alimov_v_v_artemeva_yu_v_obshestvennopoliticheskii_perevod_p / общественно политический перевод

COMMENTARY

В каждой стране существует своя избирательная система, но техно­ логии, цели и задачи избирательных кампаний имеют много общего. При переводе текстов с тематикой выборов необходимо учитывать особенно­ сти избирательных систем исходного языка (ИЯ) и языка перевода (пере­ водящего языка — ПЯ). Не следует забывать, что многие английские слова обладают многозначностью: poll — индивид, отдельный избиратель, спи­ сок избирателей, голос, голосование, подсчет голосов, избирательный уча­ сток, опрос общественного мнения и т. д.; vote — голос, право голоса, го­ лосование, решение, избирательный бюллетень, вотум и др.

INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES

I.Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1.Britain is divided into 650 parliamentary constituencies.

2.Each constituency is a geographical area; the voters living within the area select one person to serve as a member of the House of Commons.

3.The average number of electors in each constituency in England is about 70,000; in other parts of Britain the average numbers are slightly lower.

4.Constituency boundaries are approved by Parliament following reviews by the four Parliamentary Boundary Commissions, one each for England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

5.The reviews take place every 10-15 years, but the Commissions also pre­ pare separate reports on particular constituencies between general re­ views.

6.The nominal chairman of the Commissions is the Speaker of the House of Commons.

7.A senior judge acts as deputy, and two other members are appointed by government ministers, usually after the other political parties have been consulted.

8.No MP, other than the Speaker, may serve as a member of the Boundary Commissions.

9.Following the publication of the Boundary Commission's recommenda­ tions in a particular constituency, local people and organisations are given a month to put forward different views.

10.If there are objections from one of the local authorities concerned, or from 100 or more local electors, an inquiry must be held.

11.The final recommendations are submitted to the Government.

12.If the Government alters the recommendations before putting them before Parliament for its approval, it must give reasons.

II.Переведите на слух словосочетания из текста:

The simple majority system of voting, the candidate with the largest number of votes, to receive more than half the votes cast, to favour a two-party system, to accumulate relatively small numbers of votes, do not win many seats, to be not legally barred from voting, under recent legislation, to be entitled to vote, to have the right to vote, under mental health legislation, to serve prison sen­ tences, electoral registration officers, to give details of household occupants, to compile provisional electoral lists, to appeal to the courts, postal ballot papers.

III.Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного перевода и пересказа:

PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS The system of voting

The simple majority system of voting is used in parliamentary elections in Britain. This means that the candidate with the largest number of votes in each constituency is elected, although he or she may not necessarily have re­ ceived more than half the votes cast.

It is thought that this system favours a two-party system, particularly when the parties' support is concentrated geographically, as is the case with the Conservative and Labour parties. It does not favour parties whose support is

spread across constituencies, such as the Liberal Democrats, as they tend to accumulate relatively small numbers of votes in each constituency and conse­ quently do not win many seats.

Voting is by secret ballot.

Who may vote. All British citizens may vote provided they are aged 18 years or over and are not legally barred from voting. Subject to the same conditions, citizens of other Commonwealth countries and the Irish Republic who are resident in Britain may also vote at parliamentary elections. All vot­ ers must be registered as resident in a constituency on a specified date.

Under recent legislation, British citizens living abroad may register to vote for up to 20 years after leaving Britain. It is believed that as a result a fur­ ther 2 million British citizens may be entitled to vote. They must register to vote in the constituency in which they were last resident. British citizens who are working overseas as British Government employees also have the right to vote, regardless of how long they have been abroad.

Voting in elections is voluntary. On average about 75 per cent of the elec­ torate votes.

Who may not vote. The following people are not entitled to vote in par­ liamentary elections:

—peers, and peeresses in their own right, who are members of the House of Lords;

—foreign nationals, other than citizens of the Irish Republic resident in Brit­ ain;

—people kept in hospital under mental health legislation;

—people serving prison sentences; and

—people convicted within the previous five years of corrupt or illegal election practices.

An electoral register for each constituency is prepared annually by elec­ toral registration officers — usually senior local government officers.

Registration officers arrange either to send forms to, or for their represen­ tatives to call on, every household in the constituency. Householders must give details of all occupants who are eligible to vote; failure to do so may lead to the individuals concerned being fined.

