alimov_v_v_artemeva_yu_v_obshestvennopoliticheskii_perevod_p / общественно политический перевод

COMMENTARY

1. При переводе на английский язык слова «хозяйство» обычно используют английский эквивалент "economy", а при переводе словосо­ четания "world economy" на русский язык переводчик попадает под влия­ ние интерференции и переводит это словосочетание как «мировая эко­ номика», хотя в некоторых случаях речь может идти о «мировом хозяй­ стве».

2. При переводе словосочетаний «торгово-экономические отноше­ ния», «научно-технический прогресс» в английском языке используется союз "and" и ставится дефис с двух сторон: trade-and-economic relations; scientific-and-technical progress, или одинарный дефис: научно-исследова­ тельский институт — scientific-research institute; научно-популярная лите­ ратура — popular-scientific literature.

REVISIONAL EXERCISES

I.Совместите словосочетания в левой и в правой колонках:

II.Переведите письменно на слух:

to influence public opinion; to be subject to confirmation; Parliamentary elections; relatively small numbers of votes; convicted of corrupt or illegal election practices; to confront risks and threats to our security; to confirm

the decision; to assume a major military role; to deploy large numbers of troops; the informal Europe-Russia meeting; greenhouse gasses; over the next decade; the revised treaty takes effect in 2008; global warming; to work behind the scenes; international observers are puzzled; at the conclu­ sion of the conference; to come into force; justice and respect; to unite our strength; to employ international machinery (использовать международ­ ное производство).

INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES

III.Переведите устно на слух:

At their meeting in the Russian capital; the G8 finance ministers proposed various global economic initiatives; which were discussed later with Russian President Vladimir Putin at me Kremllin.

The ministers talked about the global energy outlook and the possibility of the global gas market creation.

Russia offered a number of initiatives in the gas sphere. It offered to pub­ lish the data not only on oil but also on gas strategic stocks. The ministers backed up this initiative.

The main purpose of the meeting was to discuss energy security issues and to prepare for the forthcoming G8 summit in St. Petersburg.

Ministers discussed questions of international development and energy supplies, the fight against infections diseases and money-laundering, terrorism and iniative to write-off the poorest coutries' debts.

In a joint communique released after the meeting, the ministers said they had agreed that further progress must be made in implementing poli­ cies to help resolve global imbalances and promote growth in the global economy.

IV. Переведите устно на слух:

the International Monetary Fund; to lend money; the woes of the rich world; the dissemination of free-market ideas; global macroeconomics; in the early Cold War; cash and economic wisdom; war-weary Europe; as Europe; boomed; the rich countries club; to admit as members; unrich countries; behind closed doors; to submit a formal membership application; to achieve consensus; 30 fairly like-minded countries; to expand membership; tough customers; global economic growth; tax and interest rate cuts; the strongest recovery; Europe's largest economies; to be more susceptible to recession; to slump stock markets; to be criticized by many analysts and business leaders; to have concerns about debt levels; instability in the currency markets; to make Europe less competitive; world economy; international trade.

V.Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного и зрительно-устного пе­ ревода:

ВВС NEWS, Wednesday, 26 November, 2003

What is the OECD for?

For the man in the street, OECD is just another of those irritat­ ing sets of initials that the world seems so full of these days.

Readers of the business pages may know, at least, that those initials stand for the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Rather than lending money with menaces, like the International Monetary Fund, or chewing over the woes of the rich world, like the G8, the OECD sees its role as the dissemination of free-market ideas and sound regulatory policies.

The OECD does not concern itself with the grand themes of global mac­ roeconomics, instead pondering unglamorous but worthy subjects such as ag­ ricultural reform in China, or educational development in Denmark. Some­ one has to dp this sort of thing, presumably. But there seems to be a growing body of opinion that the OECD may not be the right agency to do it.

The OECD was born in the early Cold War, as a means of distributing American cash and economic wisdom to war-weary Europe. As Europe boomed, the OECD seemed to have a coherent identity as the rich countries' club. Now, though, that identity is looking dangerously blurred. The OECD has admitted as members a host of distinctly unrich countries — including Poland, Mexico and Turkey. "I think it is very clear that we have a greater role now than at any time in the past 30 or 40 years," says Mr Johnston. "What we do is unique, and I can't see that any other agency — the United Nations, for example — could do it instead."

