiglottica mediana. Unpaired mucosal fold located in the median plane between the base of

14the tongue and the epiglottis. B

	11	Lateral glossoepiglottic fold. Plica glos-
15	11	Lateral glossoepiglottic fold. Plica glos-
15		soepiglottica lateralis. Bilateral mucosal fold be-
		tween the base of the tongue and the epiglottis. B
		tween the base of the tongue and the epiglottis. B
16	12	Laryngopharynx. Pars laryngea pharyngis. The
		portion of the pharyngeal cavity situated behind

the larynx. See p. 117. E

1713 Piriform recess. Recessus piriformis. Channel between the aryepiglottic fold and the thyrohyoid

18membrane or thyroid cartilage. B

14Plica nervi laryngei. Mucosal fold in the piriform recess produced by the underlying internal

19branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal artery. B

2015 Pharyngobasilar fascia. Fascia pharyn-

gobasilaris. Membranous wall of the uppermost muscle free portion of the pharynx. It corre-

21 sponds to the thickened tela submucosa. C D E

	16	Submucosa. Tela submucosa. Connective tissue
22	16	Submucosa. Tela submucosa. Connective tissue
22		layer between the mucosa and muscularis. A
	17	Mucosa. Tunica mucosa. Pharyngeal mucous
	17	Mucosa. Tunica mucosa. Pharyngeal mucous
23		membrane lined by stratified squamous or pseu-
23		dostratified ciliated columnar (nasopharynx)
		dostratified ciliated columnar (nasopharynx)
		epithelium.
24		epithelium.
24	18	Pharyngeal glands. Gll. pharyngis. Small sub-
		epithelial mixed salivary glands.
		epithelial mixed salivary glands.
25	19	Muscularis of pharynx. Tunica muscularis
		pharyngis. Muscular layer of pharyngeal wall. A

20Pharyngeal raphe. Raphe pharyngis. Connective tissue band between the right and left pharyngeal muscles, extending posteriorly in the midline. C

21Pterygomandibular raphe. Raphe pterygomandibularis. Tendinous seam between the buccinator muscle and the superior pharyngeal constrictor. It extends from the pterygoid hamulus to the mandible. D

22Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. M. constrictor pharyngis superior. Uppermost constrictor of the pharynx consisting of the four parts described below, which attach to the pharyngeal raphe. I: Pharyngeal plexus. C D

23Pterygopharyngeal part. Pars pterygopharynea. o: Medial plate of pterygoid process and pterygoid hamulus. D

24Buccopharyngeal part. Pars buccopharyngea. o: Pterygomandibular raphe. D

25Mylopharyngeal part. Pars mylopharyngea. o: Posterior end of mylohyoid line of mandible. D

26Glossopharyngeal part. Pars glossopharyngea.

o:Intrinsic muscles of tongue. D

27M. stylopharyngeus. o: Styloid process. i: Between superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors radiating into the pharyngeal wall, thyroid cartilage and epiglottis. I: Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve. C

28M. salpingopharyngeus. o: Dorsomedial lip of auditory tube cartilage and part of longitudinal musculature of pharyngeal wall. i: Lateral wall of pharynx. A: Prevents backward displacement of the levator veli palatini muscle. I: Pharyngeal plexus. A

29Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle. M. constrictor pharyngis medius. More centrally located pharyngeal constrictor arising from the hyoid bone. o: Pharyngeal raphe. I: Pharyngeal plexus. C

30Chondropharyngeal part. Pars chondropharyngea. o: Lesser horn of hyoid. D

31Ceratopharyngeal part. Pars ceratopharyngea.

o:Greater horn of hyoid. D

32Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. M. constrictor pharyngis inferior. o: Larynx. I: Pharyngeal plexus. C D

33Thyropharyngeal part. Pars thyropharyngea. o: Oblique line of thyroid cartilage. D

34Cricopharyngeal part. Pars circopharyngea. o: Cricoid cartilage. D

34 a Buccopharyngeal fascia. Fascia buccopharyngealis. Continuation of the buccopharyngeal fascia into the loose tissue connecting the pharynx to the deep cervical fascia.

35 Peripharyngeal space. Spatium peripharyngeum. Connective tissue space associated with the pharynx.

36Retropharyngeal space. Spatium retropharyngeum. The portion of the peripharyngeal space between the pharynx and the prevertebral layer of the cervical fascia. A

37Lateropharyngeal space. Spatium lateropharyngeum. Portion of the peripharyngeal space lateral to the pharynx.