This information is used to compile provisional electoral lists, which are displayed in public places in order to give individuals the opportunity to check that their names are included or to object to inclusions. People who dis­ agree with the final decision of the registration officer may appeal to the courts.

Voters who are likely to be away from home at the time of an election — for example, on holiday or business — or who are unable to vote in person at the polling station, may apply for a postal or a proxy vote. The latter is a vote

cast by a person autiiorised to vote on behalf of another. Postal ballot papers can be sent only to addresses in Britain.

Any person aged 21 or over who is a British citizen, or citizen of another Commonwealth country or the Irish Republic, may stand for election to Parlia­ ment, providing they are not disqualified. Those disqualified include:

—people who are bankrupt;

—people sentenced to more than one year's imprisonment;

—clergy of the Church of England, Church of Scotland, Church of Ireland and the Roman Catholic Church;

—members of the House of Lords; and

—a range of public servants and officials, specified by law. They include judges, civil servants, some local government officers, full-time members of the armed forces and police officers.

Candidates do not have to live in the constituencies for which they stand. However, candidates who are on the electoral register in the constituencies for which they are standing may vote in their own constituencies.

Candidates must be nominated on official nomination papers, giving their full name and home address. A political or personal description of up to six words may be included.

The nomination paper must be signed by ten electors, including a pro­ poser and a seconder. At the same time a sum of £500 must be deposited on

bebalf of each candidate: candidates who receive less than 5 per cent of the votes cast in the subsequent election lose this deposit. Candidates from the main parties very rarely lose their deposits.

Candidates normally belong to one of the main political parties. However, smaller political parties and groups also put forward candidates, and individuals without party support also stand.

V.Рекомендуется для перевода на слух по абзацам:

General elections

General elections, for all seats in the House of Commons, take place at least every five years. In practice, elections are usually held before the end of the five-year term. In exceptional circumstances, such as during the two world wars (1914-18 and 1939-45), the life of a Parliament has been extended be­ yond the five-year term.

The decision on when to hold a general election is made by the Prim Minister. The procedure involves the Queen, acting on the Prime Minister' advice, dissolving Parliament and calling a new Parliament. Formal Writ of Election are normally issued on the same day. The Prime Minister usuall" announces the dissolution of Parliament and explains the reasons for holdin the election.

Voting takes place within 17 days of the dissolution, not including Satur­ days and Sundays and public holidays: therefore, election campaigns last for three to four weeks.

Administration of elections

In each constituency a returning officer, usually a senior local gov­ ernment officer, administers the election. He or she arranges for notices of election to appear in public places and for all election to appear in public places and for all electors to receive a poll card giving details of the voting arrangements. Returning officers also make the necessary arrangements for voting on polling day, including setting up polling stations and providing staff to run them.

For the purposes of voting, each constituency is divided into a number of polling districts. In each there is polling station: many types of building, includ­ ing schools, are used.

1.На сколько избирательных округов по выборам в парламент разделе­ на Великобритания?

2.Who is the nominal chairman of the Parliamentary Boundary Commis­ sions and who acts as his deputy?

3.Какая система голосования используется в Британии по выборам в парламент?

4.What is thought concerning this system of voting? What does it favour?

5.Какими бюллетенями осуществляется голосование?

6.Who may vote?

7.Кому не разрешается голосовать?

8.What information must the householders give concerning the occupants?

9.Для чего используется эта информация?

10.What may people do who disagree with the final decision of the registra­ tion officer?

VM. Рекомендуетсядля перевода на слух по абзацам: Elections 'Honest'

HISSAU, Guinea-Bissau (АР) — International observers declared Guinea- MIUHIIU'S weekend elections largely peaceful and honest despite widespread kiglNtical problems and at least two cases of rioting.

In a joint statement Monday, the 100 or so observers, including represen­ tatives from the United Nations, West African states and Portugal, GuineaHUnnu's former ruler, said most voters exercised their "democratic responsibil­ ity" by voting honestly and patiently enduring delays.

The statement made no mention of incidents in at least two neighbor­ hoods of Bissau on Sunday in which angry residents burned down polling sta­ tions when election officials and materials failed to arrive.

