Terekhova_E_Dvustoronniy_perevod_obshchestvenn

crown colony status and culminated in the assassination of the sec ond British governor (1949). But the most serious opposition was in the Malay Peninsula against the Malayan Union which reduced the status of the Malay States virtually to that of a British colony. Consequently, the British were obliged to abandon the Malayan Union scheme, and in 1948 in its place established the Federation of Malaya, after protracted negotiations with the Malay Rulers, the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) and other parties concerned. The new Federation consisted of all the nine Malay states of the Peninsula, along with Melaka and Pulau Pinang, unit ed under a federal government in Kuala Lumpur headed by a British High Commissioner.

7. Malayan Independence

By the Agreement of 1948 the British had committed them selves to preparing the way for the Federation’s independence. Under the twin pressures of a communist rebellion (the Emergency) and the development of a strong Malay nationalist movement (represented by UMNO), the British introduced elec tions, starting at local level in 1951. The problem of obtaining political cooperation among the main ethnic groups in the coun try to fight for independence was resolved by the successful estab lishment of an alliance between UMNO and the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA), the two principal communal parties, in the same year, which was subsequently joined by the Malayan Indian Congress (MIC).

When the first federal elections were held in 1955, the UMNO MCA MIC Alliance, headed by Tunku Abdul Rahman, won an overwhelming victory (51 out of the 52 seats contested), and the Tunku was appointed the Federation’s first Chief Minister. The Alliance was successful in pressuring the British to relinquish their sovereignty in August 1957.

In the meantime slower constitutional progress had been taking place under British colonial rule in Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah. In 1955 Singapore was granted internal autonomy (the Rendel Constitution) and had its first Chief Minister (David Marshall). By

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1959 Singapore had achieved full internal self government and was led by the Peoples’ Action Party (PAP) under Lee Kuan Yew. In Sarawak local elections were introduced in 1959.

8. Towards Malaysia

The first move towards the formation of Malaysia came in 1961 when the idea for the formation of a wider federation com prising the Federation of Malaya, Singapore and the Kalimantan States (including Brunei) was mooted by Tunku Abdul Rahman in a speech in Singapore. The Tunku’s proposal received mixed reception. It was generally popular in Malaya and Singapore but raised doubts in Sabah and Sarawak. It also quickly aroused oppo sition from the Philippines which asserted a claim over British North Borneo (Sabah) and from Indonesia where it was viewed as a “neo colonialist” plot by Sukarno and the powerful Indonesian Communist Party. However, the proposal had the immediate effect of accelerating constitutional development in Sarawak, Sabah and Brunei. Elections were held for the first time in Brunei and in Sabah in 1962. A joint Anglo Malayan commission headed by a for mer governor of the Bank of England, Lord Cobbold, visited Sabah and Sarawak in 1962 and reported that the majority in both states favoured the formation of Malaysia. However, continued Philippine and Indonesian opposition led to the sending of a United Nations mission to Borneo in 1963, which also reported that public opinion was in favour of joining Malaysia. Consequently, on 16 September 1963, Malaysia was formally promulgated, although without Brunei which by this time had declined to join.

9. Malaysia, 1963 — Present Day

The first few years of Malaysia were taken up by a serious chal lenge to its survival, mainly from Indonesia whose policy of con frontation took the form of armed attacks on the Peninsula and across the land frontiers of Sabah and Sarawak. Confrontation was finally brought to an end by an agreement signed in Bangkok in 1966, while the Philippines gave its formal recognition to Malaysia

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the same year. In the meantime, however, (i.e. in 1965) Singapore ceased to be a member of the Malaysian federation and became an independent state.

In the seven general elections which have been held since the formation of Malaysia (the most recent being in 1990), the ruling coalition of political parties — formerly the Alliance, but expanded in 1971 to become the Barisan Nasional — has easily retained its majority in parliament. However, in 1969 for the first and up till now the only time, the coalition lost its overall two thirds majority. Communal tensions resulted in the 13 May 1969 incident in Kuala Lumpur, leading to the establishment of an emergency government — the National Operations Council. Parliamentary rule was resumed in 1971. Since then the broad aim of the administration has been the fulfilment of the New Economic Policy which is designed to eradi cate poverty regardless of race, and to eliminate the identification of occupation with race.

The economic prosperity achieved in the 1970s enabled the administration of Tun Abdul Razak, who succeeded Tunku Abdul Rahman as premier in 1970, and Tun Hussein Onn, who took over on the death of Tun Razak in 1976, to make considerable progress towards these ends. At the same time, Malaysia established a more independent foreign policy, helping found ASEAN in 1967, recog nising Communist China in t974, and identifying the nation with the non aligned countries of the Third World. The 1980s have brought new political directions and economic challenges. The administration of Dato’ Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamad (1981) has seen the search for new sources of support and development (the Look East Policy), the initiation of a bold policy of heavy indus trialisation (the national car, steel industry and oil refineries) and an aggressive foreign policy asserting the interests of the undevel oped South versus those of the developed nations of the North. The ruling coalition of parties in the Barisan Nasional continues to dominate the political arena but a number of developments, including the coming of age of a new generation of voters, suggest that there may be changes in the traditional pattern of Malaysian politics.

