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BRITISH STUDIES for students.doc
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Theme “Commonwealth of Nations”

Plan:

  1. History of the Commonwealth.

  2. Present-day Commonwealth.

  3. Structure of the Commonwealth.

  4. Commonwealth Organisations.

1. History of the Commonwealth

Commonwealth - an association of countries created for political, economic, social or/and cultural purposes.

For centuries Britain had been one of the largest and most powerful empires in the world. It was at its greatest in the 1920s when it embraced 25% of the world's population and more than 25% of the world's territory, but after the First World War the British Empire began to collapse and the process of decolonization started. In many former British colonies it led to great political and economic instability. These countries needed help and support on their way to independence. Thus in 1949 the Commonwealth of Nations was formed with the purpose to ease the painful transition from colonies to independent states.

2. Present-day Commonwealth

Today the Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of 54 independent states. It comprises 21% of the world's territory and 30% (1.7 billion people) of the world's population. It is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the world's largest political alliance. The majority of the members are the former British colonies but some of the members have never been part of the Empire (e.g. Mozambique). 31 states are republics, the other members are monarchies.

The largest members - India (in terms of population), Canada (in terms or territory), Australia.

The smallest members - Nauru (8 000 people) and Tuvalu (11 000) (islands in the Caribbean Sea).

The Commonwealth Day is celebrated on the 2nd Monday in March. On this day the Queen issues a special message that is broadcast in many countries. The day usually has a theme (e.g. in 2002 -"Celebrating Diversity", in 2003 - "Partners in Development", etc.).

The Commonwealth of Nations is not associated with political power because it is not a federation, there is no central government that would dictate the policy to all the member states (the member states have right to accept or decline this or that programmes or proposal worked out by the Secretariat); the Commonwealth of Nations does not have a common defence force or a common judiciary system. The countries are bound together only by common interests in the fields of culture, education, business, etc.

  1. Structure of the Commonwealth

Queen Elizabeth the Second is Head of the Commonwealth but her role is symbolic. The organisation is actually governed with the help of the Secretariat that has its headquarters in London and is headed by the Secretary-General appointed by the heads of government in all the 54 countries (at the moment - Donald McKinnon, New Zealand).

The Secretariat is the main administrative organ that organises consultations and cooperation between the member states. The cooperation between the countries takes place through diplomatic representatives known as High Commissioners. The Secretariat also organises meetings of heads of government and other high officials of the member states, specialised conferences and discussions and disseminates information on matters of common concern. Heads of the states usually meet every 2 years.

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