List of the reference on the theme

1. Договоры, учреждающие Европейские сообщества. – М.,1994, с.3-18

2. Документы Европейского Союза: Сборник. – т.1-3.-М.,1995

3. Казахстан и Европейский Союз. Сб.док.и мат. Алматы,1997

4. Барановский В.Г. Европейское сообщество в системе МО.- М.,1986,25-98

5. Борко Ю. Что такое Европейский Союз? – М.,1986.

6. Европейский Союз и Центральная Азия, Алматы, 2001, с.34-72

7. Единая Европа: идея и практика.- М.,1994.

8. Ибрашев Ж.У., Енсебаева Э.Т. Европейский Союз во внешней политике Республики Казахастан.- Алматы,2001, с.25-74

9. Улахович В. Международные организации. Справочное пособие. Москва. Минск, 2005, с.217-241

Lecture 15

Theme of the lecture: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

The objective of the lecture. Students should know main aims, activity, structure, and perspectives of the OSCE.

Outline of the lecture

1.The OSCE formation.

2.Aim and structure of the OSCE

The brief content of the lecture

1. In 1975 Conclusion Act of Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe was signed by heads of 33 European states, USA, and Canada.

In 1990 Parisian Charter for Europe was signed and foundation of the OSCE institutes was a new period of it.

Aim of the OSCE is warning conflicts, weapons control, protection of human rights, get over interstate crisis, establishment of state behavior Code, concerning transparence of military forces and society relations.

• Parisian meeting (1990) – agreement about ordinary military forces in Europe was signed;

• Vienna Declaration (1992) on measures of trusting, security and disarmament;

• Helsinki (1992) Conclusion Act about reduction of ordinary military forces in Europe was signed;

• Budapest summit (1994) renamed CSCE to OSCE;

• Lisbon summit (1996) elaborated Charter of European security;

• Istanbul summit (199) adopted Charter of European security and 30 states signed Treaty about OSCE.

OSCE is an unique organization because:

• wide membership, including states of Euro Atlantic and Eurasian regions;

• wide cooperation on security;

• tradition of open dialogue and formation of consensus;

• cooperation with other International Organizations;

• wide network of local missions

10 basic principles of the OSCE:

- sovereignty of states;

- non-using forces;

- borders inviolability;

- territorial intact of states;

- peaceful regulations of arguments;

- non-interference to internal affairs;

- respect of human rights and basic freedoms, including freedom of thought, conscience, religions;

- right on self determination;

- interstate cooperation;

- fulfillment of international legal duties.

2. Permanent Council is a permanent Body for political consultation and adoption decisions. It members meet in Hofburg Palace in Vienna each week for adoption decisions, concerning OSCE.

Ministers of Foreign Affairs of 55 states meet annual for discussing economic, ecological and other problems.

Acting Chairman – Minister of Foreign Affairs of state, where precede meeting was held. Predecessor and successor help to him fulfill a current job.

Supreme Commissar on business of national minority is situated in Hague.

Office on Mass Media.

Office on Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.

Parliamentary Assembly is held annual sessions in cities of state-members. It consists of 312 states, belonged to national delegations (from 2 till 17 members, depends of state population). Decisions adopt by simple majority, but consensus procedure is used too. Parliamentary Assembly has three Committees:

1. Committee on policy and security;

2. Committee on economy;

3. Humanitarian Committee.

Secretariat of the Parliamentary Assembly is situated in Copenhagen.

In 1992 Court on Reconciliation and Arbitrage was founded in Geneva.

Secretariat of the OSCE is situated in Vienna and has 4 departments:

• Conferences;

• Administration and Budget;

• Supporting of Chairman;

• Center of conflicts warning.

Secretary General is a head of Secretariat is elected by OSCE Council.

Partners of the OSCE on cooperation are Japan and Korea. Mediterranean partners are Algerians, Egypt, Israel, Morocco and Tunisia.

Working languages are English, Spanish, Italian, German, Russian and French.

Glossary

Get over	преодоление	Еңсеру
Inviolability	нерушимость	Берік,мызғымас
Intact	целостность	Бүтіндік,тұтастық
Precede	предшествующий	Өткен
Predecessor	предшественник	Ізашар
Successor	преемник	Орнын басушы
Reconciliation	примирение	Табыстыру,татуласу

Tasks for IWS: Prepare information about history of the OSCE.

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “Role of Kazakhstan in the OSCE”.

Home tasks: Write a short essay about main stages of the OSCE formation.