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3. СТРАНЫ АТР: ПОЛИТИКА В ДЕЙСТВИИ

üВыполните двусторонний перевод текста.

TIME: Чем стиль Вашего руководства будет отличаться от стиля Престона Меннинга?

Day: It’s difficult for me to compare myself with somebody else. I like to reach out and touch people, and I think it is important to communicate one on one and also in large audiences. You have to be able to do the two in today’s political world.

TIME: Почему жители Онтарио будут голосовать за Вас?

Day: There’s a sense that I can get a job done, that I know what I’m doing, I have a proven record. The fact that I’ve lived in most regions of the country; I’ve lived in Ontario, albeit in my teen years. People tell me they like the way I communicate and reach out.

TIME: Религия является важной частью жизни многих канадцев. Может ли это как-то помочь Вам, когда люди пойдут на выборы?

Day: In the last 90 days, I’ve probably done close to 300 town hall meetings. And over seven years as a Cabinet minister, I’ve prob ably spoken to thousands of crowds. In all that time, the question of religion has never come up. Basically, what people want to know is, “Are you real?” “Can I trust you?” “Do you go through the joys and pains of life that I do?” and “Can you get the job done?”

TIME: Готовы ли Вы пойти на компромисс относительно платформы Вашей партии, с тем чтобы обеспечить сотрудничество тори и Альянса?

Day: I’d welcome the discussion. But Alliance policy is estab lished by the members. The leader cannot say, “This policy was

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established by the people, I’m now going to change it.” That would be totally going sideways in terms of this citizen based party.

TIME: Есть ли в платформе Альянса положения, которые могут стать помехой на выборах?

Day: No.

TIME: Считаете ли Вы себя крупным специалистом в общении?

Day: I think I have some ability to communicate. People tell me that.

TIME: Одна из Ваших коллег, Альберта М.П. Джасон Кенни, сказала, что у Вас есть соответствующий потенциал, чтобы стать канадским Рейганом.

Day: Ronald Reagan is a hero of mine. I’ll be very hesitant to put myself at his level, but people have made comparisons. Reagan spoke about hope. Reagan was a conservative. Reagan came from a state government to the national scene. Reagan was able to win when people said he couldn’t. But I haven’t done a stint in Hollywood yet.

TIME: Можете ли Вы сравнить себя с Пьером Эллиотом Трюдо?

Day: I recall when I was 17 or 18 years old, doing everything I could to see that Pierre Elliot Trudeau would not get elected. Obviously, I was among the thousands who failed in our task. One of the things that we were continually combating was his energy, at least the perception of it. Something was percolating there with Trudeau and Reagan, and people tell me they see the same bubbles and the same percolation there in the campaign I just finished. They expect it to continue, and I hope it does.

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FAILED EMERGENCY LEGISLATION “WOULD HAVE MADE

AUSTRALIA A LAUGHING STOCK”

üСделайте письменный перевод текста. При переводе пользуйтесь словар¸м.

üОбратите внимание на переводческие решения по следующим единицам перевода:

a)прецизионные слова (имена собственные, даты, названия документов, организаций, географические названия);

b)идиоматические выражения и слова, используемые в переносном значении;

c)сильные (эмоционально нагруженные) глаголы, прилагательные, существительные.

By Sarah Crichton

An international law expert said yesterday that the Federal Government’s failed emergency legislation would have violated a raft of international treaty obligations and made Australia a laughing stock.

Dr Jean Pierre Fonteyne, senior lecturer and convener of the Australian National University’s graduate international law pro gram, said the legislation tabled in Parliament in haste on Wednesday night would have sparked a wave of diplomatic protest from every maritime nation.

The legislation, which would have given the prime minister a free hand to order the removal, by force if necessary, of any vessel from Australian territorial waters, violated Australia’s obligations under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the 1951 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees, Dr Fonteyne said.

It would also have prevented any legal action within Australian courts relating to the new law — a move the High Court may well have struck down as unconstitutional and a violation of the separa tion of powers.

“It gave far and away too great a power to the prime minister,” Dr Fonteyne said.

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Because the boat people aboard the Tampa had entered terri torial waters, Australia was now legally required to assess the refugee status of those aboard before any could be expelled. It was irrelevant whether the vessel had entered Australian waters legally or illegally.

“Until you have decided someone is not a refugee, you cannot send them somewhere else because you might be expelling them back to a place where their life or liberty could be in danger,” Dr Fonteyne said.

Domestic legislation could not override Australia’s internation al obligations.