Results are not expected until Wednesday or later.

VIII. Переведите письменно на слух:

выборы в Парламент, to get more people involved, регистрация избирптслей, the Civil Rights Movement, составлять предварительные списки избирателей, to display in public places, голосовать лично на избирательном участке, years divisible [di'vizabl] by four, e. g. 1988, 1992, 1996,2000, 2004, etc; не иметь права голоса, the nation go to the polls, голосовать по почте или через представителя, specified by law, на государственном уровне (at the federal level), the most important decisions, в январе следующего года, the registration desks are set up in the streets, в следующий четверг, in a joint «cssion of Congress, проголосовать.

IX. Переведите письменно (рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного перевода):

Выборы в США

День выборов в США — первый вторник (после первого понедель­ ника) в ноябре.

Каждый американец, если он гражданин США и ему исполнилось 18 лет, зарегистрировавшийся для голосования, может голосовать.

Каждый штат имеет право определять процедуру голосования в штате. В США 50 разных регистрационных законов, для каждого штата установлен свой закон. Американцы гораздо больше заинтересованы в местной политике, чем в политике на федеральном уровне. Многие из наиболее важных решений, которые имеют отношение к образованию, жилищному строительству, налогам и т. д., принимаются ближе к дому: в

штате или округе.

Государственная избирательная кампания по выборам президента действительно состоит из двух отдельных кампаний: одна по выдвижению кандидатов на национальных партийных собраниях и съездах (конвенци­ ях), вторая связана с обеспечением победы на самих выборах. Выдвиже­ ние кандидатов является состязательной гонкой между членами одной и той же партии. В штатах проводятся предвыборные собрания (primaries) и фракционные совещания (caucuses), которые организуются между мартом и июнем. Организаторы надеются привлечь большинство голосов делега­ тов для своих партийных конференций в масштабе страны (в июле или в августе). Затем партийная конвенция организует голосование по выборам официального кандидата от партии для участия в президентских выборах. После этого следуют несколько месяцев президентской избирательной кампании кандидатов.

В ноябре, в год выборов (високосный год), по всей стране избиратели идут на избирательные участки. Если большинство голосов в штате по выборам президента (и вице-президента) получил кандидат от одной и той же партии, в таком случае данный кандидат получает все голоса выбор­ щиков ("electoral votes") этого штата. Количество голосов выборщиков равно количеству сенаторов и представителей, которое имеет каждый штат в конгрессе.

Кандидат с наибольшим количеством голосов выборщиков побежда­ ет на выборах. Количество голосов выборщиков от каждого штата офици­ ально сообщается Избирательной коллегией (Electoral College). В январе следующего года на совместном заседании конгресса официально пред­ ставляют нового президента и вице-президента.

X. Prepare a report on Presidential Elections in Russia (один студент делает сообщение на английском языке, остальные выступают в роли пере­ водчиков).

power to an Iraqi government two days ahead of schedule in an apparent attempt to surprise insurgents.

The NATO leaders were to pledge more help for the incoming Iraqi gov­ ernment, including training for its fledgling armed forces as it struggles to contain a wave of deadly insurgent attacks.

In their first summit since the alliance was wracked by bitter divisions over the Iraq war, the 26 leaders were set to agree on a request from Iraqi in­ terim Prime Minister Iyad Allawi for aid in rebuilding Iraq's armed forces.

The number of NATO instructors to be deployed and the timing of the op­ eration were unclear, but the move will give NATO a military presence on the ground in Iraq for the first time. Sixteen nation have sent troops individually to join coalition forces in Iraq.

On Monday, police used tear gas to stop hundreds of protesters from ap­ proaching the conference center where NATO leaders were meeting in Istanbul.

The protesters threw fire-bombs and several police and protesters were injured and were evacuated to local hospitals.

"We have shown that we are firmly resolved to confront risks and threats to our security well beyond NATO's traditional zone of operation," said alliance Secretary Gereneral Jaap de Hoop Scheffer as the leaders prepared to confirm the decision on training Iraq's forces.

However, the decision falls well short of U.S. hopes that NATO would as­ sume a major military role in Iraq, perhaps by taking over the multinationaldivision currently ran by Poland.

