alimov_v_v_artemeva_yu_v_obshestvennopoliticheskii_perevod_p / общественно политический перевод

Структура реферата:

1.БО — библиографическое описание («шапка», тема реферата): автор, название, источник, иллюстрации, страницы, место и год издания.

2.ГМ — главная мысль (очень кратко, 2-3 предложения).

3.СС — существо содержания (обработанный и сгруппированный ма­ териал, краткое изложение).

4.В — выводы (могут не выделяться в отдельную рубрику, идут в тексте).

5.РК — референтский комментарий (рекомендации референта по дан­ ному вопросу).

INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES

I.Переведите предложения на русский язык (рекомендуется для зри­ тельно-устного и устного перевода на слух):

1.Why do some people say that many American policy makers don't under­ stand globalization?

2.There are two different concepts of globalization.

3.One concept is based on the American experience, which is one of a de­ mocratic country under a rule of law that holds to market principles.

4.This view holds that the objective of economic policy is to improve consumer welfare and believes in the thinking of David Ricardo and Adam Smith about comparative advantage and free trade maximizing consumer wealth.

5.Does everybody embrace that view?

6.No, there's a second concept, which is a strategic-trade, exported, grouth kind of globalization.

7.This concept is held by many countries around the world, particularly in Asia.

8.It focuses on economic development as a matter of strategic significance.

9.It explicitly aims to achieve trade surpluses (прибыль) and large dollar reserves.

10.It's aimed at fostering (поощрение) production and a high savings rate but suppressing consumption.

11.There are two different games going on.

12.The difficulty in the United States is that frequently the second game is not recognized or acknowledged (признавать, допускать) or, if it is, it's dismissed (опускаться, не замечаться) as being not significant.

Обратите внимание на перевод синонимической пары: recognized or acknowledged.

II.Переведите письменно на слух:

the age of globalization; финансовые рынки; the manufacture of deadly weap­ ons; эпоха холодной войны; to ensure stability and security; глобализация рынков; to raise fundamental questions; вызывать эффект домино; on the 21-st of May; распространение технологических знаний; the threat to secu­ rity worldwide; техническое мастерство; to be constrained by domestic poli­ tics; сверхдержава; at the best of times; требовать силовых действий; the Asian financial collapse; столкновение с Ираком; to reach boiling point; меж­ дународные организации; remedial actions; с точки зрения безопасности; to correspond to the reality; справедливо полагать; light at the end of the tunnel.

III. Переведите письменно (рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного перевода с последующим устным переводом с листа):

Globalisation

The age of globalisation has replaced the era of the cold war. But we still tend to act and think as if nothing had changed.

It is not only financial markets, that have gone global. So too has the manufacture of deadly weapons.

Globalisation, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies, has raised "fundamental questions about the capacity of the interna­ tional system, as currently organised, to ensure stability and, security".

The International Institute for Strategic Studies admits that Globalisation of markets did not cause a domino effect in which the financial crises affect­ ing Asian economies spread to US and European markets. Nonetheless it does have other worrying aspects. "The proliferation of technological know-how and the capacity to manufacture modern weapons significantly increases the threat to security worldwide".

More and more states have the technical skills to research nuclear, bio­ logical and chemical weapons for which they can acquire parts on commercial markets. Terrorists and drug traffickers can use the same speedy communica­ tions and information technology as everybody else. These trends pose a par­ ticular challenge to the US as the "hyper-power" to which the world turns to solve many of its problems.

The US is sometimes slow to see the strength of a developing problem and to decide on how its national interests are affected. Its reaction is also constrained by domestic politics, with the President administration distracted by possible hostile reaction from Congress. "Even at the best of times, US attention to the world outside is intermittent". As a result, problems reach a point when they require forceful action, although the American public is still indifferent to mem.

The International Institute for Strategic Studies argues this was the case in (wo big crises, the Asian financial collapse and the confrontation with Iraq. In Asia, the US did not force concerted action until the collapse of Thailand's economy had brought down some of the other Asian countries, and showed potential economic recoveries. Iraq's obstruction of the international inspec­ tion teams led to the crisis which reached soon boiling-point before being forced to back down.