List of the reference on the theme

1. Договоры, учреждающие Европейские сообщества. – М.,1994, с.221-224

2. Барановский В.Г. Европейское сообщество в системе МО.- М.,1986, с.115-117

3. Единая Европа: идея и практика.- М.,1994, с.77-89

4. Улахович В. Международные организации. Справочное пособие. Москва. Минск, 2005, с.279-286

Lecture 16

Theme of the lecture: European Political and Economic Organizations

The objective of the lecture. Students should know main aims, activity, structure, and perspectives of political and economic organizations in Europe.

Outline of the lecture

1. CE formation and activity.

2. Structure of the CE.

The brief content of the lecture

1. CE was a first Intergovernmental European Organization, formed after the II WW. It’s Charter was signed in 1949 by 10 states-founders.

Basic aims of the CE:

• protection and strengthening of human rights, parliament democracy;

• reach of general European understanding on harmonization of social and juridical practice of state-members;

• assistance to development of European originality, based on community of values and variety of cultures.

From 1989 to actions of the CE were added:

• assistance to Central and Eastern European states in conducting economic, political, legal, and Constitutional reforms, giving know-how in such spheres as human rights, local democracy, education, culture and environment protection.

45 states are members of the CE by 2004. Vatican (1970), Canada (1996), Mexico (1999), USA (1996), Japan (1996) are observers at Committee of Ministers;

Israel (1957), Canada (1997) and Mexico (1999) are observers at Parliament Assembly.

Criterions for entrance are warrants of free opinions, free mass media, protection of national minorities, observance of International Law, and obligation to sign European Convention on human rights and recognition totality of it control mechanisms.

2. Structure of the CE:

Committee of Ministers is a high Body of the CE, consists of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of state-members. It adopts decisions on CE program, confirms budget, and appoints members of the CE on human rights. It meets twice in year.

Parliament Assembly (four sessions in year) consists of deputies and their assistants. Number of representatives (from 2 to 18) depends of number of population.

5 groups are formed in Assembly:

-Democrats and reformists;

European democrats;

European National Party;

Liberals;

Socialists.

Chairman is elected each year.

Council of Assembly consists of Chairman and 17 vice-chairmen. Assembly forms recommendations, organizes conferences, open parliamentary listening, elects Secretary General and his assistants, leaders of Assembly and judges of European Court on human rights.

Conferences of Branch Ministries – Law, Culture, Environment and so on direct on activization of interstate dialogue.

Secretariat is headed by Secretary General.

CE activity comprehends all spheres of European society, except military:

• human rights;

• legal cooperation;

• social-economic problems;

• public health;

• sport;

• education;

• culture;

• historical, architectural monuments;

• environment;

• mass media;

• activity of local and regional structures.

Special Commission of CE for democracy through the law located in Venice, gives consultations on development of democratic institutions.

European Convention on human rights (1950) protects individual citizen rights and obligates to warrants it observance. Complaints are checked by European Commission on human rights. Head-Quarter of the European Court on Human Rights is situated in Strasbourg. It is a juridical organ, founded due to European Convention on Human Rights – Court of last instances, passing decisions on observance by state-members their duties on Convention. Court consists of judges, elected by Parliament Assembly and don’t represent interests of state and independent.

In 1999 of the CE Commissar on Human Rights was confirmed.

Committee on warning tortures follow for regimes in prisons and gives recommendations on improvement protection prisoners rights.

In 1997 Convention on Human rights and biomedicine was signed and in 1998 it was added by Protocol, prohibited man’s clone.

On February 1,1998, Convention about protection of national minorities was declared: equal rights, measures on preservation and development of cultural legacy, originality, religion, languages and traditions, assistance to free and peaceful trans border cooperation between nationalities, on preservation language of minorities.

European center of Contemporary languages is situated in Grasa (Austria). Aim of it is application of studying language programs and spreading of new methodic to all European states.

European Commission on struggle with terrorism directed on solution of extradition of terrorists. Convention about struggle with corruption in criminal and civil law.

On November 8, 2001 Committee of Ministries adopted Convention about struggle with crime in virtual area (Convention about cyber crime).

European Social Charter protects 19 main social rights: on labor; freedom on conclusion of tariff treaties; strikes; social provision etc.

Bank of Development CE is financed social projects, directed on aid to refugees and victims of natural disaster, provision by dwelling, improving of social infrastructures.