Behind closed doors at this week's meetings, OECD ministers are starting to discuss what people call the "modalities" of allowing in more members — Russia, for instance, which has submitted a formal membership application.

This may take time: members acknowledge that achieving consensus among 30 fairly like-minded countries^ is hard enough — expanding membership to tough customers like the Russians or Chinese could gum up the decision­ making machinery completely. But Mr Johnston says the mere fact that coun­ tries are keen to sign up is positive.

Global economic growth will pick up over the next two years helped by tax and interest rate cuts, the OECD said. The strongest recovery will be in the US, while the rebound in Europe and Japan will be slower and less steep. Europe's largest economies, however, are told they will have to continue re­ forming, or be more susceptible to recession in coming years.

Jean-Philippe Cotis, chief economist, said that "after a drawn-out period of fits and starts, a palpable recovery has finally taken hold". "The strong mo-

mentum already achieved in Asia, North America and the United Kingdom provides ample evidence of the renewed strength of the world economy". That will come as a relief to many Western economies, following three years of sputtering growth and slumping stock markets.

To kickstart the world's largest economy US President George W Bush cut taxes, while the country's central bank, the Federal Reserve, set interest rates at the lowest levels in almost half a century. Europe's largest economies and cen­ tral bank were criticised by many analysts and business leaders for being slow to react. They seern however, to have-weathered the storm, with countries includ­ ing Germany emerging from recession and promising tax relief of their own.

The OECD has concerns about debt levels among private individuals in the US, the UK and Australia and among businesses in continental Europe. Large deficits in the US government budget and in its trade with the rest of the world are a possible source of instability in the currency markets. A sudden weakening of the dollar would make Europe less competitive and could, the OECD warns, stifle a fledgling recovery.

VI. Подготовьте пять вопросов к тексту, переведите их и ответьте на них.

VII. Рекомендуется для письменного перевода на слух (для устного пере­ вода на слух):

Международные экономические отношения (МЭО)

Развитие стран мирового сообщества характеризуется постоянным расширением их взаимных хозяйственных связей. Этот процесс привел к созданию международной экономики — многогранного и сложного явле­ ния, выражающего высший этап развития общественного производства и функционирующего как системное образование на интернациональном уровне. Страны, участвующие в развитии международной экономики, ес­ тественно, играют разную роль в данном процессе и решают различные задачи. Однако при этом, как правило, преследуется главная цель — мак­ симально использовать преимущества совокупного экономического по­ тенциала мирового сообщества.

Важнейшими процессами, воздействующими на мировое хозяйство и радикально изменяющими его, стали процессы интернационализации и глобализации мирового производства и капитала, основных видов жизне­ деятельности человека и общества. Фундаментальной закономерностью мирового развития становится устойчивое нарастание взаимосвязанности, целостности мировой экономики как саморазвивающейся системы.

Вместе с тем отдельные части этой системы по-разному в объемном и структурном выражении включены в мирохозяйственные отношения. Меж­ дународное значение той или иной страны, отдельного ее региона (города)

обусловлено их экономическим потенциалом, местом в мировой системе то­ варопроизводства, технологий, финансов, общей экономической динамикой.

VIII. Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного и зрительно-устного пе­ ревода:

Система противоречий мировой торговли

Процессы, протекающие в современной международной торговле, позволяют сделать вывод о том, что либерализация становится ее основ­ ной тенденцией. На это указывает увеличивающаяся открытость нацио­ нальных экономик, снижение уровня таможенных пошлин, отмена многих квот, ограничений, обострение конкурентной борьбы на мировом рынке.

Наряду с явным и многосторонним процессом либерализации меж­ дународной торговли существует и противодействующая этому процессу протекционистская тенденция. Эта тенденция свидетельствует о наличии глубинных политико-экономических интересов, стремлений всеми силами защищать отечественных производителей, сохранять рабочие места, под­ держивать конкурентоспособность национальных товаров и отраслей. Наи­ более широко протекционистская политика осуществляется теми страна­ ми, где ведутся структурные преобразования экономики, где имеет место экономическая депрессия и быстро растет конкуренция импорта.

Международная практика свидетельствует о том, что обе тенденции являются внутренне присущими характеристиками международной тор­ говли. И главная проблема в разрешении противоречия между этими тен­ денциями — это нахождение их рационального сочетания. Когда баланс интересов нарушается, рациональное сочетание превращается в свою про­ тивоположность, возникают противоречия.