Opposition from France and Germany has ensured that NATO won't de­ ploy large numbers of troops and differences persist between those nations and the United States over the implementation of the training program.

III.Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного перевода:

Four Leaders Gloss Over Differences

The Associated Press

By Angela Doland

Cooperation, not confrontation, was the theme of the informal EuropeRussia meeting in Paris.

PARIS — The leaders of France, Germany and Spain formed a united front with President Vladimir Putin, jointly pressing Syria to withdraw from Lebanon, stressing their common position on Iran's nuclear ambitions and glossing over differences.

Friday's informal talks and dinner were a chance for the Europeans, led by French President Jacques Chirac, to assure Putin that Europe wants good rela­ tions with Moscow and to gently steer him toward greater democracy.

"In the relationship between Russia and all of Europe, we see the keys to peace democracy and the rale of law taking root definitively on our continent," Chirac said.

At a joint news conference, the leaders brushed over the toughest sub­ ject — the war in Chechnya, which raised protests from human rights groups. A few hundred people demonstrated in central Paris, some shouting,

"Putin, terrorist!"

Cooperation and gentle persuasion — not confrontation — were the themes of the meeting to prepare for a larger summit ahead between Russia and the whole 25-nation European Union on May 10. Chirac said leaders hoped to adopt a "road map" for better cooperation on questions from economic ex­ change to human rights.

France sees the outstretched hand as the best way to elicit change in Russia, especially with Russia now at the European Union's doorstep. Eight former Soviet bloc countries joined the EU in May.

While the United States is worried about Russia's nuclear cooperation with Iran, the Europeans said they were not. Iran and Russia signed a nuclear fuel agreement last month paving the way for a 1,000-megawatt nuclear power plant in the Iranian city of Bushehr.

Chirac said, "There is no contradiction between the Russian position and the position that Britain, Germany and France together are negotiating, trying to negotiate [with Iran to ensure it is not building the bomb]."

German Chancellor Gerhard Schroder took a similar position.

While Russia is aiding Tehran's civilian nuclear program, Putin drew a clear line. "Iran must prove that it refuses totally the acquisition of a nuclear weapon," he said.

Turning the focus to another Middle Eastern problem, the four urged Syria to withdraw troops and intelligence services from Lebanon in accor­ dance with a UN resolution. In a statement, they called for "the total with­ drawal of Syrian armed forces and security services, who must quickly leave Lebanese territory."

The leaders did not dwell on Chechnya at the news conference. Spanish Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero said he "of course had respect for the internal politics ot each country." Chirac, who has pressed for a politi­ cal solution in Chechnya in the past, said he raised the issue in private talks but did not offer details.

Chirac and Putin spent the afternoon together before the others arrived. In a gesture of trust. Chirac took Putin to visit a high-security center where de­ fense officials comb French airspace on alert for "possible attacks". The visit was a repaid favor after Chirac in April became the first Western leader to tour Russia's Titov space control center. The leaders also had a one-on-one lunch — a potential chance to press Putin discreetly on issues like democratic reform.

The "outstretched hand" approach with Russia is in contrast to the blunter approach U.S. President George W. Bush used last month. After meet­ ing Putin, Bush said: "I think Vladimir heard me loud and clear [about building democracy]." Looking tense, Putin responded that he was "not the minister of propaganda."

IV. Переведите письменно на слух:

страны содружества, to travel abroad on official business, глава государства, to carry out some of the duties, в 1967 году, to open a summit, передавать власть правительству Ирака, interim Prime Minister, военное присутствие, to be firmly resolved, противостоять угрозе, to use tear gas, в следующую декаду, to deploy large numbers of troops, выполнение программы подготов­ ки, the alliance, добиваться изменений, next Thursday, переговоры (возмож­ ны варианты), to prepare for a larger summit, занимать аналогичную пози­ цию, to stress the common position, взаимоотношения между Россией и всей Европой, treaty of friendship and cooperation.

V. Переведите предложения устно (рекомендуется для зрительно-устного перевода):

1.Правительственную делегацию Великобритании возглавляет пре­ мьер-министр.

2.Заместитель (deputy) премьер-министра России встретился с мини­ стром иностранных дел Болгарии и имел с ним беседу по вопросам, представляющим взаимный интерес (mutual interest).