“The Government has been thrashing around trying to find a way to extricate itself from this situation, but it seems to me quite clear they’ve completely lost the plot; they have no idea what they’re doing anymore.

“It seems quite clear that what we are dealing with here is a somewhat mindless attempt to appear tough, irrespective of the legalities involved.”

As well, Australia had obligations under humanitarian law, including those covering civil and political rights, and the rights of the child.

“The international political dimension of all of this is stagger ing. They [the Government] have chosen to thumb our nose at inter national public opinion.”

“The world now knows the extent to which humanitarian con siderations play no role whatsoever in determining the Government’s attitude on refugees.”

Australia risked international ignominy and a real prospect of legal action as a result of the Tampa standoff, he said.

Norway could yet make a claim for compensation on behalf of the shipping company before the International Court of Justice in The Hague, or take Australia before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in Hamburg for breaching the law of the sea con vention.

It could also bring pressure to bear on European states with whom Australia trades.

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4. ГУМАНИТАРНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ СТРАН АТР

УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 41

üВыучите следующие переводческие эквиваленты.

üПроизведите их быстрый устный перевод вслед за преподавателем.

refugee arrivals in — беженцы, прибывшие в

asylum seeker — обратившийся за убежищем; тот, кто про сит убежища

Office of The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) — управление Верховного комиссара по делам беженцев (УВКБ)

admit refugees — принимать беженцев

seek refugee status —добиваться статуса беженца grant refugee status — предоставить статус беженца

reside in two countries — быть гражданином двух стран; иметь гражданство (паспорт) двух стран

ethnic Korean — этнические корейцы migration rate — темпы миграции

nonresident aliens — иностранные граждане (подданные других стран)

УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 42

üПереведите следующие слова в контексте.

Refugee According to the United Nations, a person who has left his own country and gone to another country because of “fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, member ship in a particular social group, or political opinion” is called a refugee. The purpose of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) is to provide refugees with international pro tection and to help them in other ways.

Indigenous a plant indigenous to New Zealand. (Syn. native, local.)

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Populate The new land was quickly populated by the settlers from abroad. (Syn.: settle, colonize, inhabit): The American West was hardly settled until the 19th century; the settled coastal areas of Australia; When refugees are resettled they are moved away from their hometown and sent to another place. The Manchu and Tungus tribes inhabited riverbanks and bay shores. The British first colonized Australia in the 18th century.

Displace The indigenous population was soon displaced by the settlers. A displaced person is one usually living in their own coun try but not in their hometown or, sometimes, one who has been forced to leave his/her own country.

Emigrate (from, to); immigrate (to) (rare); migrate. People who emigrate are emigrants from the country that they leave, and their action is called emigration: A ship full of emigrants left Liverpool for Australia. But from the point of view of the country they enter, the same people are immigrants, and their action is called immigration: to pass through Immigration Control at the port; the immigration office at the airport; There are strict controls on immigration into this country. To migrate is to move from one country to another for a limited period: Migrant workers move from country to country in search of work; cheap migrant labor. The word is used especially of birds, and the action is called migration: the spring migration of the wild ducks.

УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 43

üПодберите к словам в рамке соответствующие дефиниции.

populate, displace, migrate, colonize indigenous, settle, to inhabit, emigrate

To force out of the usual place, (of people) to go and live in a place, to leave one country to settle in another, to live in a place or area; born or produced naturally in a particular place, to estab lish a colony in a country or an area; to move from country to country.

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УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 44

üПереведите на английский язык, используя активный словарь темы, обращая внимание на полезные выражения, выделенные курсивом.

Mr Wang and his family, illegal aliens, have been living from month to month, often on the brink of deportation proceedings, for more than a year. With several months left on his tourist visa, he took a job at a large dairy farm in Leicester.

Native Americans are a minority ethnic group in the United States who were free and independent groups also known as American Indians, who arrived in North America thousands of years before the Europeans came. They were driven out of their home lands by the white Europeans who arrived in North America.

THE FLIGHT TO FOOD, BUT NOT FREEDOM

üСделайте письменный перевод текста.

Desperately hungry, North Koreans flee across the border to life underground in China.

WEAK WITH HUNGER, LEE Chun sik gripped his younger sister’s hand and led her across the frozen Tumen River into China. The North Korean wasteland receded behind them. In a small and quiet village, they came across an empty shack. Inside, they found several ears of corn and a bag of salted cucumbers. They made a fire, grilled the corn and ate it with the cucumbers. “It was a great meal for us,” says Lee, 14. Their strength renewed, they walked for two hours in the bitter wind until they came to the home of an ethnic Korean family, who offered them food and warm bedding for the night.

That was 18 months ago. Today, Chun sik and his 12 year old sister, Sun hee, live in northeastern China’s Yanbian region with an elderly ethnic Korean couple who have taken them in. The siblings may have escaped the hunger and hardship of North Korea. But they

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