Digestive system 119

		7
2
3			1
			1
	5

A Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube

15 15

27		29

Base of tongue and laryngeal opening

31 30 26

C	Pharyngeal muscles	D	Pharyngeal muscles
	from behind		from right

E Attachment of the

pharyngobasilar fascia

	120			Digestive system
				DIGESTIVE TRACT (ALIMENTARY CANAL). 20			Angular	notch. Incisura angularis. Radio-
1		1		DIGESTIVE TRACT (ALIMENTARY CANAL). 20			Angular	notch. Incisura angularis. Radio-
1				[[Canalis alimentarius]].			graphically evident notch at the deepest point of
2		2		ESOPHAGUS. Oesophagus. 23−26 cm long pas-			the lesser curvature. D
		2		ESOPHAGUS. Oesophagus. 23−26 cm long pas-
				sage extending from below the cricoid cartilage		21	Cardiac part of stomach. Pars cardiaca. The
				at the level of C6 to the cardiac part of the			portion of the stomach into which the
3				stomach. A B			esophagus opens. D
3		3		Cervical part. Pars cervicalis. The segment of		22	Cardiac	orifice. Ostium cardiacum (cardia).
		3		Cervical part. Pars cervicalis. The segment of		22	Cardiac	orifice. Ostium cardiacum (cardia).
4				the esophagus situated in front of the cervical			Opening of the esophagus into the cardiac
4				vertebral column (from C6−T1). A			stomach. D
			4 Thoracic part. Pars thoracica. The portion of			23 Fundic stomach. Fundus gastricus (ventricu-
			4 Thoracic part. Pars thoracica. The portion of
5				the esophagus extending from T1 to the pas-
5				the esophagus extending from T1 to the pas-			laris). Fundus (dome) of the stomach located
				sageway through the diaphragm (about T11). A			beneath the diaphragm. D
			5 Abdominal part. Pars abdominalis. The short				beneath the diaphragm. D
6			5 Abdominal part. Pars abdominalis. The short			23 a Fornix of stomach. Fornix gastricus (ventricu-
6				esophageal segment between the diaphragm		23 a Fornix of stomach. Fornix gastricus (ventricu-
				and the stomach. A			laris). Forms the upper boundary of the lower
							laris). Forms the upper boundary of the lower
							diaphragm.
7
	6			Tunica adventitia. Loose connective tissue in-
	6			Tunica adventitia. Loose connective tissue in-		24	Cardiac notch. Incisura cardiaca. Acute angle
				vestment which binds the esophagus to the		24	Cardiac notch. Incisura cardiaca. Acute angle
				vestment which binds the esophagus to the			between the esophagus and the stomach wall. D
8				surrounding tissues and permits its movement.			between the esophagus and the stomach wall. D
				surrounding tissues and permits its movement.
				C		25	Body of stomach. Corpus gastricum (ventricu-
				C		25	Body of stomach. Corpus gastricum (ventricu-
			7 Tunica muscularis. Two layers of muscle, inner				lare). Portion of stomach situated between the
9			7 Tunica muscularis. Two layers of muscle, inner				lare). Portion of stomach situated between the
9				circular and outer longitudinal, occupying the			cardia/fundus and pylorus. D
				esophageal wall and consisting of skeletal		26	Gastric canal. Canalis gastricus (ventricularis).
				esophageal wall and consisting of skeletal		26	Gastric canal. Canalis gastricus (ventricularis).
10				muscle in the upper third, smooth muscle in			Channel formed by the longitudinal mucosal
10				the lower third. C			Channel formed by the longitudinal mucosal
				the lower third. C			folds along the lesser curvature of the stomach.
	8			Cricoesophageal tendon. Tendo cricoe-			D
11	8			Cricoesophageal tendon. Tendo cricoe-			D
11				sophageus. Tendon that attaches the longitudi-		27 Pyloric part of stomach. Pars pyloricum. Distal
				nal muscle fibers of the esophagus to the poste-			segment of the stomach beginning with the
12				rior wall of the cricoid cartilage. B			segment of the stomach beginning with the
				rior wall of the cricoid cartilage. B			angular notch and ending with the pylorus. D
	9			Bronchoesophageal muscle. M.	bronchoe-		angular notch and ending with the pylorus. D
						28	Pyloric antrum. Antrum pyloricum. Initial seg-

				sophageus. Smooth muscle fibers from the left
13				sophageus. Smooth muscle fibers from the left			ment of the pyloric stomach beginning at the
				main bronchus to the esophagus. B			ment of the pyloric stomach beginning at the
				main bronchus to the esophagus. B			angular notch. It may be temporarily closed off
	10			Pleuroesophageal muscle. M. pleuroe-			from the rest of the gastric lumen during the
14	10			Pleuroesophageal muscle. M. pleuroe-			from the rest of the gastric lumen during the
14				sophageus. Smooth muscle tract between the			passage of a peristaltic wave. D
				esophagus and the left mediastinal pleura. B		29	Pyloric canal. Canalis pyloricus. Lower termi-
				esophagus and the left mediastinal pleura. B
15	11			Tela submucosa. Movable layer between the
15	11			Tela submucosa. Movable layer between the			nal segment of the stomach, about 2−3 cm long.
				muscularis and mucosa consisting	predomi-		D
16				nantly of collagenous connective tissue with			D
				nantly of collagenous connective tissue with
				blood vessels, nerves and glands. C

12 Tunica mucosa. Mucous membrane lining of

17the esophagus consisting of stratified, nonkeratinized squamous epithelium, lamina propria (connective tissue) and muscularis mucosae. C

1813 Lamina muscularis mucosae. Distinct layer of smooth muscle between the submucosa and

19lamina propria. C

14Esophageal glands. Gll. esophageae. Discrete mixed glands scattered throughout the submu-

20	cosa. C

15 STOMACH. Gaster (Ventriculus). It extends from

21the end of the esophagus to the pylorus. A D 16 Anterior surface of stomach. Paries anterior D

2217 Posterior surface of stomach. Paries posterior.

18 Greater curvature of stomach. Curvatura ga-

23strica (ventricularis) major. Large curvature of the stomach profile directed toward the left and downward. D

2419 Lesser curvature of stomach. Curvatura gastrica (ventricularis) minor. Small curvature of

25stomach directed toward the right and upward. D

Digestive system 121

									3
								12
								12		4
	2				13					4
					13

	4				14			11		5
	4				14					5

										6
										6


	5							7		7
	5
	15

										8
										8
								6

										9
	Esophagus and stomach					Microscopic cross-section

A					C					10
						of esoghagus				10
						of esoghagus

				8						11


								23		12
								23
								24
								24		13


								16		14
								21

					22					15
					22					15

										16
								122.12

			9							17
		10					19	26
							19	26
								25		18


					27		20

										19


										20
					28

									18	21
					29					21



								16		22
								16

										23


										24
B	Esophagus from behind				D Stromach from front right
B	Esophagus from behind				D Stromach from front right

	122		Digestive system
			Pylorus. Distal end of the stomach reinforced by	20	SMALL INTESTINE. Intestinum tenue. It com-
1		1	Pylorus. Distal end of the stomach reinforced by	20	SMALL INTESTINE. Intestinum tenue. It com-
1			a strong band of circular muscle. A		prises the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
2		2	Pyloric opening. Ostium pyloricum. Lumen of	21	Tunica serosa. Peritoneal covering containing
2			the pylorus connecting the stomach with the		simple squamous epithelium. F
			duodenum. A	22	Tela subserosa. Connective tissue underlying
3		3	Serous membrane. Tunica serosa. Serous, peri-		the serosa. F
			toneal covering containing simple squamous	23	Tunica muscularis. Two principal muscle layers
4			epithelium. B		of the intestinal wall. F
4		4	Tela subserosa. Connective tissue component	24	Longitudinal	layer.	Stratum longitudinale.
		4	Tela subserosa. Connective tissue component	24	Longitudinal	layer.	Stratum longitudinale.
			of the serosa underlying the epithelium. B		Outer layer of longitudinally coursing muscle

