54 Sutures, joints and ligaments

1

ARTICULAR SYSTEM

18

Frontozygomatic

suture. Sutura frontozygo-

1 SUTURES OF THE

SKULL. Suturae cranii

matica. Suture at the lateral margin of the orbit

(craniales).

between the frontal and zygomatic bones. A B C

2

2

Coronal suture. Sutura coronalis. It lies be-

19

Zygomaticomaxillary suture. Sutura zygomat-

tween the frontal bone and the two parietal

icomaxillaris. Suture in the floor of the orbit con-

3

bones. A C D

necting the zygomatic bone and the maxilla. A B

3 Sagittal suture. Sutura sagittalis. The median

C

20

Ethmoidomaxillary suture. Sutura ethmoi-

4

suture situated between the right and left

parietal bones. C

domaxillaris. Suture in the medial wall of the

4 Lambdoidal suture. Sutura lamboidea. It is lo-

orbit connecting the orbital plate of the ethmoid

bone and the maxilla. B C

5

cated between the occipital bone and the two

21

Ethmoidolacrimal suture. Sutura eth-

parietal bones. A D

6

5 Occipitomastoid suture. Sutura occipitomas-

moidolacrimalis. Suture in the medial wall of the

orbit between the ethmoid and lacrimal bones. B

toidea. Continuation of the lambdoidal suture

that extends to the base of the skull. A D

22

Sphenovomerine suture. Sutura sphenovomer-

7

6

Sphenofrontal suture. Sutura sphenofrontalis.

iana. Suture at the nasal septum connecting the

Smooth suture that extends flatly upward and

sphenoid bone and the vomer.

8

backward lateral to the skull to join the greater

23

Sphenozygomatic suture. Sutura sphenozygo-

wing of the sphenoid bone and the frontal

matica. Suture in the lateral wall of the orbit con-

bone. In the skull, it joins the frontal bone and

necting the greater wing of the sphenoid and zy-

9

the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. A B D

gomatic bone. B C

7

Sphenoethmoidal suture. Sutura sphenoeth-

24

Sphenomaxillary suture. Sutura sphenomaxil-

10

moidalis. Short line in front of the jugum sphe-

laris. Inconstant suture connecting the ptery-

noidale that connects the body of the sphenoid

goid process and the maxillae lateral to the

11

and the ethmoid. D

palatine bone. A

8

Sphenosquamosal suture. Sutura sphenosqua-

25

Temporozygomatic suture. Sutura temporozy-

mosa. Line of junction between the squamous

gomatica. Suture connecting the zygomatic

12

portion of the temporal bone and the greater

process of the temporal bone and the zygomatic

wing of the sphenoid. A C D

bone on the lateral aspect of the zygomatic arch.

13

9

Sphenoparietal suture. Sutura spheno-

A

parietalis. Line of junction between the greater

26

Internasal suture. Sutura internasalis. Suture

wing of the sphenoid and the parietal bone. A C D

connecting the right and left nasal bones. C

14

10

Squamous suture. Sutura squamosa. Line of

27

Nasomaxillary suture. Sutura nasomaxillaris.

junction between the squamous temporal and

Suture connecting the nasal bone and the frontal

15

parietal bones. A C D

process of the maxilla. A C

11

Frontal (metopic) suture. [Sutura frontalis (su-

28

Lacrimomaxillary suture. Sutura lacrimomax-

tura metopical)]. Suture connecting the right

illaris. Suture connecting the anterior margin of

16

and left halves of the frontal bone. It generally

the lacrimal bone and the maxilla. A B C

fuses within 2 to 3 years after birth, but persists

29

Lacrimoconchal

suture.

Sutura

lacrimo-

in 7−8% of all Central Europeans. C

17

conchalis. Suture within the nasal cavity con-

12

Parietomastoid

suture. Sutura parietomas-

necting the lacrimal bone and the inferior nasal

toidea. Posterior suture connecting the parietal

concha.

