- •International Law.
- •Unit 1. The main legal features of the international community
- •Introduction
- •The nature of international legal subjects
- •Traditional and new subjects
- •Vocabulary work
- •I. Find English equivalents to these word combinations
- •Grammar revision
- •IV. Translate these sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the underlined words.
- •Speaking
- •V. Answer the questions, using the information from the text
- •Insurgents
- •National liberation movements
- •VI. Find answers to the questions.
- •VIII. Render the text “Что понимается под субъектом международного права”into English.
- •IX. Using the diagram speak on the International Legal Subjects
- •Immunities and other limitations on sovereignty
- •Rights and immunities of foreign states
- •Non-intervention in the internal or external affairs of other states general
- •New forms of intervention
- •Prohibition of the threat or use of force
- •Peaceful settlement of disputes
- •Sovereignty
- •Legal equality
- •Self-determination of peoples
- •Vocabulary work
- •Grammar revision
- •Speaking.
- •Immunities of diplomatic agents
- •What are the two classes of privileges and immunities which diplomatic agents enjoy?
- •Immunities of consular agents
- •International Law - Antonio Cassese
- •New trends
- •The role of usus and opinio in international humanitarian law
- •Do customary rules need, at their birth, the support of all states?
- •Treaties
- •Interpretation
- •Codification
- •The introduction of jus cogens in the 1960s the emergence of jus cogens.
- •The effects of jus cogens
- •Vocabulary work.
- •II. Match the words making pairs used in the text, and use them in sentences of your own.
- •III. Match these Latin words with their definitions.
- •IV. Match the synonyms and use them in the sentences of your own.
- •Grammar revision.
- •V. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the underlined words.
- •Speaking
- •VI. Continue the sentences, using the phrases, given below.
- •VII. Answer the questions using the information from the text.
- •VIII. Complete diagrams a and b with the words and phrases given below. Then using these diagrams retell this part of the text “International Lawmaking.”(Custom and Treaties).
- •IX. Working in pairs make up one more diagram covering such parts of the text as “Codification” or “Jus Cogens. Other Law-Creating processes.”
- •X. Read the text and answer the questions.
- •International lawmaking: other law-creating processes (part I)
- •XI. Read the text and decide whether the statements are true or false.
- •International lawmaking: other law-creating processes (part II)
- •XII. Render the text into English.
- •International Law, Antonio Cassese
- •Unit 4. State responsibility
- •1 The current regulation of state responsibility: an overview
- •2 'Ordinary' state responsibility
- •3 'Aggravated' state responsibility
- •Vocabulary work
- •I. Give the English equivalents of the following word combinations
- •II. Match these words making pairs used in the text
- •III. Complete the sentences with prepositions
- •IV. Choose the right word
- •I. Translate into Russian the sentences
- •II. Give extensive answers to the questions making use of the following expressions
- •III. Summarizing
- •IV. Render the text into English ответственность в международном праве Что понимается под международно-правовой ответственностью и когда она наступает?
- •Несут ли субъекты международного права международно-правовую ответственность за деяния своих органов и должностных лиц?
- •Unit 5. Legal attemps at narrowing the north-south gap
- •1 The action of the world community: general
- •2 The role of international economic institutions
- •Vocabulary work
- •I. Give the English equivalents of the following word combinations
- •II. Match the words making pairs used in the text
- •III. Complete the sentences with prepositions
- •IV. Choose the right word
- •I. Translate from English into Russian
- •I. Match the parts of the sentences
- •II. Give extensive answers to the questions making use of the following expressions
- •1 Multilateral co-operation for development
- •Unit 6. The implementation of international rules within national systems relationship between international and national law
- •Modalities of implementation
- •Vocabulary work
- •I. Give the English equivalents to the following word combinations
- •IV. Analyse the meanings of the words. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct word in each case.
- •I. The formal subject expressed by ‘it’. Translate into Russian the sentences with impersonal ‘it’.
- •II. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the underlined word combinations.