5
5	5		Tunica muscularis. Muscular coat of the		fibers. F
			stomach comprised of three types of fibers	25	Circular layer. Stratum circulare. Inner layer of
6			(longitudinal, circular, oblique). A B		circularly coursing muscle fibers. F
	6		Longitudinal layer. Stratum longitudinale. Ex-	26	Tela sumucosa. Displaceable layer between the
	6		Longitudinal layer. Stratum longitudinale. Ex-	26	Tela sumucosa. Displaceable layer between the
7			ternal layer of longitudinal muscle fibers sit-		muscularis mucosae and the muscularis con-
7			uated primarily along the greater and lesser cur-		sisting primarily of collagenous connective
			uated primarily along the greater and lesser cur-		sisting primarily of collagenous connective
			vatures. A B		tissue bearing blood vessels and nerves. F
8			vatures. A B		tissue bearing blood vessels and nerves. F
8	7		Circular layer. Stratum circulare. Middle layer	27	Tunica mucosa. Intestinal mucous membrane
			of circular muscle. A B		consisting of simple columnar epithelium, con-
9	8		Pyloric sphincter. M. sphincter pyloricus. Thick		nective tissue (lamina propria) and muscularis
			layer of circular muscle around the pylorus. A		mucosae.
			layer of circular muscle around the pylorus. A	28	Lamina muscularis mucosae. Layer of smooth
10	9		Oblique fibers. Fibrae obliquae. Inner layer of	28	Lamina muscularis mucosae. Layer of smooth
10	9		Oblique fibers. Fibrae obliquae. Inner layer of		muscle between the lamina propria and submu-
			obliquely coursing fibers of the tunica muscu-		muscle between the lamina propria and submu-
			obliquely coursing fibers of the tunica muscu-		cosa. Its action produces folds in the mucosa. F
11			laris. A B		cosa. Its action produces folds in the mucosa. F
			laris. A B	29	Circular folds [Valves of			Kerckring]. Plicae
	10		Tela submucosa. Displaceable layer between	29	Circular folds [Valves of			Kerckring]. Plicae
	10		Tela submucosa. Displaceable layer between		circulares. Permanent folds of mucosa and sub-
			the muscularis mucosae and the muscularis; it		circulares. Permanent folds of mucosa and sub-
12			the muscularis mucosae and the muscularis; it		mucosa spanning nearly 2/3 of the intestinal
			is composed primarily of collagenous connec-		mucosa spanning nearly 2/3 of the intestinal
			is composed primarily of collagenous connec-		lumen and projecting up to 8 mm high, perpen-
			tive tissue bearing vessels and nerves. B		lumen and projecting up to 8 mm high, perpen-
			tive tissue bearing vessels and nerves. B		dicular to the intestinal axis. E F
13	11		Tunica mucosa. Gastric mucous membrane		dicular to the intestinal axis. E F
13	11		Tunica mucosa. Gastric mucous membrane	30	Intestinal villi. Villi intestinales. Fingerlike pro-
			consisting of simple columnar epithelium, con-		jections about 0.5−1.5		mm in length. F
			consisting of simple columnar epithelium, con-
14			nective tissue (lamina propria) and muscularis
			nective tissue (lamina propria) and muscularis	31	Intestinal glands. Gll. intestinales. Cryptlike
			mucosae. B	31	Intestinal glands. Gll. intestinales. Cryptlike
	12		Gastric folds. Plicae gastricae. Mucosal folds		glands. F
					glands. F
15				32	Solitary lymphatic follicles. Folliculi lym-
15			extending primarily in a longitudinal direction.	32	Solitary lymphatic follicles. Folliculi lym-
			See p. 121 D		phatici solitarii. Solitary lymphatic nodules in
			See p. 121 D		the lamina propria (p. 405.42) F
16	13		Lamina muscularis mucosae. Layer of smooth		the lamina propria (p. 405.42) F
16	13		Lamina muscularis mucosae. Layer of smooth	33	Aggregated	lymphatic		follicles [[Peyer’s
			muscle between the lamina propria and the	33	Aggregated	lymphatic		follicles [[Peyer’s
			muscle between the lamina propria and the		patches]]. Folliculi lymphatici aggregati. Aggre-
			submucosa. Its contraction produces folds in the		patches]]. Folliculi lymphatici aggregati. Aggre-
17			submucosa. Its contraction produces folds in the		gation of several lymphatic nodules in the
17			mucosa. B		gation of several lymphatic nodules in the
	14		Gastric (mamillated) areas. Areae gastricae.		ileum.
					ileum.

18Mamillated areas on the mucosal surface that are bounded by shallow grooves and have a

19diameter of 1−6 mm. B

15Villous folds. Plicae villosae. Epithelial ridges invisible to the naked eye between the openings

20	of glands. B C D

16 Gastric pits (foveolae). Foveolae gastricae.

21Openings of the gastric glands between the villous folds. B C D

2217 Gastric glands proper. Glandula gastrica propria. Tubular glands in the fundus and body of the stomach made up of 4 cell types. B C

2318 Pyloric glands. Glandula pylorica. Mucoid glands in the pyloric part of the stomach con-

24sisting of two cell types. D

19 Lymphatic nodules (follicles). [[Folliculi lym-

25phatici gastrici]]. Small aggregations of lymphatic tissue in the lamina propria. C D

Digestive system 123

									1
							14		2
	5				15				3
					15
				9	16

						11			4


				7
					17

	8								5
									5
					13		10
					13
		6							6
2		9					9		6


			7			5	7		7
							7
								4

	1						6		8
							6		8
								3
								3

A	Stomach musculature			B	Stomach wall, overview
16		15	19		16	19


						15


					Mucosa of pylorus
17				D	Mucosa of pylorus
17					18

CTunica mucosa, fundus ventriculi

										29
										29
						31

						32
		29	28				26
		29

					25
					25
				24
					22
29			21
	Intestinal canal								Intestinal wall, histological section
E	Intestinal canal							F	Intestinal wall, histological section

