Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:
BRITISH STUDIES for students.doc
Скачиваний:
5
Добавлен:
01.04.2025
Размер:
1.81 Mб
Скачать

Theme “State System of the u.K.” Part 6 Political Parties in the u.K.

Party - a group of people organised for the purpose of directing the policies of a government. The party system has existed in GB since the 17th c.

17th c. - the Tories (aristocratic supporters of the Anglican Church and the king) and the Whigs (middle-class Protestants (Puritans) who supported Parliament);

19th c. - the Conservatives (descendents of the Tories) and the Liberals (descendents of the Whigs);

20th c. - the Conservative and the Labour Party.

Labour Party:

1. History:

The Labour Party was formed in 1900 with the aim to win working class representation in Parliament. Tony Blair was the first to lead his party to power in 1997 and to win 3 consecutive terms (1997, 2001, 2005). Blair managed to do so because he modernised the party, persuaded it to drop its historic commitment to state ownership and appealed not only to the working people but also to middle class.

James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951) is the current Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He took office on 27 June 2007, three days after becoming leader of the Labour Party. Prior to this he served as the Chancellor of the Exchequer in Tony Blair's Government from 1997 to 2007, becoming the United Kingdom's longest serving Chancellor. He also holds the positions of First Lord of the Treasury, the Minister for the Civil Service and has a PhD in history which he gained from the University of Edinburgh.

2. Characteristics:

  • left-of-the-centre party (democratic) with social democratic character, supports parliamentary democracy;

  • the leading party (356 seats in Parliament (2005) (324 seats - the lowest limit to be the leading party);

  • middle-class party; 2/3 are professionals; mostly male (61%) and white (96%) party.

  1. Goals:

  • to maintain the role of the state in such areas as health, education and provision for those in need;

  • to develop greater social equality (through indirect taxation - to distribute the income from the better-off to the less well-off);

  • goal of full employment;

  • principle of minimum wage;

  • to make the Government more open and accountable;

  • support devolution and establishment of parliaments in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland;

  • enthusiastic about Europe.

Conservative Party:

1. History:

The Conservative Party was established in 1867 with the aim to conserve and maintain established institutions and practices. During the 20th c. the party was in office for 67 years. The best-known Prime Ministers are: Margaret Thatcher (1979-1990) and John Major (1990-1997).

2. Characteristics:

  • right-of-the-centre/right-wing party, supports monarchy;

  • the opposition party (197 seats in Parliament (2005));

  • middle- and upper-class party; more that 50% are professionals; mostly female;

  • has a strong support of the press (“The Times”, “The Tide”, “The Daily Telegraph”, “The Daily Express”); prints its own newspaper – “The Newsletter”;

  • does not have an official permanent programme, but states only the main aspects of its policy in the pre-election manifestos (i.e. if the party wins the elections it will stand for whatever it feels to be electorally beneficial at the time).

  1. Goals:

  • privatization of nationalised industries;introducing market in the fields of health and education;

  • fighting inflation rather than unemployment;

  • promotion of entrepreneur ship;

  • Euro-sceptic, hostile to euro.

Social and Liberal Democrats:

1. History:

The Social and Liberal Democratic Party was founded in 1988 as a result of a merger between the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party (the latter split from the Labour Party).

2. Characteristics:

  • centre-party - plays upon the differences between the two major parties (62 seats in parliament (2005));

  • middle-class party, ¾ are professionals;

  • lacks support from national daily newspapers.

  1. Goals:

  • to support constitutional reforms (devolution, etc.);

  • for proportional representation instead of the majority system;

  • for elections in the House of Lords;

  • to promote environmental issues (collaborates with Green Peace);

  • very Euro-optimistic - for the single European currency (criticises the Labour Party for not being sufficiently pro-European).

Other Parties:

The rest of the parties in the U.K. are predominantly Nationalist parties. They were formed in 1920s and since 1970s has been a significant political force. They are:

    • Plaid Cymru (Welsh, "Party of Wales") - for self-government; for the separation of Wales from the U.K. in order to preserve the country's culture, language and economy; concerned with ecology;

    • The Scottish National Party – advocates the separation of Scotland from the U.K. in order to safeguard its culture and economic life; seeks full independence;

    • The Ulster Unionist Party - most supporters are Protestants who want Ulster (Northern Ireland) to remain part of the U.K.;

    • The Social Democratic and Labour Party of Northern Ireland - largely Catholic party that would like to see Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic reunited as one country by peaceful democratic means without terrorism and violence.

    • Sinn Fein (Irish, "We Ourselves") - party of the Irish Republican Movement; for the economic and political separation of all of Ireland from the U.K.; is connected with IRA (Irish Republican Army - a militant organization of the Irish Nationalist aiming to establish a united Irish Republic even by means of violence and terrorism).

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]