- •I. Decide whether these statements are true or false. Discuss the answers in groups.
- •III. Summarizing.Write the plan of the text in the form of statements. Develop your plan into a summary.
- •IV. Render the text into English using the active vocabulary
- •Supplementary reading the rank of international rules within domestic legal orders
- •I. Comment on the diagram. Make use of the helpful phrases.
- •Trends emerging among the legal systems of states
- •1. Modalities of implementation
- •2. The rank of international rules, within domestic legal orders
- •Exigencies motivating states in their choice of the
- •Incorporation system
- •Techniques of implementation
- •Treaty law
- •I. Analyse the ways of implementing rules within the frame of international public law using the given phrases. Complete the missing information on the mind map.
- •Techniques of implimentation
- •Information for reports, presentations, discussions:
New forms of intervention
The question arises of whether the ban on interference in the internal affairs of other States-also embraces those interventions, that do not take the form of sending, or threatening to send, military aircraft and warships, but include: economic pressure or even economic coercion; bringing about political destabilization; instigating, fomenting, and financing unrest in a foreign country. In addition, one may wonder whether international law bans the resort by powerful States to more subtle forms of undue interference, such as radio propaganda, economic boycott, withholding economic assistance, or influencing international monetary and financial institutions with a view to stifling weak States economically. Arguably, economic force is proscribed when used as a means of compelling a State to adopt a course of action contrary to its will and advantageous to the coercive State.
Prohibition of the threat or use of force
The prohibition of the threat or use of force was first laid down in the UN Charter (Article 2.4). That this principle was proclaimed and strongly emphasized in 1945 is hardly surprising.
Peaceful settlement of disputes
The UN Charter obliges member States to settle their international disputes peacefully (Article 2.3) so as generally to prevent peace and security, as well as justice, being imperilled.
This obligation has gradually been extended to all States as a logical corollary of the formation of a customary ban on the use of force.
Consequently, the principle is breached whenever a State wilfully and mala fide refuses to resort to negotiations or other peaceful means or procedures proposed by the counter-party; or, after the failure of a particular means or procedure agreed upon by the contending parties (for example, mediation), refuses to continue to seek a settlement; or takes action that is likely to aggravate the dispute or jeopardize peace. More generally, the principle is breached when a party manifestly engages in delaying tactics or in any other way shows that in actual fact it is not prepared to settle the matter peacefully.
One should bear in mind that one of the purposes of peaceful counter-measures may be to impel the counter-party to reach an amicable settlement of the dispute.
As in the case of other general principles, respect for human rights derives its most solid guarantee from the UN system. Legally, any State whatsoever is entitled to insist that the offending party discontinue its violations (and make reparations, as the case may require). However, for a number of historical, political, and diplomatic reasons States eschew bilateral action and prefer to bring the issue of gross disregard for human rights before international organizations, chiefly the UN. This practice is to some extent, a healthy phenomenon, for in the UN a less partial examination of allegations can be made, and 'collective sanctions' (11.4.1-2) may be resorted to which tend to be more effective than individual (peaceful) counter-measures
In the present world community, even after the collapse of the Soviet Union and most other socialist countries, States are divided economically and politically and often their relations are beset with tensions. The principles therefore represent the fundamental set of standards on which States are not divided and which allow a modicum of relatively smooth international relations. They make up the apex of the whole body of international legislation. They constitute overriding legal standards that may be regarded as the constitutional principles of the international community.
The sovereign equality of States
Traditional international law was based on a set of rules protecting the sovereignty of States and establishing their formal equality in law.
Of the various fundamental principles regulating international relations, this is unquestionably the only one on which there is unqualified agreement and which has the support of all groups of States, irrespective of ideologies, political leanings, and circumstances.
This being so, what is its present purport? The principle is an umbrella concept, covering various general rules, of which it provides a synthesis. Consequently, it can only be fully appreciated if these general rules are spelled out. As the principle embraces two logically distinct notions (sovereignty and legal equality), it makes sense to .consider them separately.