	124				Digestive system
					DUODENUM. Initial segment of the small in-	19	Ileocecal valve. Valva ileocaecalis (Valva ilealis).
1		1			DUODENUM. Initial segment of the small in-	19	Ileocecal valve. Valva ileocaecalis (Valva ilealis).
1					testine, about 25−30 mm long, between the py-		Two-lipped valve at the entrance of the ileum
2					lorus and the duodenojejunal flexure. A		into the large intestine. D
2		2			Superior part. Pars superior. Horizontal begin-	19 a	Papilla ilealis. B
					ning part of the duodenum. A	20	Opening of ileocecal valve. Ostium valvae
3		3			Ampulla [[bulbus duodeni]]. Functional dilata-		ilealis. Transverse, slitlike aperture of ileum at
3		3			Ampulla [[bulbus duodeni]]. Functional dilata-		entrance into the large intestine in the cadaver.
					tion at the beginning of the duodenum. It is		entrance into the large intestine in the cadaver.
4					briefly visible in radiograms. A		D
4		4			Descending part. Pars descendens. Lateral, ver-	21	Frenulum valvae ilealis. Fold formed by the
					tical segment. A		union of the lips of the ileocecal valve. B D

5
5	5				Horizontal (inferior) part. Pars horizontalis	21 a Ostium papillae ilealis. B
					(inferior). Horizontal segment below the head	22	Vermiform appendix. Appendix vermiformis.
6					of the pancreas. A		Appendage of the cecum, usually 9 cm long,
6	6			Ascending part. Pars ascendens. Segment of			with abundant lymphatic tissue. B C D
							with abundant lymphatic tissue. B C D
						23	Ostium appendicis vermiformis. Opening of
7					duodenum lying to the left of the head of the	23	Ostium appendicis vermiformis. Opening of
7					pancreas and ascending up to the duodenoje-		vermiform appendix into the cecum. D
					junal flexure. A	24	Aggregated lymphatic nodules of ver-
8	7				Superior duodenal flexure. Flexura duodeni		miform appendix. Folliculi lymphatici aggre-
					superior. Flexure between the superior and		gati appendicis vermiformis. Lymphatic tissue
					superior. Flexure between the superior and		gati appendicis vermiformis. Lymphatic tissue
9					horizontal parts of the duodenum medial to the		within the wall of the appendix.
9					gallbladder. A	25	COLON. Portion of large intestine extending
					gallbladder. A	25	COLON. Portion of large intestine extending
			8 Inferior duodenal flexure. Flexura duodeni in-				from the ileocecal valve to the rectum.
10							from the ileocecal valve to the rectum.
						26	Ascending colon. Colon ascendens. Segment of
					ferior. Flexure between the descending and	26	Ascending colon. Colon ascendens. Segment of
					horizontal parts of the duodenum. A		large intestine ascending retroperitoneally on
11	9				Duodenojejunal flexure. Flexura duodenoje-		the right side. C
11	9				Duodenojejunal flexure. Flexura duodenoje-	27	Right colic flexure. Flexura coli dextra. Flexure
					junalis. Flexure between the duodenum and je-
					junalis. Flexure between the duodenum and je-
					junum. A		between the ascending and transverse colon. C
12					junum. A		between the ascending and transverse colon. C
12	10				Suspensory muscle of duodenum. M. suspen-	28 Transverse colon. Colon transversum. Trans-
						28 Transverse colon. Colon transversum. Trans-
							verse segment of large intestine situated in-
					sorius duodeni. Bundle of smooth muscle which
13
							traperitoneally between the right and left colic
					attaches the duodenojejunal flexure to the dia-		traperitoneally between the right and left colic
					phragm or to the celiac trunk. A		flexures. C
					phragm or to the celiac trunk. A		flexures. C
14	11				Longitudinal folds of duodenum. Plicae longi-	29 Left colic flexure. Flexura coli sinistra. Flexure
14	11				Longitudinal folds of duodenum. Plicae longi-		between the transverse and descending colon
					tudinales duodeni. Longitudinal mucosal folds		between the transverse and descending colon
					tudinales duodeni. Longitudinal mucosal folds		below the left subphrenic space. In its vicinity
15					on the left side of the posterior wall of the de-		below the left subphrenic space. In its vicinity
					on the left side of the posterior wall of the de-		lies Cannon-Böhm’s ring, the boundary be-
					scending part of the duodenum produced by the		lies Cannon-Böhm’s ring, the boundary be-
					pancreatic and bile ducts. A		tween the cranial (vagus nerve) and sacral para-
							tween the cranial (vagus nerve) and sacral para-
16							sympathetics. C
	12				Greater duodenal papilla. Papilla duodeni		sympathetics. C
	12				Greater duodenal papilla. Papilla duodeni	30 Descending colon. Colon descendens. Segment
					major. Elevation at the end of the longitudinal	30 Descending colon. Colon descendens. Segment
					major. Elevation at the end of the longitudinal		of large intestine extending retroperitoneally on
17					fold at the openings of the common bile duct		of large intestine extending retroperitoneally on
					fold at the openings of the common bile duct		the left side between the left colic flexure and
					and pancreatic duct. A		the left side between the left colic flexure and
					and pancreatic duct. A		sigmoid colon. C
	13				Lesser duodenal papilla. Papilla duodeni		sigmoid colon. C
18	13				Lesser duodenal papilla. Papilla duodeni	31	Sigmoid colon. Colon sigmoideum. Portion of
18					minor. Elevation located superior to the greater	31	Sigmoid colon. Colon sigmoideum. Portion of
					duodenal papilla, usually at the opening of the		colon lying intraperitoneally between the de-
					duodenal papilla, usually at the opening of the		scending colon and the rectum. C
19					accessory pancreatic duct. A		scending colon and the rectum. C
					accessory pancreatic duct. A	32	Semilunar folds of colon. Plicae semilunares
	14				Duodenal glands [[Brunner’s glands]]. Glan-	32	Semilunar folds of colon. Plicae semilunares
	14				Duodenal glands [[Brunner’s glands]]. Glan-		coli. Crescentic contraction folds between two
20					dulae duodenales. Mucous glands located pre-		haustra comprising all layers of the intestinal
20					dominantly in the submucosa of the duodenum.		haustra comprising all layers of the intestinal
					dominantly in the submucosa of the duodenum.		wall. C D
	15			JEJUNUM. Middle segment of the small in-			wall. C D
						33	Haustra (sacculationes) coli. Outpocketings
21
					testine. It extends about 2.5 meters from the
					testine. It extends about 2.5 meters from the		between two semilunar folds. C D
					duodenojejunal flexure. A C		between two semilunar folds. C D
					duodenojejunal flexure. A C	34	Appendices epiploicae (omentales). Serosa-
22	16				ILEUM. Terminal segment of small intestine,	34	Appendices epiploicae (omentales). Serosa-
22	16				ILEUM. Terminal segment of small intestine,		covered appendages containing adipose tissue,
					about 3.5 mm long. C		located on the free and omental tenia. C
					about 3.5 mm long. C		located on the free and omental tenia. C