18

bone and the mastoid process of the temporal

30

Intermaxillary suture. Sutura intermaxillaris.

bone. A

Medial line of junction between the right and left

13

Squamosomastoid suture. [Sutura squamo-

19

maxillary bones, located just below the anterior

somastoidea]. Line

of junction between the

nasal spine. C

squamous and mastoid portions of the temporal

31

Palatomaxillary

suture. Sutura palatomaxil-

20

bone that generally fuses early in life. A

laris. Line of junction between the palatine bone

14

Frontonasal suture. Sutura frontonasalis. Ante-

and the maxilla situated posteriorly in the orbit

rior line of junction between the frontal and

21

and on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. B

nasal bones. C

32

Palatoethmoidal

suture.

Sutura

palatoeth-

15

Frontoethmoidal

suture. Sutura frontoeth-

22

moidalis. Suture in the back of the orbit connect-

moidalis. Internal line of junction between the

ing the palatine and ethmoid bones. B

ethmoid and frontal bones. B D

33 Median palatine suture. Sutura palatina medi-

23

16

Frontomaxillary suture. Sutura frontomaxil-

ana. Suture within the oral cavity connecting

laris. Suture lateral to the nasal bone that con-

both halves of the palatine bone. E

nects the nasal portion of the frontal bone and

24

34

Transverse palatine suture. Sutura palatina

the frontal process of the maxilla. A B C

17

Frontolacrimal suture. Sutura frontolacrimalis.

transversa. Line of junction between the palatine

process of the maxilla and the palatine bone. E

25

Line of junction between the frontal and lacrimal

bones. A B C

1

1

CRANIAL SYNCHONDROSES.

Synchondroses

15

Intertransverse ligaments. Ligg. intertransver-

cranii (craniales). Cartilaginous joints between

saria. Narrow ligaments between transverse

skull bones. Most are temporary and become

processes of vertebrae. C

2

ossified.

16

Interspinal ligaments. Ligg. interspinalia. Broad

2

Spheno-occipital synchondrosis. Synchondro-

ligaments between adjacent spinous processes.

3

sis

spheno-occipitalis. Developmental

car-

B

tilaginous joint postero-inferior to the sella tur-

17

Supraspinal

ligaments. Ligg. supraspinalia.

cica between the sphenoid and occipital bones. A

Longitudinal ligaments connecting the tips of

4

3

Sphenopetrosal synchondrosis. Synchondrosis

the spinous processes. C

sphenopetrosa. Cartilaginous

union between

18

Ligamentum nuchae. Sagittal extension of the

5

the sphenoid and petrous bones in the lateral

continuation of the foramen lacerum, for trans-

supraspinalligamentsintheupperneckregion.B

19

Anterior longitudinal ligament. Lig. longitudi-

mission of the lesser petrosal nerve. A

6

4

Petro-occipital synchondrosis. Synchondrosis

nale anterius. Longitudinal ligament attached to

petro-occipitalis.

Anteromedial cartilaginous

the ventral surface of the vertebral bodies. B

7

continuation of the jugular foramen. A

20

Posterior longitudinal ligament. Lig. longitudi-

4 a Intraoccipital synchondroses. Synchondroses

nale posterius. Longitudinal ligament connect-

intraoccipitalis. Cartilaginous

joints between

ing the intervertebral discs. It is attached to the

8

developmental parts of the occipital bone.

dorsal surface of the vertebral bodies and thus

5

Posterior intraoccipital synchondrosis. [Syn-

lies on the anterior wall of the vertebral canal. It

9

chondrosis intra-occipitalis posterior]. Develop-

fuses with the tectorial membrane from the 3rd

cervical vertebrae upward. B

mental synchondrosis between the posterior

21

Sacrococcygeal joint. Articulatio sacrococcy-

and lateral ossific centers of the occipital bone. It

10

usually disappears within 1−2

years after birth.

gea. Connection between the sacrum and coc-

A

cyx; it is frequently a true joint, but often occurs

11

6

Anterior intraoccipital synchondrosis. [Syn-

as a synchondrosis. D

22

chondrosis intra-occipitalis anterior]. Develop-

Superficial

dorsal

sacrococcygeal ligament.