Ущемление национальных торгово-экономических, социальных ин­ тересов той или иной страны другой страной или группой стран часто приводит к возникновению торговых конфликтов, «торговых войн».

Непосредственной причиной развертывания торговых конфликтов становятся самые разные факторы: таможенные, территориальные, цено­ вые, санитарные, экологические и др.

«Торговые войны» — достаточно устойчивая «традиция» современ­ ных международных отношений. Они характерны как для отдельных стран, так и для торгово-экономических группировок.

Растущая конкуренция на мировых рынках, защита внутренних рын­ ков, необходимость обеспечения занятости и многое другое также застав­ ляют иностранные государства активно защищать своих производителей и коммерсантов, вступать в политико-экономические конфликты. При этом образование зон свободной торговли, таможенных союзов не вносит прин­ ципиальных изменений в структуру мирового хозяйства. Объединение

стран в экономические блоки не означает безусловного прогресса в реали­ зации идей свободной торговли или капитуляции перед протекционист­ скими принципами. К примеру, таможенный союз представляет собой про­ тиворечивое единство свободной торговли с протекционизмом.

Дилемма «свободная торговля или протекционизм» не перестаёт су­ ществовать. Она переносится на иной уровень внешнеторговых отноше­ ний, на котором определяется решение о выборе экономической политики группы государств в отношении третьих стран.

Далее в рамках торгово-экономических группировок возникают про­ тиворечия между отдельными странами, перерастающие в торговые кон­ фликты. Причем меры, применяемые правительствами для защиты нацио­ нальных производителей, иногда бывают приближенными к весьма «горя­ чим» действиям.

Несмотря на то что в рамках ЕС существует свобода передвижения товаров между странами-членами, там регулярно возникают разного рода продовольственные войны.

Как правило, страны — участницы торговых конфликтов не стремятся доводить их до крайности, они разрешаются путем длительных перегово­ ров, консультаций, обращениями с жалобами в международные организации.

IX. Переведите текст и подготовьте сорбщение на английском языке (об­ ратите внимание на трансформации, используемые при переводе):

Экономика Японии сегодня

В любой экономической системе долгосрочная динамика экономиче­ ского роста связана, прежде всего, с освоением нововведений. Длительное время, особенно в послевоенные годы, научно-техническая политика Япо­ нии базировалась на заимствовании научно-технических достижений из-за рубежа (в форме покупки лицензий, создания смешанных компаний, уча­ стия в многонациональных исследовательских проектах).

Заимствуя и совершенствуя зарубежную передовую технологию, Япо­ ния не только достигла мирового технического уровня в большинстве от­ раслей экономики, но и сумела создать мощные заделы на международном рынке технологий будущего.

В прикладных исследованиях и разработках, а также в управлении ин­ новационной деятельностью Япония обеспечила себе определенные пре­ имущества перед Западом, но все еще отстает по уровню развития фунда­ ментальной науки.

На нынешней стадии экономического развития Японии неразумно, да и невозможно продолжать отдавать приоритет только прикладным исследо­ ваниям и разработкам. Во-первых, уменьшается поток лицензий на фунда­ ментальные исследования, на базе которых могут бать сделаны усовершен-

ствования. Западные компании все менее склонны продавать такие лицен­ зии Японии. Во-вторых, игнорирование фундаментальных исследований лишило японские компании возможности эффективного обмена. В-третьих, односторонняя политика стимулирования прикладных исследований прини­ зила статус занятых фундаментальными исследованиями, уменьшила их возможности в исследовательских подразделениях корпораций.

Эти и ряд других реальностей японского «технологического клима­ та» породили чувство кризиса, которое получило широкое распростране­ ние среди ученых и технических специалистов в 70-е годы. В эти же годы резко обострились торгово-экономические противоречия Японии с США и западноевропейскими странами. Перед ней встала задача поиска методов использования собственных технических возможностей для обеспечения своей экономической безопасности.

X.Рекомендуется для последовательного перевода на слух или зритель­ но-устного перевода без подготовки:

Механизмы реализации международных экономических отношений (МЭО)

Международные экономические отношения осуществляются в ос­ новном посредством участия их субъектов в международном разделении труда. На реализацию МЭО влияют также политические, социальноэкономические, правовые и иные факторы.