Council on cultural cooperation and Fund of culture;

Committee on development of sport;

European Convention on Joint creation of cinema production. “Euro image” (1988), fund, which assists to cinema and audio production in Europe;

Center of handicraft in Venice;

European Commission on medicaments was founded in 1964, guaranteed quality of medicaments by permanent tests;

“Pompidou Group” (1971) – Inter ministry Forum of experts on struggle with illegal trade by drugs, warning of AIDS among drug addicts, elaboration of treatment and rehabilitation;

European Youth Center;

Convention on preservation of wild animals and environment (Bern Commission, 1982).

Official languages are English, French. Working languages of Parliament Assembly are German and Italian. Head-Quarter is situated in Palace of Europe in Strasburg.

Glossary

Community	Община, общность	Қауым
Originality	подлинность	Шынайлық,дәлдік
Comprehend	Понимать, охватывать	Қамту,қапсыру
Complaint	Недовольство, жалоба	Наразылық,кейіс
Observance	наблюдение	Байқау,бақылау
Torture	Пытка, пытать	Азап
Drug addict	наркоман	нашақор

Tasks for IWS: Prepare information about “The European Bank Reconstruction and Development”.

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “Western European Union”.

Home tasks: Write a short essay about “Inter-Parliamentary Union”.

List of the reference on the theme

1. Договоры, учреждающие Европейские сообщества. – М.,1994,с.145-178

2. Барановский В.Г. Европейское сообщество в системе МО.- М.,1986,с.167-178

3. Единая Европа: идея и практика.- М.,1994,с.156-197

4. Улахович В. Международные организации. Справочное пособие. Москва. Минск, 2005, с.294-304

Lecture 17

Theme of the lecture: European Political and Economic Organizations

The objective of the lecture. Students should know main aims, activity, structure, and perspectives of the European Organizations.

Outline of the lecture

1. Benelux

2. Visegrad Group

3. Danube Commission

4. European Free Trade Association (EFTA)

The brief content of the lecture

1. Treaty about foundation of Economic Union Benelux was signed in 1958. It confirmed norms, elaborated in 1948, when Custom Union of three states Belgium, Luxemburg, and Netherlands was formed. In 1960 treaty about free moving persons, capitals, and goods was signed. In 1969 Protocol about unification of custom territories of the Benelux was signed. In 1984 document about good’s exchange inside Benelux was introduced. Aim of the Benelux is free moving of people, capital, goods and services, unique trade and economic policy concerning third states.

Structure of the Benelux Union:

• Committee of Ministries consists of three ministers of foreign affairs is a high body and holds a few meetings in year.

• Council of Economic Union coordinates activity of commissions and submits to Committee of Ministers.

• General Secretariat is headed by Board of Secretary Generals, consists of General Secretary (citizen of Netherlands) and two assistants.

• Inter parliamentary Consultative Council consists of 21 deputies of Belgium Parliament, 21 of Netherlands, and 7 of Luxemburg.

• Consultative Council on economic and social problems consists of 27 representatives of economic and social organizations of three states.

• Arbitrage Board.

• Court Chamber.

Belgium, Luxemburg, and Netherlands jointly with Germany, Italy, Spain, France, and Portugal signed Shengen agreement (1985), concerning liquidation border controls. Official languages are – French and Dutch; working bodies are situated in Brussels.

2. Visegrad Group was formed in 1993. Firstly Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland were included in it. In 1991 just Hungary and Poland met in Visegrad (on the North of Hungary). In the middle ages Visegrad Castle was a residence of Hungarian king. In 1335 summit of Polish, Hungarian, and Bohemian kings was held for integration on the base of common regional interests. In 1991 Declaration about close cooperation was signed between Poland and Hungary, Czech and Slovakia joined to them later. Aim of group is cooperation in foreign policy, internal affairs, education, culture, sport, science and technologies, environment, infrastructure and trans border sphere.

Structure are:

• Summit of Prime-Ministers;

• Summit of Branch Ministers;

• Summit of Ministers of Foreign Affairs.

3. Danube Commission was formed in 1949, after adoption Convention about regimes of navigation on Danube, signed on August 18, 1948 in Belgrade. Aims of the Danube Commission are provision of free navigation, free moving of trade boats, citizens and goods, supporting of navigation in own sectors, deepening of economic and cultural relations of Danube states, and relations with third states. Members of Danube Commission are: Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Germany, Moldova, Russia, Rumania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Ukraine, Croatia.

Structure:

• Danube Commission;

• Secretariat.