12

mental cartilaginous joint between the anterior

Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius (dorsale) superfi-

and lateral ossific centers of the occipital bone

ciale. D

beginning at the anterior circumference of the

23

Deep dorsal sacrococcygeal ligament. Lig.

13

foramen magnum. Disappears during the 6th

sacrococcygeum posterius (dorsale) profun-

year of life. A

dum. D

7

Sphenoethmoidal

synchondrosis. Synchon-

14

24

Ventral sacrococcygeal ligament. Lig. sacro-

drosis spheno-ethmoidalis. Cartilaginous pre-

coccygeum anterius (ventrale).

cursor of the spheno-ethmoidal suture. See

25

Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament. Lig. sacro-

15

page

54.7.

8

JOINTS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN. THORAX

coccygeum laterale. D

26

Atlanto-occipital

joint. Articulatio atlanto-

16

AND

SKULL. Articulationes columnae

verte-

bralis. Thoracis et cranii. The connections of the

occipitalis. Joint between the atlas and the occip-

vertebral column, thorax and skull.

ital bone. See page

59 A B

17

9

Intervertebral symphysis. Symphysis inter-

27

Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane. Mem-

vertebralis. Union between adjacent vertebral

brana atlanto-occipitalis anterior. Membranous

18

bodies.

connection between the arch of the atlas and the

10

Intervertebral disc. Discus intervertebralis. An

occipital bone. It lies in front of the apical liga-

elastic plate consisting of ring-shaped fibrous

ment of the dens. B

19

lamellae, fibrocartilage, and a central gelatinous

28

Anterior atlanto-occipital ligament. [Lig.

nucleus located on either side of a vertebral

atlanto-occipitale anterius]. Thickened portion

20

body, between the adjacent vertebrae. B C

of the atlanto-occipital membrane emanating

11

Anulus fibrosus. Annular fibrous connection

from the anterior tubercle.

21

between adjacent vertebral bodies consisting of

29

Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane. Mem-

obliquely oriented connective tissue fibers ar-

brana atlanto-occipitalis posterior. Connection

ranged in alternating directions. B

between the arch of the atlas and the occipital

22

12

Nucleus pulposus. Gelatinous, semifluid mass

bone situated in the posterior wall of the verte-

forming the central core of an intervertebral

bral canal. B

23

disc. B

30

Lateral atlanto-occipital membrane. Lig.

13

Ligamenta flava. Yellow ligaments. Elastic net-

atlanto-occipitale laterale. Oblique tract of fibers

24

works of roughly parallel fibers between the

extending from the transverse process of the

vertebral arches. B

atlas to the jugular process of the occipital bone.

1

1

Lateral atlanto-axial joint. Articulatio atlanto-

16

Superior costotransverse ligament. Lig. co-

axialislateralis.Jointbetweentheinferiorarticu-

stotransversarium superius. Ligament extend-

lar facet of the atlas and the superior articular

ing from a rib to the next higher transverse

2

facet of the axis. A B

process. E

2

Median atlanto-axial joint. Articulatio atlanto-

17

Lateral costotransverse ligament. Lig. costotr-

3

axialis mediana. Articulation between the atlas

ansversarium laterale. Ligament extending from

and the dens of the axis. C

the end of a transverse process to the corre-

3

Alar ligaments. Ligg. alaria. Paired ligaments ex-

sponding rib. D

4

tending from the dens of the axis to the lateral

18

Lumbocostal ligament. Lig. lumbocostale. Deep

margin of the foramen magnum. A B

layer of the thoracolumbar fascia. Fibrous con-

5

4

Apical ligament of the dens. Lig. apicis dentis.

nectionbetweenthecostalprocessofthelumbar

Unpaired ligament extending from the apex of

vertebrae,thetwelfthrib,andtheedgeofthepel-

the dens to the anterior margin of the foramen

vis.

6

magnum. A C

19 Costotransverse foramen. Foramen costotrans-

5

Cruciform ligament of atlas. Lig. cruciforme

versarium.Openingfortheintercostalnervesbe-

7

atlantis. Cruciate ligament consisting of the two

tween the superior costotransverse ligament

following ligamentous bands (6, 7) located be-

and the neck of the rib. E

tween the dens and the tectorial membrane. B

20

Sternocostal

joint. Articulationes

sterno-

8

6

Longitudinal

fasciculi

of

cruciform liga-

costales. Articulations between the costal car-

ment. Fasciculi

longitudinales.