Механизм реализации МЭО на макроуровне включает организаци­ онные, правовые нормы и инструменты по их реализации (международ­ ные экономические договоры и соглашения, организации международной торговли и т. д.), соответствующую деятельность международных эконо­ мических организаций, направленную на достижение целей по координи­ руемому развитию международных экономических отношений.

Международная практика свидетельствует о том, что современные МЭО требуют существенного, постоянного наднационального, межгосу­ дарственного регулирования.

Механизм осущестатения МЭО на микроуровне включает систему ме­ ждународного маркетинга и организации и техники внешнеэкономической деятельности. При всем внешнем сходстве с общим (внутренним) маркетин­ гом международный маркетинг представляет собой специфический инстру­ мент управления предпринимательством на международном уровне. Его спе­ цифика проявляется прежде всего в методах изучения особенностей нацио­ нальных рынков, а также мировых рынков тех или иных товаров и услуг.

XI. Подготовьте сообщение «Economic Relations» и выступите в роли пе­ реводчика других сообщений.

INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES

I.Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода с заметками (обратите внимание на перевод реалий):

Saturday April 8,2006 The Guardian

The financial future of the Olympic Games is secure due to a sharp rise in television and marketing revenues and an increase in spectators, the president of the International Olympic Committee, Jacques Rogge, said yesterday. Rogge, speaking at the end of the IOC's executive board meeting in the South Korean capital of Seoul, said the broadcasting rights package for the Vancouver 2010 Winter Games and London 2012 Summer Olympics alone would increase by more than $700m from the 2006-2008 Games package. The total figure is estimated at $3.3bn. "The financial prospects are very good. The financial fu­ ture of the Olympic movement is secured," Rogge said.

Сое: we want to "change the face of British sport"

Lord Сое said winning the Olympics was "massive" and that he hoped to "change the face of British sport". "We won't let you down," he told Mr Rogge at a news conference.

Earlier, Lord Сое told Sky News: "I feel absolutely ecstatic we've got the opportunity to do what I've always dreamed about in British sport which is to involve more young people."

He said he would be involved in hosting the games but that his first prior­ ity was to get some sleep.

Downing Street said the culture secretary, Tessa Jowell, had been appointed minister for the Olympics, alongside her current responsibilities. Speaking in Singapore, Ms Jowell said she could not believe London had won, but prom­ ised a games that would show the country's passion for sport and provide inspi­ ration for the next generation.

Ms Jowell said: "We've come from nowhere to win the Olympics and that is quite something. I really want to say thank you: there have been thousands of people involved in this."

She said she initially thought Paris had won because the photographers in the hall had moved over to where the French team were.

She believed the quality of the London presentation had been the crucial factor in its victory and said IOC members had told her how impressive they had found it. During the presentation, the Princess Royal had read a message from the Queen inviting the IOC members to Buckingham Palace if London prevailed.

Paris had been the favourite since the race began, partially because its main prospective Olympic stadium and others had already been built, in stark contrast

to London's plans. The French team may be aggrieved because its bid also fitted with the IOC's blueprint for controlling the size and cost of the games.

Visit Britain said the Olympic games in London could be worth more than

£2bn in tourism revenue for the country; the television rights are also expected to be worth more than £2bn.

When asked if holding the games would cause taxes to rise, Mr Blair said the event had been costed and would benefit the country. The games will be financed in part by a special Olympic lottery competition, expected to raise £1.5bn, and an average council tax increase for London households of £20 a year.

Five-time Olympic gold medal winner Sir Steve Redgrave is a bookmakers' favourite to light the Olympic torch at the opening ceremony.

II. Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного и зрительно-устного пере­ вода (обратите внимание на перевод заголовка):

Athletes Slow Down More Slowly

By David Leonhardt

They are old enough to remember the United States' boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics. Their careers started before Courtney McCool, a gymnast whose name you will soon know, was born. And they do not need to hear that they are an inspiration simply by making this year's Olympics, thank you.

They are all serious medal contenders, and there are now enough of them to talk about as if they were their own unofficial Olympic team. They make up the great nation of 30-something.

Gail Devers, 37, will try to add to the gold medals she won in 1992 and 1996 when she runs the 100 meters this week and the 100 hurdles next week. Akakios Kakiasvili, 35, will try to thrill his fellow Greeks by winning a fourth consecutive gold in weight lifting. Aleksandr Popov, a 32-year-old Russian, will again vie for the title of the world's fastest swimmer. Jeannie Longo-Ciprelli of France — who at 45 is an honorary member of team 30-something — will climb onto her bike for a sixth consecutive Summer Games.