Danube Commission meets ones in year, elects Chairman, his assistant and secretary on 3 years term.

After Kosovo events in 2000 DC and EU formed International Fund with 26 mln euro budget, for reconstruction damage bridges and some regions of river.

Official languages are French and Russian Head-Quarter of the DC is situated in Budapest.

4. EFTA was formed in 1960 on the base of Convention signed in Stockholm in 1960 by 7 Western European states, didn’t enter to European Economic Community for foundation of free zone by trade of industrial goods. In 1972-1973 agreements about free trade with European Community were signed, which led to foundation Western European system of free trade. In 1922 EFTA concluded Treaty with EU about foundation European Economic Area, including system of free moving of industrial goods, services, capitals and people.

In 1972 GB and Denmark, in 1985 Portugal, later Austria, Finland and Sweden left EFTA and became EU members. By 2004 Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway, Switzerland are members of the EFTA.

Structure:

• Council of Ministers

• Permanent Committee

• Committee of Parliamentarians

• Consultative Committee

• Court.

Members of the EFTA concluded agreements about free trade with Bulgaria, Poland, Rumania, Slovakia, Czech and Baltic states concerning trade by industrial and agricultural goods. Bodies of the EFTA are situated in Geneva.

Glossary

Hold	проводить	өткізу
Board	коллегия	Коллегия
Damage	ущерб	Залал,нұқсан
Provision	обеспечение	Қамтамасыз ету

Tasks for IWS: Prepare information about European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC).

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) ”.

Home tasks: Write a short essay: ”European Conference of Postal and Telecommunication administrations (CEPT)”.

List of the reference on the theme

1. Договоры, учреждающие Европейские сообщества. – М.,1994,с.212-221

2. Барановский В.Г. Европейское сообщество в системе МО.- М.,1986,с.234-254

3. Единая Европа: идея и практика.- М.,1994,с.167-177

4. Улахович В. Международные организации. Справочное пособие. Москва. Минск, 2005, с.245-252

Lecture 18

Theme of the lecture: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

The objective of the lecture. Students should know main aims, activity, structure, and perspectives of the NATO.

Outline of the lecture

1. History of the NATO formation

2. Structure of the NATO

The brief content of the lecture

1. NATO was formed on April 4,1949 by Washington Treaty. NATO unites 26 states. State-members obligates to support and develop military defense potential, provides base for collective military planning. Military forces of the NATO were formed in 1950. It was made in respond on military actions on Korean peninsula in 1950. NATO was formed in the time of Cold War, and was directed against SU and Warsaw Treaty.

Civil Bodies of the NATO was formed on the base of Lisbon Summit decisions on February 20-21, 1952. In the same time Secretariat was formed. In 1956 Supreme Three – Great Britain, France, USA was founded.

Political changes in 90-s of XXc. In Europe demands necessity of self determination and declaration of new strategy of Alliance:

• London Declaration “North Atlantic Alliance in change processes” (1990);

• Rome Declaration about Peace and Cooperation and New Strategically Conception of the North Atlantic Union (1991);

• Declaration of the NATO in Brussels (1994) about program “Partnership for Peace”;

• Washington Declaration (1999);

• Prague Summit (2002) about further development of the NATO;

• Istanbul Summit (2204) about development of the NATO.

Strategically conception of the NATO is supporting of Transatlantic connections and global strategically balance in Europe, and defines three main elements for provision of security: dialogue, cooperation, supporting of collective military protection.

Rome and Washington Declaration defined, that new problems would decide by complex of institutions, connecting Europe and Northern America in the framework of the NATO, OSCE, EU, and CE cooperation.

In 1994 NATO declared Program “Partnership for Peace”.

NATO’s military activity , number of military forces, and role of nuclear components decreased.

In 1991 Council of the North Atlantic Cooperation (CNAC) was formed, included post socialist states, and states of the former SU. Aim of it is formation of partnership between North Atlantic block and states of the Central and Eastern Europe. In 1997 CNAC was replaced by Council of Euro Atlantic Partnership (CEAP).

Program Partnership for Peace based on the bilateral relations between NATO and 27 states joined to the PFP. Participants of the PFP are Albania, Austria, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Finland, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Moldova, Russia, Switzerland, Sweden, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. They are members of the CEAP also.

Strategic conception of the NATO included “leading operations on crisis situations, don’t coincide with article 5 of Washington Treaty (collective defense against external aggression). The first step was rocket-bomb blows in Yugoslavia in March,1999. This military campaign showed, that alliance can use forces without Security Council (UN) sanctions.