Connective

tilage and sternum. F

9

tissue tracts from the body of the axis to the ante-

21

Intra-articular sternocostal ligament. Lig. ster-

riormarginoftheforamenmagnum.Theyaresit-

uatedbehindthedensanditsapicalligament.BC

nocostale intra-articulare. Ligament within the

10

7

Transverse

ligament of

atlas. Lig. transver-

articular cavity between the costal cartilage and

sternum, especially pronounced at the 2nd rib. F

sum atlantis. Part of the cruciform ligament of

11

22

Radiate sternocostal ligaments. Ligg. sterno-

the atlas passing behind the dens and extending

transversely from one side of the atlas to the

costaliaradiata.Fibertractslocatedinfrontofthe

other. It holds the dens in position. B C

sternocostal joint and radiating from the end of

12

8

Tectorial

membrane.

Membrana tectoria.

the costal cartilage to the sternum. F

Bilayered continuation of the posterior longi-

23

Sternal membrane. Membrana sterni. Mem-

13

tudinal ligament. It passes from the axis to the

branous covering of the anterior surface of the

anterior margin of the foramen magnum and is

sternum formed by the fibers of the radiate ster-

14

continuous with the dura-periosteal layer of the

nocostal ligaments. F

skull base. C

24 Costoxiphoid ligaments. Ligg. costoxiphoidea.

9

JOINTS OF THORAX. Articulationes thoracis. Ar-

15

Fiber tracts extending downward from the 7th

ticular connections of the skeleton of the thorax.

costal cartilage to the xiphoid process.

10

COSTOVERTEBRAL

JOINTS. Articulationes cos-

25 External intercostal membrane. Membrana in-

16

tovertebrales. Joints between the ribs and verte-

tercostalis externa. Continuation of the external

brae. D

intercostal muscles at the sternal end of the in-

11

Joints of rib heads. Articulatio capitis costae

17

tercostal space. F

(costalis). Articular unions

that

connect the

26

Internal intercostal membrane. Membrana in-

headsoftheribswiththevertebralbodiesandin-

18

tervertebral discs. D

tercostalis interna. Continuation of the internal

intercostal muscles near the vertebral end of the

12

Radiate ligament of head of rib. Lig. capitis

intercostal space. E

19

costae radiatum. Ligament radiating predomi-

26 a Sternocostal

synchondrosis of the

first rib.

nantlyfromtheanteriorsideoftheheadofaribto

the adjacent vertebral body and intervertebral

Synchondrosis sternocostalis costae primae.

20

disc. D E

27

Interchondral joints. Articulationes interchon-

13 Intra-articular

ligament

of head of rib. Lig.

drales. Articulations between the costal car-

21

capitis costae intra-articulare. Ligament extend-

tilages, usually between those of ribs 6−9. See

ing from the crest of the head of the rib to the in-

page 7 D

tervertebraldisc.Itliesbetweenthetwoarticular

28 Costochondral joints. Articulationes costoch-

22

facets of the head of the rib. E

ondrales. Unions between the bony and car-

14

Costotransverse joint. Articulatio costotrans-

tilaginous parts of ribs without an articular cav-

23

versaria. Joint between the articular surface of

ity.

the tubercle of the rib and the transverse process

of the corresponding vertebra. D

1

1

SYNOVIAL JOINTS OF THE SKULL. Articulationes

17

Acromioclavicular ligament. Lig. acromio-

synoviales cranii. Cf. pp. 56.26, 58.1, 58.2

claviculare. Strong fibrous band within and

abovethearticularcapsuleservingtoprotectand

2

Temporomandibular joint. Articulatio tem-

2

hold together the clavicle and acromion. D

poromandibularis. A B C

3

Articular disc. Discus articularis. Biconcave disc

18

Articular disc. Discus articularis. Fibrocar-

3

of fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage positioned

tilaginous interarticular disc. D

betweentheheadofthemandibleandthearticu19

Coracoclavicular ligament. Lig. coracoclavicu-

lar fossa. Since it is connected with the articular

lare. Two-part band connecting the coracoid

4

capsule on all sides, it divides the joint into two

process and the clavicle. D

compartments, both of which are functional

20

Trapezoid

ligament. Lig. trapezoideum. The

5

units of the discocapsular system. C

portion of the coracoclavicular ligament taking

4

Lateral (temporomandibular)

ligament. Lig.