The aging of the Olympic athlete has gone largely unnoticed by most fans, shrouded by the influx of fresh faces at each Games. Teenagers are again likely to dominate much of the discussion, with the 16-year-old McCool, the swimmer Michael Phelps, 19, and the sprinter Allyson Felix, 18, all candi­ dates for stardom. On the medal stand, though, teenagers are increasingly the exception. The winners in almost every major sport — cycling, rowing, swimming, track and field, volleyball — and many minors ones — archery, kayaking, handball, table tennis — have become older during the last three decades. Gymnasts, seemingly the ultimate symbol of Olympic youth, became younger in the 1970's and 80's, but have aged somewhat in the last decade.

252 Lesson 22

At the 1976 Olympics in Montreal, teenagers and the 30-and-older crowd earned 10 medals each in track and field. Four years ago, in Sydney, Australia, the oldsters beat the teenagers in a rout in the track and field events, 46 medals to 4.

The shift has helped to alter athletes' and scientists' understanding of when the human body peaks. For years, people assumed that the earlyand mid-20's marked the last time athletes could run their fastest or jump their highest. It was a sensible assumption, because that was the age of the world's champions.

But it now looks as if the reason was more economic than biological. Be­ fore the Olympics allowed professionals to compete, athletes had to retire, or curtail their training, and find jobs before they turned 30. They were quickly replaced in the winner's circle by younger athletes practicing full time.

"What we thought was aging," said Joel M. Stager, a professor of kinesi­ ology at Indiana University, "was really just inactivity.

Today, endorsement contracts with clothing and equipment companies like Speedo allow athletes to continue competing long after college. The deals often pay $25,000 a year or less, but it can be enough. For athletes from poor countries, like the runners from Kenya, saving even a small amount of the pay can make them wealthy when they do eventually retire and return home.

"It's a completely different ball-game when you can make a living," said Rowdy Gaines, a former world-record holder and winner of three gold medals at the 1984 Los Angeles Games in swimming. He is now a commentator for NBC Sports. "It keeps you in the sport much longer."

A virtuous cycle is then formed: athletes keep competing because they can and because they have new hope of winning as they age. Advances in training, reducing injury risks and teaching athletes how to eliminate tiny inefficiencies in their technique allow some to continue even as they reach beyond 30-something.

Merlene Ottey, 44, not only remembers the Moscow Games, but also competed in them for Jamaica, winning bronze in the 200 meters; it was her first of eight Olympic medals. She may no longer be a threat to win, but she will be sprinting again this year, as a naturalized citizen of Slovenia. Martina Navratilova, a tennis star for almost 30 years, has a chance to win a medal for the United States in doubles at age 47.

On reflection, perhaps this all should have become obvious much earlier than it did. In 1940, a 22-year-old American named Barney Ewell was probably the world's fastest man, but World War II canceled the Games that year and again in 1944.

After serving in the United States Army, Ewell shocked fans by qualify­ ing for the 1948 London Games and, at age 30, winning two silvers and a gold as a sprinter. This newspaper called him OPBamey.

All these years later, noted Dave Johnson, director of the Penn Relays, Ewell looks less like an exception and more like a once-rare example of an ath­ lete allowed to keep running into the twilight of his prime.

The lesson for all of us who will be spending much of the next two weeks in front of the television seems clear enough. Grab a ball or throw on some sneakers sometime soon, and stop moaning about being too old.

III. Подготовьте сообщение по тексту «Athletes Slow Down More Slowly» и выступите в роли переводчика других сообщений.

IV. Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода без подготовки:

Athenes

This is not the stuff of Olympic warfare. Even state-run systems no longer skew investment toward sports in order to score ideological points. While iso­ lated drug scandals have roiled the American and Australian teams, Frederic Donze of die World Anti-Doping Agency says, "Systematic doping on a na­ tional level doesn't seem to exist anymore." That couldn't be said four years ago in Sydney, when drug charges still dogged China. Now big powers no longer think it's worth cheating to achieve Olympic domination. This new, saner sense of priorities shows up in the medal counts. The share of medals taken by the top-10 nations has fallen from 74 percent in 1988 to 56 percent in 2000, and Dartmouth University Olympics watcher Andrew Bernard predicts it will fall to 53 percent in Athens. This leveling is encouraged by the International Olympic Committee, which devotes some of the broadcast revenue, already a record $1.48 billion in Athens, to help small powers participate. That's how Iraq man­ aged to field a team.