It sees Washington needing to tread a fine line between acting unilater­ ally and through international institutions, which in both of these cases had the effect of making remedial actions less clear-cut.

In a global, interdependent world, what does national sovereignty mean? Can Europe dream of becoming a new "power" in classical terms when the very notion of power has been transformed?"

Even in terms of security, the notion of sovereignty does not fully cor­ respond to the reality of a Europe whose main guarantor is the US (through NATO). Often Europeans wait for US initiatives. What is the meaning of sover­ eignty when it is not accompanied by independent responsibility?

Meanwhile, Europe will be forced to redefine the meanings of sover­ eignty and identity in the absence of a clear geographic definition of itself. The Union will continue to move forward with monetary union believing, rightly, that there is light, not at the end of the tunnel, but in the process itself.

IV. Переведите вопросы и ответьте на них:

1.Какую эпоху заменили годы глобализации?

2.What markets and manufacture have gone global?

3.Что признает Международный институт стратегических исследова­ ний относительно глобализации рынков и финансовых кризисов?

4.Who can use the speedy communications and information technology in our days of globalisatioon?

5.Где можно достать необходимые части для ядерного, биологического и химического оружия?

6.What do these trends pose to the US as the "hyper-power"?

7.Почему США иногда медленно реагируют на растущую проблему?

8.What two big crises does the International Institute for Strategic Studies mention in its report?

9.Почему институт считает, что США предпочитают использовать ис­ правительные меры воздействия?

10.In a global, interdependent world, what does national sovereignty mean?

11.Что будет вынуждена сделать Европа относительно суверенитета и как будет развиваться Европейский союз?

V. Текст рекомендуется для письменного и устного реферирования. С ставьте реферат-конспект и реферат-резюме на русском языке. Об тите внимание на структуру реферата (см. Commentary). В статье выходные данные и выделена главная мысль.

September 11 imposed a kind of fear tax on international commerce that is likely to be a lasting drag on growth. By Stephen Roach

Sand in the Gears of Globalization

Globalization is in trouble. One of its key premises—increasingly frio, tionless cross-border connectivity is in doubt as the world responds to terrorism. The events of September 11 have imposed the equivalent of a new tax on trade, capital and information flows. National borders will have to be tightened. Crossborder transfers will take longer. Insurance rates on shipping will go up, as will premiums for worker compensation. Morgan Stanley estimates that U.S. commer­ cial insurance premiums could rise from $ 148 billion in 2000 to the $210 billion- to-$240 billion range in 2002. That would be a sizable dent in the earnings of cor­ porate America, currently about $450 billion for all nonfinancial companies.

The instant transfer of information can no longer be taken for granted, ei­ ther. The Nimda computer virus that disrupted global networks in September is an example of e-terror, which slaps yet another tax on cross-border connec­ tivity. There are signs that businesses are tilting software budgets increasingly toward disaster-recovery services, security firewalls and antivirus programs, and backup and recovery systems. A Morgan Stanley tally of chief information officers for America's 225 largest technology users found that 34 percent at­ tached the highest priority to computer security in December 2001, up sharply from 16 percent in September.

September 11 has instilled fear about what might come next. To the extent that multinationals have begun to rethink the strategy of outsourcing production to a global network, the risk premium of globalization has just gone up. That undermines the global earnings stream of multinationals, and the disinflation and productivity gains that come from outsourcing. Basic economics says that a tax on cross-border connectivity will undoubtedly reduce international flows. Suddenly, the brave new world looks a lot less frictionless than it did before. There is sand in the gears of global commerce.

The costs of terror are one thing. But globalization now faces challenges from the business cycle, too. The world is in a rare "synchronous recession": all the major economies are stumbling at the same time. This is unusual for three reasons. First, the global economy is more dependent than ever on trade, which now accounts for a 24 percent share of world GDP. That's well in excess of shares prevailing in two earlier synchronous global recessions — 17 percent in 1975 and 19 percent in 1982. Second, the world faces the sharpest ever boom-

bust in trade. Global trade volumes surged by a record 12.4 percent in 2000 but ihrivcled after the pop of the tech bubble, with 2001 likely to show an increase under 1 percent.