2317 LARGE INTESTINE. Intestinum crassum. About 1.5−1.8 m long; it extends from the cecum to the anus and consists of tenia, haustra and ap-

24pendices epiploicae.

18 CECUM. Caecum. Initial portion of the large in-

25testine, ca. 7 cm long, located below the opening of the ileum. C D

						Digestive system 125
	246.21	216.28
	246.21	216.28							1
									1
						21a 19a			2
									2
	248.1								3



	7								4
	3								4
	2		10					21


									5
				9					5
				9	128.1

	13								6


4	11	6

									7

	12
	12
					15
					15				8
	5								8


	8						22		9
							22

APortal vein, inferior vena cava, aorta and duodenum

CSmall and large intestines, anterior view

B Cecum in the living body

30	32
		33	19


	32		21
	34
			18

D Cecum in the cadaver

2319

	126			Digestive system
				Tunica muscularis. Bilayered muscle wall of			21	M. rectococcygeus. Thin plate of smooth
1		1		Tunica muscularis. Bilayered muscle wall of			21	M. rectococcygeus. Thin plate of smooth
1				colon. B				muscle extending from the 2nd to 3rd coccygeal
2		2		Longitudinal layer.	Stratum	longitudinale.		vertebrae to the rectum. C
		2		Longitudinal layer.	Stratum	longitudinale.	22	M. rectourethralis. Smooth muscle fibers ex-
				Distinct outer layer of longitudinally oriented			22	M. rectourethralis. Smooth muscle fibers ex-
				muscle of variable thickness. B				tending from the membranous part of the
3		3		Taeniae coli. About	1 cm wide, thickened			urethra to the rectum. C
3		3		Taeniae coli. About	1 cm wide, thickened		23	Transverse rectal folds. Plicae transversae
				bands of longitudinal muscle fibers. B			23	Transverse rectal folds. Plicae transversae
4		4		Taenia mesocolica. Tenia located at the attach-				recti. Usually three lateral transverse folds. The
		4		Taenia mesocolica. Tenia located at the attach-				middle is the largest (Kohlrausch) and projects
				ment of the mesocolon in the posteromedial				middle is the largest (Kohlrausch) and projects
				ment of the mesocolon in the posteromedial				about 6 mm above the anus from the right side,
				part of the ascending and descending colon. A

5								the others from the left. C
	5			Taenia omentalis. Tenia of transverse colon lo-				the others from the left. C
	5			Taenia omentalis. Tenia of transverse colon lo-			24	ANAL CANAL. Canalis analis. Terminal segment
				cated at the attachment of the greater omentum			24	ANAL CANAL. Canalis analis. Terminal segment
				cated at the attachment of the greater omentum				of the digestive tube beginning with the anal
6				in the posteromedial part of the ascending and				of the digestive tube beginning with the anal
				in the posteromedial part of the ascending and				columns. D
				descending colon. A				columns. D
	6			Taenia libera. Free tenia located between the			25	Anal columns. Columnae anales. Six to ten
7							25	Anal columns. Columnae anales. Six to ten
								longitudinal folds provided with abundant
				tenia mesocolica and tenia omentalis. A				longitudinal folds provided with abundant
				tenia mesocolica and tenia omentalis. A				venous plexuses. D
	7			Circular layer. Stratum circulare. Inner layer of				venous plexuses. D
8	7			Circular layer. Stratum circulare. Inner layer of			26	Anal sinuses. Sinus anales. Recesses between
8				circularly coursing muscle fibers of the colon. B			26	Anal sinuses. Sinus anales. Recesses between
			8 Tela submucosa. Displaceable layer between					the anal columns. D
9			8 Tela submucosa. Displaceable layer between				27	Anal valves. Valvulae anales. Small transverse
				the muscularis mucosa and the muscularis, con-			27	Anal valves. Valvulae anales. Small transverse
				the muscularis mucosa and the muscularis, con-				folds bordering the anal sinuses distally. D
				sisting mainly of collagenous connective tissue				folds bordering the anal sinuses distally. D
				sisting mainly of collagenous connective tissue			28	Anorectal line. Linea anorectalis. Upper border
10				containing nerves and blood vessels. B			28	Anorectal line. Linea anorectalis. Upper border
10	9			Tunica mucosa. Villus-free mucous coat of the				of anal canal formed by the puborectal muscle at
				colon comprised of	simple, goblet-cell rich,			the level of the levator sling just above the anal
11				colon comprised of	simple, goblet-cell rich,			columns. D
				columnar epithelium, connective tissue and				columns. D
				columnar epithelium, connective tissue and			29	Anal pecten. [[Pecten analis]]. A lighter stripe
				lamina muscularis mucosae. B
				lamina muscularis mucosae. B
12	10			Lamina muscularis mucosae. Layer of smooth				between the anal valves and the anocutaneous
12	10			Lamina muscularis mucosae. Layer of smooth				line. It is firmly connected with the underlying
				muscle cells between the lamina propria and				tissues by fibrous longitudinal muscles. D
				muscle cells between the lamina propria and
13				submucosa. Its contraction produces a wrin-
				submucosa. Its contraction produces a wrin-			30	Anocutaneous line. [[Linea anocutanea]]. Lower
				kling of the mucosa. B			30	Anocutaneous line. [[Linea anocutanea]]. Lower
	11			Intestinal glands.	Glandulae	intestinales.		border of anal pecten at the level of the lower
14	11			Intestinal glands.	Glandulae	intestinales.		margin of the internal anal sphincter. D
				Tubular glands of the colonic mucosa. B				margin of the internal anal sphincter. D
				Tubular glands of the colonic mucosa. B			31 External anal sphincter. M. sphincter ani exter-
	12			Solitary lymphatic nodules. Nodi lymphatici