3.Президент России принял официальное приглашение (to accept an official invitation) посетить Чили и Бразилию (Chile ['yili]. Brasil [brs'zil]).

4.Главы государств обсудили на встрече ряд вопросов и подписали не­ сколько договоров.

5.С 10 по 15 сентября в Москве находилась с визитом делегация аме­ риканских бизнесменов.

6.Премьер-министры двух стран подписали декларацию о дружбе и сотрудничестве (cooperation).

7.В столице Франции делегацию встречали (to greet) министр ино­ странных дел Франции и другие официальные лица (officials).

8.По сообщениям французских СМИ президент Франции посетит Рос­ сию с ответным визитом в конце этого года.

9.Переговоры проходили в дружеской атмосфере и делегации обсудили целый ряд вопросов, представляющих взаимный (mutual) интерес.

10.Необходимо возобновить переговоры (to resume talks) между воюю­ щими сторонами и добиться мирного разрешения конфликта.

VI. Рекомендуется для зрительно-письменного перевода:

ВИЗИТ Путин открыл Южную Америку

На прошлой неделе В. Путин сделал важное геополитическое (geo­ political [, нд:э'рэ1Шкэ1]) открытие. В том смысле, что никогда прежде нога высшего российского руководителя не ступала на землю Южной Америки. И вот свершилось: Президент РФ пересек Атлантику, чтобы нанести ви­ зиты в Чили и Бразилию.

Причем, проведя почти сутки в воздухе, преодолев 15 тысяч кило­ метров от заваленной снегом Москвы до утопающей в цветах и зелени чилийской столицы, В. Путин запросто мог полететь еще дальше — в Ан­ тарктиду. Об этом «АиФ» рассказал один из членов делегации вице-спи­ кер Госдумы А. Чилингаров. По словам бывалого полярника (polar explorer), вопрос о посещении российской антарктической (antarctic) станции подни­ мался, благо от Чили до ледяного материка рукой подать. Но из-за плотного графика от последнего «броска» на юг отказались.

В Сантьяго российского гостя поселили в двухэтажном люксе стои­ мостью 1800 долларов в сутки — с просторным холлом для приемов, дву­ мя спальнями и двумя ванными комнатами. Из окон гостиницы открывал­ ся прекрасный вид на 5-миллионный город и окружающие его вершины Лид. Чилийцы приготовили необычный сюрприз, выпустив в честь Прези­ дента РФ «именную» партию красного вина. Политическим подарком стало согласие Чили на вступление России в ВТО. В ответ президенту Р. Лагосу был подарен томик стихов Пабло Неруды, изданный на русском языке, и обещан полет чилийского космонавта на МКС.

Как позже признался сам Путин, ему «оказали очень теплый прием». Гак принимали еще только президента США Дж. Буша.

Но без усиленной охраны ни Бушу, ни другим главам государств в Сантьяго вообще лучше было не соваться. Поначалу антиглобалисты с красными флагами мирно бродили по столице Чили. На спинах у некото­ рых было написано «Нет — Бушу!», другие несли плакаты «Буш — чудо­ вище. Нет войне в Ираке!». А самые отвязные антиглобалистки пританцо­ вывали с обнаженной грудью. Но вскоре эротика сменилась агрессией. И карабинеров полетели камни, бутылки, в ответ полиция применила во­ дометы и слезоточивый газ. В итоге без стекол остались несколько лавок и гостиница, где проживала часть российской делегации.

Саммит Атлантического экономического союза (АТЭС) со стороны выглядел сплошной чередой официальных обедов и светских раутов (recep­ tions). Кстати, местное угощение Президенту РФ пришлось по вкусу, хотя меню было с сильным французским акцентом — вроде устриц и королев­ ских креветок под соусом шардоне, филе телятины с торе из тыквы и мусс из клубники и мяты. Пили, естественно, сухие чилийские вина. Не светские, а политические разговоры велись в основном на двусторонних встречах.

VII. Рекомендуется для устного (последовательного) перевода с предвари­ тельным чтением:

EU Mideast Talks

Valencia, Spain (АР) — Foreign ministers from the 15 EU nations and Is­ rael and its Arab neighbors gathered Monday to help forge a cease-fire and re­ vive Israeli-Palestinian peace talks that are key to the success of the European Union's multibillion-dollar economic outreach program for the region.