Third, the world has become unbalanced, far too dependent on the Ameri­ can growth machine. The United States accounted for about 40 percent of growth in world GDP in the five years ending in mid-2000, nearly double its «hare of total world GDP. So it's not surprising mat recession in America quickly became the world's recession. That's hardly a testament to the greater balance in the world economy that globalization was supposed to bring.

There's always a chance of making too much of September 11. The defense of globalization rests largely on the impeccable logic of free trade — that the ris­ ing tide of global trade lifts all boats. But it's not the theory that is in question. It's the relevance of the theory to a world very different from the one most models of globalization envision. Terror has imposed new taxes on free trade, exacerbating a lethal synchronous recession that makes it increasingly difficult for govern­ ments to resist protectionist pressures. Trade frictions are rising — especially between Europe and the United States, as well as between Japan and China — eroding the harmony that globalization was long thought to bring.

In the years ahead, the world economy is likely to grow more slowly, es­ pecially when compared with the roaring 1990s. Most important, this reflects a likely reduction in productivity growth, the principal source of economic dy­ namism. The war against terrorism raises business operating costs — increasing outlays to cover office, mailroom and cybersecurity, insurance and shipping premiums, and the need to carry more inventory as a hedge against transporta­ tion disruptions. Add to that a likely increase in defense and homeland security, and it is safe to conclude that more inputs will be required to generate national output — placing a lasting drag on productivity.

Diminished globalization will sap growth. So will America's hangover from excesses of the 1990s — low savings, high debt, excess capacity and a massive current-account deficit. Underlying growth in the U.S. economy could slow from about 4 percent in the late 1990s to the 2.5 to 3 percent range. Unless the world uncovers a new growth engine, September 11 could well have marked a critical turning point for the global economy.

Roach is the chief economist at Morgan Stanley

VII. Переведите письменно (рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного, а затем зрительно-устного перевода с русского языка на английский):

Глобализация и координация

Глобальная индустриализация хозяйственной деятельности, рост на­ родонаселения земного шара, беспрецедентная концентрация средств про­ изводства и людских масс в крупных городах и т. п. влекут за собой увели­ чение нагрузки на окружающую среду и всю совокупность природных ресурсов.

По мнению Международного института стратегических исследова­ ний, проблема глобализации непосредственно связана с возможностями международных организаций обеспечить стабильность и безопасность в мире. В современных условиях обеспечение безопасности зависит от на­ хождения способа координации политики разных стран на мировом уров­ не с целью обнаружения возникающих очагов опасности. При этом могут быть задействованы новые международные институты и новые методы. Скорость, с которой информация и деньги пересекают государственные границы, неизбежно подрывает способность правительств управлять стра­ ной: принимаются тысячи финансовых решений, связанных с инвести­ циями в частный сектор, приводящих к непредсказуемому перемещению капитала и падению цен. Распространение новых технологий (ноу-хау) и способность производить современные виды оружия существенно увели­ чили угрозу безопасности во всем мире. Все большее число стран разра­ батывает и выпускает ядерное, химическое и биологическое оружие, для которого они вполне могут найти место на коммерческом рынке. Терро­ ристы и наркодельцы используют самые современные сверхскоростные

средства связи и новые информационные технологии. Глобализация за­ трудняет распознавание намечающихся кризисов, что приводит к ситуа­ ции, когда кризис как бы незаметно зарождается и развивается по нарас­ тающей и неясно, во что он выльется (куда это приведет). Для того чтобы урегулировать серьезную кризисную обстановку, нужны конкретные дей­ ствия со стороны международных организаций и их координация. Коммер­ ческая прибыль является серьезным конкурентом единству мнений. По­ этому следует сочетать многосторонний подход с односторонним и дейстповать как самостоятельно, так и с союзниками. Санкции, применяемые против нарушителей, не могут длиться вечно. Необходимо находить спо­ соб урегулирования конфликтов. Для применения и снятия санкций необ­ ходимо будет принимать выработанные решения.