an upward and lateral course from the coracoid

6

laterale. A strong fibrous band occasionally pre-

process to the clavicle. It lies between the conoid

sent on the lateral surface of the joint. It passes

and coraco-acromial ligaments. D

obliquely upward and forward from the neck of

21

Conoid ligament. Lig. conoideum. The portion

7

the mandible. A

of the coraco-clavicular ligament medial to the

5

Medial ligament.Lig.mediale.Reinforcementof

trapezoid ligament. It arises from the root of the

8

the medial wall of the capsule. B

coracoid process. D

6

Superior synovial membrane. Membrana syn-

22

Sternoclavicular joint. Articulatio sternoclavic-

9

ovialis superior. Synovial lining of the superior

ularis. Two-chambered joint between the ster-

articular cavity. C

num and clavicle. G

7

Inferior synovial membrane. Membrana syn-

23

Articular disc. Discus articularis. Interarticular

10

ovialis inferior. Synovial lining of the inferior ar-

disc anchored below to the first rib and above to

ticular cavity. C

the clavicle. G

11

8

Sphenomandibular ligament. Lig. spheno-

24

Anterior sternoclavicular ligament. Lig. ster-

mandibulare.Flatligamentontheinneraspectof

noclaviculare anterius. Band that reinforces the

12

the mandibular ramus extending from the man-

anterior wall of the joint capsule. G

dibular foramen to the spine of the sphenoid

25 Posterior sternoclavicular ligament. Lig. ster-

bone lateral to the foramen spinosum. B

13

noclaviculare posterius. Band that reinforces the

9

Stylomandibular ligament. Lig. stylomandibu-

posterior wall of the joint capsule.

lare. Ligament passing from the anterior surface

26 Costoclavicular ligament. Lig. costoclaviculare.

14

of the styloid

process to the

angle

of the

Ligamentous union between the first rib and the

mandible. A B

10

Pterygospinal ligament. Lig. pterygospinale.

clavicle lateral to the sternoclavicular joint. G

15

27

Interclavicular ligament. Lig. interclaviculare.

Broadconnectivetissuebandextendingfromthe

Ligament passing across the suprasternal notch

upper part of the lateral plate of the pterygoid

16

process to the spine of the sphenoid. B

and uniting both clavicles. G

28 JOINTS OF THE FREE UPPER LIMB. Articulationes

11

Stylohyoid ligament. Lig. stylohyoideum. Liga-

membri superioris liberi.

17

ment running between the styloid process and

the lesser horn of the hyoid bone. Vestige of the

29

Shoulder

(glenohumeral) joint. Articulatio

second pharyngeal arch. B

humeri (glenohumeralis). D E F

18

12

JOINTS OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE. Articula-

30

Glenoid lip. Labrum glenoidale. The fibrocar-

tiones cinguli pectoralis. D E F G

tilaginous margin of the bony glenoid cavity. E

19

13

Lig.

cora-

Coracoacromial

ligament.

31

Coracohumeral ligament. Lig. coracohumerale.

coacromiale. Strong band extending from the

Thickened portion of the capsule passing from

20

coracoid process to the acromion. It forms the

therootof thecoracoidprocessto theupper mar-

roof of the shoulder joint. D

gin of the greater and lesser tubercles. D E

14

Superior transverse scapular ligament. Lig.

32

Glenohumeral ligaments. Ligg. glenohumer-

21

transversum scapulae superius. Ligament lying

alia.Threethickenedbands(superior,middle,in-

medial to the coracoid process and bridging the

ferior) within the anterior wall of the capsule. D E

22

scapular notch. D