								nus. Circular layer of skeletal muscle lying on the
15				solitarii. Individual lymphatic nodules dis-				nus. Circular layer of skeletal muscle lying on the
15				solitarii. Individual lymphatic nodules dis-				internal anal sphincter. C D See p. 174.14−17
				persed throughout the lamina propria. B			32 Anus. Lower opening of anal canal surrounded
				persed throughout the lamina propria. B
16	13			RECTUM. Tenia-free segment, about 15 cm
16	13			RECTUM. Tenia-free segment, about 15 cm				by the subcutaneous and superficial parts of the
				long, located between the sigmoid colon and the				external anal sphincter. C D
				anus. C				external anal sphincter. C D
				anus. C

1714 Sacral flexure. Flexura sacralis. Anteriorly concave bend in the rectum that conforms with the

18sacrum. C

	15	Perineal flexure. Flexura perinealis. Anteriorly
19		convex bend in the rectum located just above
19		the anus. C
		the anus. C
	16	Ampulla recti. Dilated portion of the rectum
20	16	Ampulla recti. Dilated portion of the rectum
20		above the anal canal. C

17 Tunica muscularis. Muscular wall of rectum. C

2118 Longitudinal layer. Stratum longitudinale. Layer of longitudinally oriented muscle fibers

22distributed uniformly throughout the entire circumference of the rectum. C

2319 Circular layer. Stratum circulare. Inner layer of circularly oriented muscle fibers of the tunica muscularis; no semilunar folds form in this part

24of the rectum. C

20 Internal anal sphincter. M. sphincter ani inter-

25nus. Thickened muscular ring of the circular layer at the anus, ca. 1−2 cm in height. C

Digestive system 127

178.5

6178.14

			10
A	Right colic flexure		10
A	Right colic flexure


			1



							3
						Wall of colon, histological section
					B	Wall of colon, histological section
	18
			19
	14		174.9				28
	14
	23
							25 26


	19	16		21
		16


			31

17							27 29		24
15				31
15
22							30



		32	20					32



	Rectum						Anus, frontal section
C	Rectum				D		Anus, frontal section

212

	128			Digestive system
				PANCREAS. Organ 13−15 cm in length that lies		19	Accessory pancreatic duct. Ductus pancreati-
1		1		PANCREAS. Organ 13−15 cm in length that lies		19	Accessory pancreatic duct. Ductus pancreati-
1				partly in the duodenal loop, partly behind the			cus accessorius. Additional excretory duct usu-
				omental bursa at the level of L1−2. A B			ally found draining into the minor duodenal
2		2		Head of pancreas. Caput pancreatis. It is nestled			papilla (p. 124.13) above the major duodenal
				within the loop of the duodenum. A			papilla. B
3		3		Uncinate process. Processus uncinatus. Hook-		20 Accessory pancreas. (Pancreas accessorium).
3		3		Uncinate process. Processus uncinatus. Hook-			Pancreatic tissue dispersed within the wall of
				shaped process passing behind the superior			Pancreatic tissue dispersed within the wall of
				shaped process passing behind the superior			the stomach or duodenum.
4				mesenteric vessels. A B			the stomach or duodenum.
				mesenteric vessels. A B		21 Endocrine pancreas. Pars endocrina pancreatis.
		4		Pancreatic notch. Incisura pancreatis. Groove

							Part of the pancreas consisting of about 1 million
				between the uncinate process and the remain-			Part of the pancreas consisting of about 1 million
5				between the uncinate process and the remain-			Langerhans‘ islets, which produce glucagon and
5				ing part of the head of the pancreas. A B			Langerhans‘ islets, which produce glucagon and
				ing part of the head of the pancreas. A B			insulin.
			5 Body of pancreas. Corpus pancreatis. Part of the				insulin.
						22 LIVER. Hepar. It is divided into segments on the
6
				pancreas lying mainly in front of the vertebral
				pancreas lying mainly in front of the vertebral			basis of the branchings of its blood vessels and
				column. It arises from the dorsal anlage of the			biliary ducts. The individual segments are not
7				pancreas. A B			biliary ducts. The individual segments are not
7				pancreas. A B			represented uniformly in the literature. The In-
	6			Anterior surface. Facies anterior. Anterosupe-			ternational Nomenclature Committee has
	6			Anterior surface. Facies anterior. Anterosupe-			ternational Nomenclature Committee has
8				riorly directed anterior (front) surface of the			adopted Hjortsjö’s classification. C
8				pancreas. A		23 Diaphragmatic surface. Facies diaphragmatica.
				pancreas. A

9	7			Posterior surface. Facies posterior. Posteriorly			Surface of liver facing the diaphragm. C
9				directed dorsal (back) surface of the pancreas. B		24	Superior part. Pars superior. The cranially
				directed dorsal (back) surface of the pancreas. B