VIII. Выступите в роли переводчика (рекомендуется для одностороннего устного перевода с подготовкой):

"One Global Economy, Two Sets of Rules"

William J. Holstein

Q.What are the consequences of not speaking the same language about globalization ?

A.We have a very distorted global economy. It is tilted. There's one con­ sumer, which is the United States. All the other major countries are producers and net exporters. The United States consumes far more than it produces and has to borrow money from the rest of the world to finance that consumption. The rest of the world, particularly Asia, and particularly the central banks of Japan and China, provide a kind of vendor financing to the United States to enable it to con­ tinue buying their exports. You have a kind of Ponzi scheme that constitutes the global economy. Like any Ponzi scheme, it's not indefinitely sustainable. At some point, the world will run out of savings to finance American consumption, or the rest of the world will begin to doubt the ability of the United States to make good on its obligations. There will be a collapse of one kind or another.

Q.What should the^\merican government be doing?

A.Insist that the rales of the World Trade Organization and the Interna­ tional Monetary Fund and all the various global institutions be observed. Japan is part of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development. It's supposed to be floating its currency. But it intervenes periodically in currency markets to manage the value of its currency. There ought to be some discipline.

Q.Why is it a problem if other people want to sell the United States their things and finance the purchases?

A.It's not a problem for a while. In fact, it feels really good for a while because you get free consumption. But as Warren Buffett has pointed out, in the

long term, it turns you into a sharecropper. To finance the consumption, yc keep selling off your assets.

Q.Aside from fiscal policies, what else should be done in response?

A.We need to have a strategy. When I.B.M. sold its PC division to Chin C.E.O. Sam Palmisano told The New York Times that I.B.M. wants to be p of China's strategy. I don't blame him. If I were the head of I.B.M., I'd want

be part of China's strategy, too. But it raises an interesting question: If you a an American C.E.O. if he or she wants to be part of America's strategy, none о them can answer the question, Because America doesn't have a strategy.

Q.In a nutshell, what should America's strategy be?

A.We have to maximize American strength. The United States is innova­ tive. We have strengths in high technology, research and development and en trepreneurial undertakings. We shpuld be making the investments in R.&D. technology infrastructure and education to maintain and maximize those strengths.

William J. Holstein is editor in chief of Chief Executive magazine.

I.B.M. — International Business Machines. PC — Personal computer.

CEO — Chief Executive Officer.

R&D — business research and development (the department in a large company that is responsible for studying new ideas and developing new products).

IX. Подготовьте и сделайте сообщение с переводом на 5-7 минут 'The Main Trends in Globalization".

COMMENTARY

1. Тема терроризма стала одной из наиболее обсуждаемых в средст­ вах массовой информации, и переводчику, работающему в СМИ, довольно часто приходится переводить тексты с тематикой терроризма. Такие слова, как commando — боец диверсионного отряда / отряд; militant — воинст­ вующий, воинственный, в контексте терроризма переводятся на русский с негативным значением.

2. Кроме перевода, пересказа и реферирования текстов на иностран­ ном и на русском языке, переводчику приходится писать и аннотации на различные публикации.

Аннотацией называется предельно сжатая характеристика материала, имеющая чисто информационное назначение.

Аннотации бывают двух типов: описательные (в начале книги) и ре­ феративные (на суперобложке книги).

Структура аннотации:

1.Библиографическое описание (автор, название книги, работы или статьи, место и год издания).

2.Общие сведения (краткая характеристика материала).

3.Может включаться третий пункт: дополнительные сведения (о работе и ее авторе).

Обзорные рефераты обычно состоят из описательных и рефератив­ ных аннотаций.

INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES

I. Переведите предложения на русский язык (рекомендуется для зри­ тельно-устного перевода с повторением предыдущего предложения):

08 September 2004

Russian television has broadcast horrific and haunting pictures from in­ side the Beslan school during the three-day siege, showing the masked attack-

ers with the captive schoolchildren — and bombs tied to basketball hoops in the gym.