V. Переведите на английский язык и выступите в роли переводчика (ре­ комендуется для подготовки двустороннего перевода):

Мэр Турина Серджо КЬЯМПАРИНО: Олимпиада-2006 — это вызов современному Турину

• Господин мэр, как туринцы относятся к проведению XX зим­ них Олимпийских игр? *

— Мы стараемся как можно более осторожно проводить строитель­ ные работы в черте города, учитывая те неудобства, которые они могут причинить жителям Турина. Конечно же, перекрытая улица или строи­ тельная площадка в центре мало кого может порадовать. Но в целом ту­ ринцы положительно воспринимают Олимпиаду. Смотрите, какой инте­ рес они проявили к чемпионату Европы по фигурному катанию. И потом, после такого масштабного спортивного мероприятия у Турина и его жи­ телей появится совершенно новый международный облик. Для нас это очень важно.

• Как проведение Олимпийских игр 2006 года скажется на раз­

витии Турина?

— Олимпиада и связанные с ней проекты строительства новых объек­ тов становятся логическим продолжением наших глобальных урбанистиче­ ских проектов, направленных на модернизацию города и его предместий, на освоение нашим высокоиндустриальным городом новых вершин, на обнов­ ление в соответствии с велением нового века всей инфраструктуры Турина. Чтобы реализовать эти замыслы, нужны очень крупные государственные и частные инвестиции, которыми можно заручиться только благодаря прове­ дению такого важного мероприятия, как Олимпиада.

ш Существуют ли проблемы сотрудничества в подготовке к Олимпиаде у Вас как представителя левых с правительством облас­ ти, состоящим из представителей правых сил?

—Никаких трудностей нет. Речь идет о сотрудничестве в подготовке

кОлимпийским играм между различными институтами власти, а не от­ дельными людьми. Мы делаем одно общее, очень важное дело. Мы все это понимаем.

•Как будут использованы олимпийские объекты после Олим­

пиады?

— Изначально каждый олимпийский объект запланирован как мно­ гофункциональный, который легко технически может быть преобразован в выставочный павильон, концертный зал, ярмарку, а потом опять стать ста­ дионом. За счет олимпийского строительства планируется также попол­ нить жилой фонд.

• Как вы смотрите на проблему иммиграции, связанную с при­ током рабочей силы на строительство олимпийских объектов?

— Этот приток неминуем и необходим. Олимпийское строительство — отличный плацдарм для специалистов и рабочих с юга Италии и из других стран. Мы это понимаем. Важно, чтобы в итоге понятие «проблема имми­ грантов» превратилось в понятие «иммиграционные ресурсы».

• Сможет ли Турин повторить успех афинской Олимпиады в во­ просе обеспечения безопасности?

— Безусловно. У нас есть все, чтобы и участники, и зрители Олим­ пийских игр в Турине чувствовали себя уверенно и спокойно. Это касается не только спортивных мероприятий, но и обширной культурной программы,

которой тоже должна быть максимально обеспечена безопасность.

VI. Переведите вопросы и ответьте на них:

1.Что Вы знаете об олимпийских играх?

2.Какие виды спорта Вам нравятся?

3.Как Вы относитесь к футболу и хоккею?

4.Кого Вы знаете из российских олимпийских чемпионов?

5.Что нужно сделать, чтобы у нас было больше олимпийских чем­ пионов?

6.Как общаются спортсмены во время олимпийских игр?

7.Что нужно, чтобы принять участие в олимпийских играх в качестве переводчика?

VII. Рекомендуется для зрительно-устного или устного последовательного перевода с подготовкой (обратите внимание на двойное управление):

The 2012 London Olympics Don't make grassroots pay for Olympics

A year ago The Observer's Vote Sport campaign highlighted the shameful record of investment in sport by successive governments. At last there is a sign of change in the Budget — but there is a long way to go yet, say five sporting figureheads.