10	8			Inferior	surface. Facies inferior. Anteroinferi-		directed superior portion of the diaphragmatic
10				orly directed inferior surface of the pancreas. It			liver surface. C
				orly directed inferior surface of the pancreas. It			liver surface. C
				is bounded above by the root of the transverse		25	Cardiac impression. Impressio cardiaca. Flat im-
11				is bounded above by the root of the transverse
				mesocolon. A
				mesocolon. A			pression made by the heart on the left side of the
	9			Superior	margin. Margo superior. Superior		liver in front of the inferior vena cava. C
12				margin of the pancreas located between the		26	Anterior part. Pars anterior. The anteriorly
				anterior and posterior surfaces. A B			directed portion of the diaphragmatic liver sur-
				anterior and posterior surfaces. A B			directed portion of the diaphragmatic liver sur-
13	10			Anterior	margin. Margo anterior. Anterior		face. C
13	10			Anterior	margin. Margo anterior. Anterior
				margin of the pancreas, which corresponds to		27	Right part. Pars dextra. Portion of the diaphrag-
				margin of the pancreas, which corresponds to		27	Right part. Pars dextra. Portion of the diaphrag-
14				the line of attachment of the transverse meso-			matic surface directed toward the right side of
14				colon (p. 178.5). It also forms the lower boun-			the body. C
				dary of	the omental bursa at the posterior	28	Posterior part. Pars posterior. The posteriorly
15				abdominal wall. A		28	Posterior part. Pars posterior. The posteriorly
				abdominal wall. A			directed portion of the diaphragmatic surface. C
	11			Inferior margin. Margo inferioris. Inferior mar-			directed portion of the diaphragmatic surface. C
	11			Inferior margin. Margo inferioris. Inferior mar-		29	Bare area. Area nuda. [[Pars affixa]]. Bare por-
16				gin of the pancreas situated between the lower		29	Bare area. Area nuda. [[Pars affixa]]. Bare por-
				gin of the pancreas situated between the lower			tion of the diaphragmatic surface not covered by
				anterior and posterior surfaces. A			tion of the diaphragmatic surface not covered by
	12			Tuber omentale. Prominence on the body of			peritoneum. C
17	12			Tuber omentale. Prominence on the body of		30	Groove for vena cava. Sulcus venae cavae. Deep
17				pancreas	near the head. It projects into the	30	Groove for vena cava. Sulcus venae cavae. Deep
				pancreas	near the head. It projects into the		groove for reception of the inferior vena cava. C
				omental bursa and is caused by the vertebral			groove for reception of the inferior vena cava. C
18				column. A B		31	Fissure for lig. venosum. Fissura ligamenti venosi.
	13			Tail of pancreas. Cauda pancreatis. Upper left			Groove for the venous ligament extending from
	13			Tail of pancreas. Cauda pancreatis. Upper left			Groove for the venous ligament extending from
19				tail of the pancreas that lies in contact with the			the liver hilum to the inferior vena cava between
19				tail of the pancreas that lies in contact with the			the caudate lobe and left lobe. C
				spleen. A B			the caudate lobe and left lobe. C
				spleen. A B

2014 Capsule of pancreas. Capsula pancreatis.

15 Exocrine pancreas. Pars exocrina pancreatis.

21The bulk of the pancreas where pancreatic juice is produced.

22	16	Pancreatic lobule. Lobulus pancreaticus. The
		macroscopically visible lobule of the pancreas. A
	17	Pancreatic duct. Ductus pancreaticus. Main ex-
23	17	Pancreatic duct. Ductus pancreaticus. Main ex-
		cretory duct of the pancreas opening on the
		greater duodenal papilla together with the bile
24		duct. B

18 Sphincter muscle of pancreatic duct. M.

25sphincter ductus pancreatici. Circular muscle before the duct opening. See p. 135 A

					Digestive system	129

	5						1
	12	9	16				2
	12
	6			13			3
				13			3
4							4
2
2
3							5
	11	8	10				5
	11	8	10

248.20220.1

									7

									8
A	Duodenum and pancreas, anterior view								8
A	Duodenum and pancreas, anterior view
	7		9	12	17	19
	7		9		17	19			9



									10
13

					4			124.13	11



			5	17				124.12	12
	Pancreas dissected,				3

B
B
	duodenum fenestrated,								13
	from behind
	from behind
									14


23									15
23
178.22						26
178.22						26			16


25									17
25

29							24		18

									19


									20
		28				29	27

									21
									21
				30
				30					22
									22

178.2431

130.26		246.24		23
130.26		246.24
	Liver, superior view
C	Liver, superior view		178.23	24
				24


				25

	130		Digestive system
			Visceral surface. Facies visceralis. Posteroinfe-	19	Anterior segment of liver. Segmentum an-
1		1	Visceral surface. Facies visceralis. Posteroinfe-	19	Anterior segment of liver. Segmentum an-
1			rior, partially concave surface of liver facing the		terius. C D
2			viscera.	20	Posterior segment of liver. Segmentum post-
			Fossa of gallbladder. Fossa vesicae biliaris.	20	Posterior segment of liver. Segmentum post-
		2	Fossa of gallbladder. Fossa vesicae biliaris.		erius. C D
			Fossa on the visceral surface of the liver that	21 Left lobe of liver. Lobus hepatis sinister. Its right
			lodges the gallbladder. A	21 Left lobe of liver. Lobus hepatis sinister. Its right
3			lodges the gallbladder. A		border corresponds to a line connecting the in-
3		3	Fissure for round ligament. Fissura ligamenti		border corresponds to a line connecting the in-
		3	Fissure for round ligament. Fissura ligamenti		ferior vena cava and fundus of gallbladder. A B C
4			teretis. Fissure on the visceral surface of the liver	22	Medial segment. Segmentum mediale. C D
			that lodges the ligamentum teres hepatis. A	22	Medial segment. Segmentum mediale. C D
			that lodges the ligamentum teres hepatis. A	23	Quadrate part. Pars quadrata. Part belonging
		4	Round ligament of liver. Lig. teres hepatis. The	23	Quadrate part. Pars quadrata. Part belonging
					to the quadrate lobe. D
5
			connective tissue remains of the umbilical vein.
			connective tissue remains of the umbilical vein.	24	Lateral segment. Segmentum laterale. C D
			B	24	Lateral segment. Segmentum laterale. C D
			B	25 Quadrate lobe. Lobus quadratus. Liver lobe sit-
6	5		Ligamentum venosum. [[Arantii]]. Venous liga-	25 Quadrate lobe. Lobus quadratus. Liver lobe sit-
	5		Ligamentum venosum. [[Arantii]]. Venous liga-		uated between the gallbladder, round ligament
			ment of liver, the fibrous remains of the ductus		uated between the gallbladder, round ligament
			venosus. B		and hilum. A B
7					and hilum. A B
				26	Caudate lobe. Lobus caudatus. Liver lobe sit-
	6		Hilum of liver. Porta hepatis. Fissure between	26	Caudate lobe. Lobus caudatus. Liver lobe sit-
	6		Hilum of liver. Porta hepatis. Fissure between		uated between the inferior vena cava, hilum and
			the caudate and quadrate lobes in which run the		uated between the inferior vena cava, hilum and
8			hepatic artery proper, portal vein and hepatic		ligamentum venosum. A B
8			hepatic artery proper, portal vein and hepatic	27	Papillary process. Processus papillaris. Portion
			duct. A B	27	Papillary process. Processus papillaris. Portion
	7		Tuber omentale. Bulge on the visceral surface		of caudate lobe projecting caudally. A B
9					of caudate lobe projecting caudally. A B
				28	Caudate	process. Processus caudatus.
			of the left lobe to the left of the ligamentum ve-
			of the left lobe to the left of the ligamentum ve-
			nosum. A B		Parenchymal connection between the caudate
10			nosum. A B		Parenchymal connection between the caudate
10	8		Esophageal impression. Impressio oe-		and right lobes cranial to the hilum. A B
			sophagea. Groove on the left lobe where the	29	Tunica serosa. Peritoneal covering containing
11			liver is indented by the esophagus. A		simple squamous epithelium.
	9		Gastric impression. Impressio gastrica. Im-	30	Tela subserosa. Connective tissue layer beneath
	9		Gastric impression. Impressio gastrica. Im-	30	Tela subserosa. Connective tissue layer beneath
12			pression caused by contact of the stomach with		the serosa.
12			the visceral surface of the left lobe of the liver. A	31	Tunica fibrosa. Immobile connective tissue
			the visceral surface of the left lobe of the liver. A	31	Tunica fibrosa. Immobile connective tissue
	10		Duodenal impression. Impressio duodenalis.		capsule of liver; thick, especially in the bare area
13	10		Duodenal impression. Impressio duodenalis.		capsule of liver; thick, especially in the bare area
13			Impression caused by contact of the duodenum		not covered by peritoneum.
			with the right side of the visceral surface of the	32 Ligament of vena cava. [[Lig. venae cavae]].
			liver next to the neck of the gallbladder. A B	32 Ligament of vena cava. [[Lig. venae cavae]].
14			liver next to the neck of the gallbladder. A B		Connective tissue bridging over the inferior
14					Connective tissue bridging over the inferior
	11		Colic impression. Impressio colica. Impression		vena cava.
	11		Colic impression. Impressio colica. Impression		vena cava.
			caused by contact of the colon with the visceral