The graphic video showed the 1,000 seated children and their teachers, some semi-naked in the heat, crowded into the gym and guarded by their cap­ tors who included masked and armed men and a woman in a black headdress.

The terrorised hostages were holding their hands behind their heads. One terrorist walked through the gym, packed with hostages, where a trail of smeared blood could be seen. Another crouched beside the bomb he was pre­ paring that could be primed to blow up at any moment. A teacher in a red dress was helping two pupils move towards the door, filmed by a camera used by the attackers to record their crime.

One dressed in camouflage and a black hood stood with a boot on what the Russian NTV network said was a book rigged with a detonator. The woman militant stood in a doorway holding a pistol beside her head. There was also footage of a rocket-propelled grenade launcher lying on the floor.

One of the attackers was heard talking on a mobile phone at the end of the one-and-a half minute video. He was not speaking in Russian — a revela­ tion that could boost the official theory that the hostage-takers were interna­ tional terrorists.

More than 335 people — including 156 children — died in the dramatic and bloody end to the three-day siege, when Russian forces stormed the North Ossetia school where the hostages were held by a suicide commando calling for Chechen independence.

The images were shown soon after Russians had taken to the streets in their hundreds of thousands in rallies across the country to denounce terrorism, people converged on Red Square.

II.Совместите словосочетания в левой и правой колонках:

III. Переведите письменно и устно на русский язык (рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного и зрительно-устного перевода, для рефериро­ вания и аннотирования):

The Moscow Times 5

Terrorism Arrives In Middle America

By Robin Wright and Ronald Ostrow LOS ANGELES TIMES

WASHINGTON — The World Trade Center. And now Oklahoma City. Grim reality has been crowding steadily closer.

The age of innocence is ending as Americans realize that terrorism is no longer something threatening other people in other countries.

In fact, say federal officials and independent experts, it was an illusion Prom the beginning. A combination of luck, good intelligence work and effi­ cient law enforcement have prevented scores of attempts at terrorist acts over the last 25 years, according to the FBI.

"International terrorism" first entered the modern lexicon three dec­ ades ago as leftist guerrilla movements clashed with rightist regimes in Latin America. From there, it spread around the world.

But if America had remained relatively unscathed until the 1993 bomb­ ing of the World Trade Center in New York City, any hope of continuing im­ munity ended once and for all Wednesday.

The hulking concrete and steel shreds of the Alfred Murrah Federal Building drove the point home even more forcefully than the trade center bombing because of the very ordinariness of the target.

Hitting in America's heartland — instead of a big, urban financial center — illustrates the vulnerability of virtually everyone. There is at least one almost identical federal office center in each of the 50 states.

"This shakes the fundamental faith people have in their security across this country," said Dave McCurdy, a former Oklahoma congressman who served on the House Intelligence Committee.

From day-care centers in Dayton, to shopping malls in Seattle, cities and citizens are likely to feel more exposed and more vulnerable. And rightly so, experts say.

"Welcome to the 21st century, terrorist attacks in the United States are only going to get worse," said Bruce Hoffman, a former terrorism specialist at the RAND think tank in Santa Monica, California, who now works at St. An­ drews University in Scotland.

"The World Trade Center should have been a wake-up call, but it was in­ stead widely seen as the act of amateurs and not a continuing threat. Because it worked in sowing terror, it was certain to happen again. This bombing takes that process one step further."

To keep the threat in perspective, most experts do not expect that the United States will experience the relentless waves of terrorist attacks that shattered Lebanon and that are now sweeping over such countries as Algeria.

"We're not on the front lines of a wave of mass terrorism in the United States," said Paul Bremer, former head of the State Department's Counterterrorism Office and now a consultant at Kissinger & Associates.

"We're vulnerable, yes, but we have to be realistic. While we can't protect every federal building in this country, from now on we'll all be more careful."

What could worsen the social and political impact of terrorism in the United States is the difficulty that both the government and the public will have in taking effective steps to prevent or limit future attacks.