Sunday March 26,2006

The Observer

Last Wednesday was quite a day for sport. England's cricketers were cele­ brating an outstanding Test win in India, and Britain's athletes were leading the way at the Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. The result that mattered most, though, was achieved a lot closer to home: the funding boost given to British sport in the Budget. There has been intensive debate over the past few months about how much money would be needed to take Britain to fourth place in the medal table at the 2012 London Olympics. Because a large part of the success of the Games will be judged by the medal haul, this is not surprising.

Yet in all the heat and light that this debate has sparked, attention has been diverted away from by far the most important target in this government's sports policy: increasing participation in sport and physical activity across the nation by one per cent a year. So Gordon Brown and Tessa Jowell should be ap­ plauded for the Government's announcement of a package of measures for sport not just at the elite level, but for community, school and grassroots projects across the country. Our five sports — football, cricket, rugby union, rugby league and tennis — were hugely supportive of, and gave great backing to, the bid to bring the Olympics to London. We remain excited by the tremendous opportunities the Games offer to increase awareness of, and participation in, sport. There is no better way of getting the nation's young people to play more sport or get involved than to give them heroes to emulate, and what better than home-grown Olympic heroes? But we must set this in the context of our coun­ try's sporting infrastructure and interests. Britain's hosting of the Olympics

could act as a huge inspiration, but only if there is a proper strategy in place to encourage many more people to play sport, places for them to play, coaches to bring them on and a volunteer network to make it happen.

The Chancellor began to address this with a flurry of announcements unprecedented for sport in a Budget: Exchequer funding of £34million for the National Sports Foundation, £200m of government money to match £300m of Lottery investment in '2012 Olympic champions', new funding for community football projects, £7m for an annual Schools Sport Festival, an Olympic Trust Fund proposal and £150m for volunteering programmes.

There is still a lot more to be done, though, and there are a number of potential pitfalls. Long-term investment plans for sport are unclear. In the next few years, £340m is to be taken away from the Sports Lottery Fund to feed the Olympics project, with the possibility of a further £410m being diverted through rearrangement of percentage shares of National Lottery proceeds. This could lead to a substantial reduction in funding for grassroots sport, affecting clubs and community facilities across the country. Lord Carter, chairman of Sport England, is right to predict an outcry from the nation's sports community should they feel their sporting activity is disadvantaged in this way.

The government must take a long, hard look at its sports investment strategy, and how it will be brought to life, so as to ensure that the Olympics is complementary, not contradictory, to the objective of increasing participation across the country. We need to see a detailed analysis of what the Olympic funding plans will mean for our sports up to 2012 and beyond, so we can all plan for an active Britain.

grassroots — заурядные/простые люди, обыватели.

a package of measures — пакет мер/комплекс мероприятий.

to emulate — соревноваться/соперничать/стремиться превзойти.

a couch — тренер/наставник.

fluny — беспокойство, волнение, суматоха.

a pitfall — волчья яма, ловушка, рытвина, западня. to predict an outcry — предсказывать протест.

VIII. Подготовьте сообщение «Olympic Games» и выступите в роли пере­ водчика.

Дополнительные тексты для перевода, реферирования и аннотирования

ТехМ

The New York Times

Polite Behavior in New York? Like It or Not, It's the Law

By Winnie Hu

NEW YORK — New Yorkers are known to throw things onto the field during baseball games at Yankee Stadium. They boo their own mayor at pa­ rades. Some refuse to surrender their seats to pregnant women on me subway, while others push ahead in line and never apologize.

But somehow a city whose residents have long been scorned for churlish behavior is being praised for adopting rules and laws that govern personal con­ duct, making New York an unlikely model for legislating courtesy and decorum.

From tighter restrictions on sports fans and car alarms to a new $50 fine on subway riders who rest their feet on a seat, New York's efforts to curb eve­ ryday annoyances and foster more civility among its residents have increas­ ingly been studied far from home.

When Chicago's city council wanted to keep rowdy fans off Wrigley Field, they looked to New York, which has arrested 11 people at Yankee and Shea Stadiums under a 2004 law that makes it illegal to interfere with profes­ sional sports events.

When Boston and San Francisco lawmakers considered silencing cell­ phones in their theaters, they, too, looked to New York, which imposed a $50 fine in 2003 on callers wbo brazenly dial up during movies, concerts and Broadway shows. And when community groups sought new ways to fight graf­ fiti, they saw that New York passed a law in January making building owners responsible for cleaning up after the vandals.