The agenda of the two-day, 27-nation Euro-Mediterranean gathering was officially devoted to economic cooperation, but true to tradition, the annual event was overshadowed by events in the Middle East.

VIII. Переведите письменно (особое внимание обратите на передачу имен собственных и цифр):

В Давосе пройдет экономический форум

26—30 января в швейцарском горном курорте Давос состоится очередной Всемирный экономический форум. В этом году в Давосском форуме примут участие более 2 тысяч 250 делегатов из 96 стран мира, из них более 20 глав государств и правительств, 70 министров, 26 религиозных ли­ деров, а также более 50 руководителей неправительственных организаций.

На форум приедут бывший президент США Билл Клинтон, прези­ денты Грузии — Михаил Саакашвили, Польши — Александер Квасьневский, Латвии — Вайра Вике-Фрейберга, а также политические лидеры многих стран мира. Россию будут представлять вице-премьер правитель­ ства Александр Жуков и советник президента по экономическим вопросам Андрей Илларионов.

По словам организаторов форума, одной из центральных фигур этого года станет лидер украинской оппозиции, избранный президент Виктор Ющенко, а главной темой — выборы. Организаторы пообещали не зацик­ ливаться только на «оранжевой революции» и сказали, что без внимания не останутся также выборы в Ираке, в Палестине и нового президента Европейской комиссии.

X.Рекомендуется для последовательного перевода на слух с заметками:

5 Caspian Presidents Meet to Divide Sea

By Sebastian Alison REUTERS

ASHGAB AT, Turkmenistan — The presidents of all five states surround­ ing the Caspian Sea will meet in the Turkmen capital on Tuesday to try to settle a decade-old dispute on how to divide the sea, including its gigantic oil and gas wealth.

But while the fact that President Vladimir Putin and the leaders of Iran, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan are prepared to meet at all is seen as a step forward, not everyone expects a dramatic breakthrough.

"It's an important event, it's the first summit of all five presidents," a sen­ ior Turkmen Foreign Ministry official said Monday. "It will be difficult to find a solution immediately, but this is a first step."

Before his departure for Turkmenistan, Iranian President Mohammad Khatami was more optimistic.

"It's a positive meeting and I hope that all five countries reach a fair solu­ tion for the Caspian Sea's legal regime," Khatami said at the airport, Iranian state television reported.

The Caspian has existed in a legal limbo* since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Until then, a 1970 agreement between the Soviet Union and Iran estab­ lished exactly who owned what in the priceless waters.

But the emergence of three new states, each desperate to use the massive hy­ drocarbon resources of the Caspian to boost their infant economies, has increased the urgency — at least for them — of drawing up a fresh status for the waters.

That the sea contains huge reserves is not in doubt. Multibillion dollar in­ vestments have already been made in sectors claimed by Azerbaijan and Ka­ zakhstan.

The Azeri capital, Baku, produced half the world's crude oil a hundred years ago.

"In 2010, we estimate production of the Caspian area will be about 3.8 million barrels per day — that means about 60 percent of the present produc­ tion of the North Sea," said one Western oil executive, speaking on condition of anonymity at a recent World Economic Forum in Kazakhstan.

He pointed out that this would raise Caspian output to well over Iran's current 3.4 million barrels per day, and would give the region 50 percent more output man the Gulf of Mexico.

But with each state holding widely differing views on what represents an equitable division, progress on dividing the sea has been painfully slow.

Turkmen President Saparmurat Niyazov has attempted to host summits several times before, most recently last October, but all have been cancelled as differences proved too great.

Last summer an Iranian gunship ordered two exploration ships out of what it considered its waters. The ships were in what they believed to be the Azeri part of the sea.

Iran wants the Caspian divided into five equal chunks, but analysts say it might have to settle for less.

Turkmenistan also complained bitterly to Azerbaijan last summer over what it saw as illegal licensing by Azerbaijan to explore in a disputed area of the sea.

Legal experts from the littoral states met in Moscow in January to try to bring a deal closer, but left empty-handed.

* legal limbo — правовое забвение.

XI. Подготовить сообщение: "Visits, Meetings, Talks".