Open borders, the difficulty in monitoring illegal immigrants, the right and necessity of individual access to government facilities and a host of other factors integral to American life hamper the ability to control or seri­ ously limit the threat, experts said. "We're very good investigators. We will be able to put together the fragments of that bomb and figure out what it was and the method of making it and who has that method. But we'll have a problem in a free country preventing these attacks," said Victoria Toensing, former deputy assistant and attorney general for counterterrorism.

Ironically, the Oklahoma City attack comes after major inroads in deal­ ing with terrorism.

In 1994, there was not a single act of terrorism by either domestic or for­ eign groups in the United States.

But numbers can be deceiving.

"These statistics are not a reliable index of the threat," said Philip Wil­ cox Jr., the State Department coordinator for counterterrorism, in congressional testimony this month.

"Terrorists have expanded their global reach and today all nations and continents are vulnerable. Moreover, as governments have improved security for their officials and installations, terrorists are striking more frequently at soft, unprotected civilian targets.

1.Что происходит с эпохой спокойствия и благодушия?

2.What actions have prevented scores of attempts at terrorist acts over the last 25 years according to the FBI?

3.Откуда появился термин «международный терроризм»?

4.When did the continuing immunity end once for all?

5.Что говорит об уязвимости каждого в США?

6.What do American people say in the connection with the terrorist attacks on the USA?

7.Что предполагают большинство экспертов в США относительно тер­ рористических атак?

8.Why are the continents and all nations are vulnerable today?

9.Что нужно делать, чтобы уменьшить угрозу терроризма?

V. Рекомендуется для перевода, реферирования и аннотирования:

Infamy: Fighting Words of the War on Terror

By William Safire

New York Times Service

WASHINGTON — The first draft of President Franklin Roosevelt's request to Congress for a declaration of war began, "Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date which will live in world history." In his second draft, he crossed out "world his­ tory" and substituted a condemnatory word chat was far more memorable: infamy.

Though its adjective, infamous, was frequently used, the noun infamy was less familiar. It means "evil fame, shameful repute, notorious disgrace" and befitted the nation's shock at the bloody destruction at Pearl Harbor, a successful surprise blow that was instantly characterized by the victim nation as a "sneak attack."

The word, with its connotation of wartime shock and horror, was chosen by headline writers to label the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington that demolished the twin towels of the World Trade Center and a portion of the Pentagon. In newspapers and on television, the historical day of infamy was the label chosen, along with the more general "attack on America."

The killers were hackers. This Americanism, origin unknown, was first cited in 1912 as to kick up highjack, which Dialect Notes defined as "to cause a distur­ bance"; 10 years later, a book about hobos noted "hijacking, or robbing men at night when sleeping in the jungles." In the 1960s, as terrorists began seizing con­ trol of airliners, the verb skyjack was coined but it has since fallen into disuse.

These terrorists were suicide bombers, a phrase used in a 1981 Associated Press dispatch by Tom Baldwin in Lebanon about the driving of an explosives-

116 Lesson 11

laden car into the Iraqi Embassy. In 1983. Newsweek reported chat "the winds of fanaticism have blown up a merciless throng of killers: the assassins, thugs, kamikazes — and now the suicide bombers."

Kamikaze is Japanese for "divine wind," a reference to a storm in the 13th century that blew away a fleet of invading Mongols. In World War II, the word described suicidal pilots who dived their planes into enemy ships. English has now absorbed the word: Al Hunt of The Wall Street Journal wrote that airline policy "was turned upside down by these kamikaze fanatics."

Hunt, like President George W. Bush and many others, called these acts of murder-suicide cowardly. That is not amodifier I would use, nor would I employ its synonym dastardly (though FDR did), which also means "shrinking from dan­ ger." If anything, the suicide bomber or suicide hijacker is maniacally fearless, the normal human survival instinct overwhelmed by hatred or brainwashed fervor.

Senseless and mindless are other mistaken modifiers of these killings: The sense, or evil purpose, of modern barbaric murder is to carry out a blindly wor­ shipped leader's desire to shock, horrify and ultimately intimidate the target's civilized compatriots.