Under Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg, the city has increasingly focused on social policies once thought to be beyond the realm of government. Mr. Bloomberg was largely responsible for the city's smoking ban in bars, restau­ rants and nightclubs. He also overhauled the city's noise code for the first time in three decades, taking aim at loud nightclubs, barking dogs and even that sta­ ple of summer, the ice cream track.

The crackdowns have left others wondering if the metropolis once known as Fun City is fun no more.

"It sounds like your City Council is getting really uptight," said Aaron Peskin, a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, who, along with his colleagues, has nevertheless looked to New York's laws for guidance. "It all seems a little overwrought."

Peter Post, the director of the Emily Post Institute, which instructs schools, businesses and government on etiquette, said that law or no law, good behavior could not simply be forced on unwilling pegple. "I think we've reached a tipping point with rudeness," he said. "Instead of people quietly putting up with rude behavior, they're finally saying, I don't have to put up with that anymore."

Text 2

When Corporate Titans Compete

By Steve Lohr

Microsoft and Google are in a war over talent.

The Microsoft-Google rivalry is shaping up as a corporate clash for the ages. It may not turn out that way. Markets and corporate fortunes routinely defy prediction. But it certainly looks as if the two companies are on a collision

course, as the realms of desktop computing and Internet services and software overlap more and more.

Microsoft, of course, is the reigning powerhouse of computing and Google is the muscular Internet challenger. How their confrontation plays out could shape the future of competition in computing and how people use information technology. Do the pitched corporate battles of the past shed any light on how, this one might end?

Business historians and management experts say the experience in two of the defining industries of the 20th century, mass-market retailing and automo­ biles, may well be instructive. The winners certainly scored higher in the ge­ neric virtues of business management: innovation, execution and leadership.

But perhaps even more significant, those who came out on top, judging from history, had two more specific attributes. They were the companies, ac­ cording to historians, that proved able to adapt to change instead of being pris­ oners of past success. And in their glory days, these corporate champions were magnets for the best and brightest people.

"One area where Microsoft and Google are really competing head-to-head now is in the war for talent," said Richard S. Tedlow, a historian and professor at the Harvard Business School. "Historically, the company that won the war for talent, won the war."

Mr. Tedlow points to Montgomery Ward as a company that lost talented managers to its rival Sears, and then lost its way.

In its recruiting face-offs against Google, Microsoft insists that it fares quite well over all. But there have been some high-profile defections of leading engineers, who said they preferred Google's technological direction and corpo­ rate culture.

The auto industry presents a sobering history of past-success syndrome. The Model T, introduced by Henry Ford in 1908, famously made the automo­ bile affordable. Ford's laserlike focus on efficiency drove the cost of a Model T from $850 when it was introduced down to $275 by the early 1920's.

But cost and efficiency was all he focused on. The design was not up­ dated. Eventually, the single-mindedness caught up with the company. In 1925, the Ford share of the American market had fallen to 45 percent, from 57 percent two years earlier.

By then, Ford's American rival General Motors was well on its way to be­ coming the world's largest carmaker. Yet as early as the 1950's, the Japanese chal­ lenge to Detroit's auto supremacy was quietly getting under way. Once again, the corporate giant was complacent, and late to see a fundamental shift in its industry.

History, then, suggests that past success is often an anchor holding a com­ pany back, and that Microsoft is at risk from the Google challenge, just as Sears ultimately was to the rise of Wal-Mart.

Microsoft dislikes being cast as a laggard. In a recent meeting with online advertisers and reporters, Bill Gates, the Microsoft chairman, portrayed his company as a force for healthy competition in Internet search.

"We will keep them honest," Mr. Gates said of Google. And he vowed to catch up. "I think this is a rare case where we are being underestimated," he said.

Text3

The New York Times Monday, April 24, 2006 Military fantasies About Iran

Iraq shows just how badly things can go wrong when an administration rashly embraces simple military solutions to complicated problems, shutting its ears to military and intelligence professionals who turn out to be tragically pre­ scient. That lesson has yet to be absorbed by the Bush administration, which is now reportedly honing plans for airstrikes on Iranian nuclear facilities.

Congress and the country need to ask the administration just what is go­ ing on, and just what it hopes to accomplish by this latest saber rattling.

If the administration's real goal is to change minds in Iran and energize diplomacy, it is not going about it in a very smart way. If, instead, it intends to