15surface of the right lobe of liver to the right of the gallbladder. A

1612 Renal impression. Impressio renalis. Impression caused by contact of the right kidney with the visceral surface of the right lobe. It overlaps

17the bare area. A

18	13	Suprarenal	impression. Impressio	su-
		prarenalis. Impression caused by contact of the
		right suprarenal gland with the bare area on the
19		right side near the inferior vena cava. A
	14	[Appendix fibrosa hepatis]. Connective		tissue

	20	band occasionally present at the upper end of
	20	the left lobe of the liver. A
		the left lobe of the liver. A

15 Inferior margin. Margo inferior. Border be-

21tween the diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces of the liver. A

2216 Incisura lig. teretis. Notch for round ligament at the lower border of the liver. A B

2317 Lobes of liver. Lobi hepatis. The four macroscopically visible lobes of the liver, which are described below.

2418 Right lobe of liver. Lobus hepatis dexter. Its border to the left lobe corresponds to the line

25connecting the inferior vena cava and fundus of the gallbladder. A B C

Digestive system 131

926

7							12
7
21
21			27				18
							18

			6
3						10
			25


15						2
						2
							11
A	Liver from behind and below						11
A	Liver from behind and below
	16						15
			15
246.21
						18	21


5							24
			20			19	22
							22
26
7
28
27
27
6
6
21					Liver segments,
21		18		C	Liver segments,
		18			anterior view
					anterior view

	4
	4	10
		10
		25

				24
									21
		16					22	20	21
		16						20
178.22			134.1				23		22
									22
	Hepatic porta


B							19		23
							19		23


									24
						Liver segments,
					D
					D				25
						posterior view			25

132		Digestive system
	1 Hepatic lobules. Lobuli hepatis. They measure
1	1 Hepatic lobules. Lobuli hepatis. They measure
1		1−2 mm in size. A

2Perivascular fibrous capsule. Capsula fibrosa

2perivascularis. Connective tissue sheath accompanying the liver vessels and biliary ducts until

their terminal branches. A

3 Interlobular arteries. Arteriae interlobulares. Branches of the hepatic artery proper between

4the liver lobules. A

4 Interlobular veins. Venae interlobulares.

5Branches of the portal veins between the liver lobules. A

	6	5 Central veins. Venae centrales. Efferent veins in
	6	the center of the liver lobule. A
		the center of the liver lobule. A

6 Interlobular ductules. Ductuli interlobulares.

7Biliary drainage channels between the liver lobules. A

87 Ductuli biliferi. Biliary drainage channels which connect the interlobular ductules with the right and left hepatic ducts.

98 Common hepatic duct. Ductus hepaticus communis. Duct between the cystic duct and the

10 junction of right and left hepatic ducts. B

	9 Right hepatic duct. Ductus hepaticus dexter.
11	Duct arising from the right lobe of liver. B
11

10 Anterior branch. Ramus anterior. Anterior branch of the right hepatic duct. B

1211 Posterior branch. Ramus posterior. Posterior branch of the right hepatic duct. B

1312 Left hepatic duct. Ductus hepaticus sinister. Duct arising from the left lobe of the liver. B

1413 Lateral branch. Ramus lateralis. Lateral branch of the left hepatic duct. B

1514 Medial branch. Ramus medialis. Medial branch of the left hepatic duct. B

15 Right duct of caudate lobe. Ductus lobi caudati

16dexter. Branch coming from the right half of the caudate lobe and usually leading into right he-

17patic duct. B

16Left duct of caudate lobe. Ductus lobi caudati sinister. Branch arising from the left half of the

18caudate lobe and emptying usually into the left hepatic duct. B

Digestive system 133

5 4 3 6

A Two liver lobules

15 16

10	9	12
		8

BBranches of the hepatic duct, anterior view

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