Another word that deserves a second look is justice. Both Senator John McCain and the Bush adviser Karen Hughes called for "swift justice" to be meted out to the perpetrators, ordinarily a sentiment widely shared. But the columnist Charles Krauthammer wrote: "There should be no talk of bringing these people to 'swift justice.' ... An open act of war demands a military re­ sponse, not a judicial one."

The leading suspect at the center of the terror campaign is Osama bin Laden. The bin, meaning "son of," is not capped; Westerners have chosen not to capitalize the Arabic just as they have often chosen to capitalize the Hebrew Ben, which has the same meaning.

This has nothing to do with correctness: it is strictly idiosyncratic conven­ tion, varying among regions and stylists. Bin Laden has been given a shorthand, bogus title, much like vice overlord, fugitive financier and drug kingpin: His is terrorist mastermind.

The name of his organization, el Qaida, means "the base," in looser mod­ ern Arabic, "the military headquarters." His host in Afghanistan is the Taleban, a religio-political group whose name means "those who seek." The Arab word taleb, "student," has been given a Persian suffix, an, which is an unusual amal­ gam or was a mistake.

The Taleban harbors bin Laden and the base of his organization. That is now becoming a political verb with a vengeance. "We will make no distinction," Bush said, "between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who har­ bor them." A key sense of the verb to harbor is "to give shelter and concealment to wrongdoers." The next day, Bush used the noun form creatively: "This is an enemy that thinks its harbors are safe, but they won't be safe forever."

That was an extension of the noun's present meaning of "place of shelter, haven, port" to "place where evildoers think they are out of reach of punishment."

Finally, the word terrorist. It is rooted in the Latin terrere "to frighten," and the -ist was coined in France to castigate the perpetrators of the Reign of Terror. Edmund Burke in 1795 defined the word in English: "Those hell-hounds called terrorists ... are let loose on the people."

The sternly judgmental word should not be avoided or euphemized. No­ body can accurately call those who plotted', financed and carried out the infa­ mous mass slaughter of Sept. 11 militants, resistance fighters, gunmen, parti­ sans or guerrillas.

The most precise word to describe a person or group who murders even one innocent civilian to send a political message is terrorist.

Infamy — 1) бесчестие, позор; 2) постыдное бесчестное поведение; 3) низость, подлость,

to cause a disturbance — вызывать беспорядок, hobos — бродяги.

explosives-laden car — машина, начиненная взрывчаткой, thug — бандит, головорез, хулиган,

"divine [di'vain] wind" — дивный, божественный ветер, to harbor (harbour) — дать убежище, приютить,

to castigate — наказывать, бранить, критиковать, to mete —назначать, выделять.

VI. Рекомендуется для письменного перевода на слух:

Британский парламент; independent experts; международный терроризм; three decades ago; уязвимость; to drive the point home; предотвращать тер­ рористические атаки; to strike more frequently at unprotected civilian targets; терроризируемые заложники; major inroads (главные посягательства); взо­ рвать в любой момент; scores of attempts; сконструировать оружие массо­ вого уничтожения; to contain bombs cross-section diagrams; точные размеры (exact dimensions); глобальная чистка; to come to the conclusion; Министер­ ство обороны США (.. .Department...).

VII. Переведите текст с русского языка на английский (рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода с подготовкой):

Что вы делали 11 сентября?

Закрытость вчерашних слушаний была беспрецедентной. Как пояс­ нили представители Белого дома, это объяснялось тем, что в ходе беседы членов комиссии с президентом и вице-президентом затрагивались вопро­ сы, составляющие государственную тайну. До слушаний не был известен

точный список вопросов, тем более что каждый член комиссии волен был задавать любые вопросы по своему усмотрению. А после слушаний все комментарии для прессы свелись к довольно расплывчатым формулиров­ кам самого общего характера.