In 1997 Jointly Permanent Council NATO-Russia was formed. In 1997 the same agreement was concluded with Ukraine and decision of Dialogue on Mediterranean problems foundation – about cooperation with 7 states (non including to the NATO) – Algeria, Israel, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunis. Aim of the dialogue is strengthening of security and stability in Mediterranean region.

NATO fulfils coordinating role. Euro Atlantic Coordination Center Reacted on Natural Disasters and Catastrophes (EACCRNDC) was formed in 1998, coordinates actions on giving aids in the Western Ukraine from flood and Kosovo.

2. Civil structure of the NATO:

• Permanent Council;

• Committee of military planning;

• Group of Nuclear planning;

• Secretary General.

Military structure of the NATO:

-Military Committee;

Permanent military committee;

International military staff.

Glossary

Flood	наводнение	Тасқын, топан су
Bilateral	двусторонний	Екі жақты,екібетті
Blow	удар	Ұру,соққы
Conduct	вести	өткізу

Tasks for IWS: Prepare information about military and civil structure of the NATO.

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “Kazakhstan and NATO”.

Home tasks: How is realized program “Partnership for Peace ”in Kazakhstan?

List of the reference on the theme

1.Yost D.S. NATO transformed. The Alliance’s new Roles in International Security Washington, 1998, с.24-98

2. Улахович В. Международные организации. Справочное пособие. Москва. Минск, 2005, с.167-183

Lecture 19

Theme of the lecture: International Political-eEconomic Organizations – OPEC, OECD

The objective of the lecture. Students should know main aims, activity, structure, and perspectives of the OPEC, OECD.

Outline of the lecture

1. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).

2. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

The brief content of the lecture

1.OPEC was formed in 1960 on Conference in Baghdad by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Qatar was joined in 1961, Indonesia in 1962, Libya in 1962, United Arabian Emirates in 1967, Algeria in 1969, Nigeria in 1971, Gabon in 1975-1994 and Ecuador (1973-1992) were members of the OPEC. Charter of the OPEC was adopted in 1965.

Aim of the OPEC:

• coordination and unification of the oil policy of state-members;

• effective individual and collective protection of state-members;

• provision of stable prices on world oil markets;

• provision of stable incomes of state-producers of oil;

• effective, profitable and regular provision of state-consumers;

• provision of justice redistribution incomes of investments to oil industry;

• protection of environment.

Member of the OPEC can be a state exported raw oil, approved by ¾ of state-founders and real members of Conference.

Structure:

Conference is a High Body of the OPEC and meets twice in year in Vienna. Secretary General is a Secretary of Conference simultaneously. Conference defines political objectives, approves budget and changes in Charter, takes decisions about adoption of new members, appoints members of Council of Managers, appoints Chairmen, Secretary General and his assistant.

Council of Managers is an executive organ of the OPEC. Each state has one vote. Council fulfils Conference decisions, prepares annual budget and conference agenda, assigns Secretary General assistant, confirms department heads.

Economic Commission consists of Secretary General assistant, representatives of state-members and coordinator. Commission elaborates measures on provision stability of oil markets, solves all problems of oil and energetic policy. Commission meets twice in year.

Secretariat fulfils current work. Secretariat divides on departments: investigation, energetic, economic and finance, administration and staff, information.

From 1991, OPEC and independent states-exporters of oil (non-members of the OPEC), EU and International Energetic Agency were held meetings for exchange by information on energetic, industrial cooperation, protection of environment, using of market mechanisms and transparence of oil market.

OPEC is financed through national finance institutions of state-members and multisided financial institutes.

Official language is English. Firstly, Head-Quarter was situated in Geneva, from 1965 in Vienna.

2. OECD was formed on September 30, 1961. It became successor of the Organization of European Economic Cooperation, formed in 1948 for using American economic and financial aid for restoration of Europe (Marshall’s Plan).

Main aims of the OECD:

• attributions to the development of world economy by provision on economic development, increasing of life standards, preservation of financial stability of state-members;

• assistance of economic and social prosperity by coordination of the policy of state-members;

• agreement aid of the OECD states to developing states.

Members of the OECD (by2004) are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Iceland, Spain, Ireland,, Italy, Canada, Southern Korea, Luxemburg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Great Britain, Slovakia, USA, Turkey, Finland, France, Czech, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan (30 states).