Однако исходя из содержания прошлых, открытых заседаний комис­ сии, журналистам удалось более или менее смоделировать ход слушаний. Как заявил член комиссии, бывший сенатор-демократ Боб Керрей, задава­ лись, по сути, те же вопросы, что и бывшим президенту и вице-президен­ ту Биллу Клинтону и Элу Гору (они, кстати, тоже выступали на закрытом заседании комиссии, но их показания записывались), за одним исключе­ нием — господам Бушу и Чейни был задан дополнительный вопрос: что вы делали 11 сентября 2001 года?

VIII. Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного и зрительно-устного пе­ ревода:

ИЗВЕСТИЯ

18 апреля 2002 года

Подарок для террористов

Военное ведомство рассказало, как создать ядерное оружие

Вокруг Министерства обороны Великобритании разгорается скандал. В архивах британского военного ведомства в открытом доступе оказа­ лись подробные инструкции по созданию атомной бомбы. Этой информа­ ции может быть вполне достаточно террористам, желающим создать ядерное оружие собственными силами.

Елена Шестернина

Любой, кто посетит британский государственный архив, может по­ лучить самые подробные инструкции по созданию ядерного оружия, а имея соответствующую техническую подготовку, попробовать сконструи­ ровать оружие массового уничтожения своими силами. Документы, кото­ рые беспрепятственно выдают на руки, содержат схемы поперечных раз­ резов бомбы, точные размеры, перечень материалов, использующихся для ее составных частей, — включая инициатор, вызывающий цепную реак­ цию, в результате которой происходит взрыв. Как утверждают эксперты, руководствуясь столь подробными инструкциями, создать бомбу «кустар­ ным способом» не составит труда.

Кроме того, британское военное ведомство сделало еще один «пода­ рок» террористам, разместив в государственном архиве документы с под­ робным описанием путей, по которым бомба может быть ввезена на тер­ риторию страны.

Инженер Брайан Бернелл, в свое время занимавшийся разработкой ядерного оружия, убежден: «Эти документы вообще не надо было рассек­ речивать. И уже тем более их следовало изъять из свободного доступа по­ сле событий 11 сентября». Представители оппозиционной партии — кон­ сервативной — назвали появление подобных документов в общедоступ­ ных архивах «чудовищным бесплатным подарком террористам».

Беспечность британцев контрастирует со строжайшими «превентивны­ ми мерами», которые приняли США после событий 11 сентября. Американцы провели «глобальную чистку» всех государственных сайтов, содержащих информацию, которая хоть как-то может быть использована террористами для создания оружия массового уничтожения. Из продажи и библиотек были изъ­ яты книги, содержавшие соответствующую информацию. Даже если они бы­ ли выпущены сорок-пятьдесят лет назад. Из Интернета удалили даже сведе­ ния об устройстве систем кондиционирования, поскольку именно через вен­ тиляцию проще всего распространить споры сибирской язвы.

В Великобритании о столь кардинальных мерах речь не идет. Возмож­ но, после нынешнего скандала ситуация изменится. «Документы, о которых идет речь, были написаны и распространены в конце 40-х годов, — сказала

винтервью «Известиям» сотрудник пресс-службы Министерства обороны Великобритании Клэр Кридленд. — В течение пятидесяти лет к ним был свободный доступ. Мы не думали о террористах или «странах-изгоях» пятьдесят лет назад. Сейчас Министерство обороны занимается анализом конкретных документов и решением вопроса, следует ли закрыть к ним доступ. Пока к окончательному выводу мы не пришли, и я не могу сказать, какое решение будет принято. На сегодняшний день Министерство обороны

всвоей работе руководствуется документом по засекречиванию информа­ ции от 1958 года. Что касается решения США убрать с сайтов правительст­ венных учреждений всю информацию, которая потенциально может быть использована террористами, я не могу это комментировать. То, что делают американцы — это их дело».

IX. Переведите текст письменно, сравните с прилагаемым переводом, а затем переведите текЬт по абзацам устно (может быть использован для последовательного перевода, для отработки навыков перевода):

Финансовая война против терроризма

Сможет ли Россия на равных участвовать в ней?

Андрей Сотник, к. э. н. Moscow News

Министры финансов промышленных стран «Большой восьмерки» встретились недавно в Вашингтоне специально для того, чтобы обсудить