lZf lhevdh [_kieZlgu_ beb mkeh\gh [_kieZlgu_ ijh]jZffu Z kZfu_ ihimeyjgu_ m gZk ijh]jZffgu_ ijh^mdlu m\u d lZdh\uf g_ hlghkylky B \-lj_lvbo ^hey j_kmjkh\ bf_xsbo hlghr_gb_ d Jhkkbb b jmkkdhfm yaudm gZ aZjm[_`guo)73-maeZo djZcg_ g_\_ebdZ

K ^jm]hc klhjhgu ih f_j_ lh]h dZd \k_ [hevr_ ihevah\Zl_e_c \ Jhkkbb i_j_oh^yl gZ ijyfh_ ih^dexq_gb_ d Bgl_jg_lm jZkl_l b [h]Zl__l k_lv hl_q_kl\_gguo )73-maeh\ Mf_gb_ ihevah\Zlvky wlbf bgkljmf_glhf — h[yaZl_evgh_ mkeh\b_ ijhn_kkbhgZevghc jZ[hlu \ Bgl_jg_l_

< dZq_kl\_ ©dhffmgbdZpbhgghc ijh]jZffuª iha\heyxs_c ihemqZlv nZceu l_f m dh]h _klv ijyfh_ ih^dexq_gb_ d Bgl_jg_lm kem`bl ijh]jZffZ — deb_gl ijhlhdheZ FTP Qlh[u k\yaZlvky k m^Ze_gguf dhfivxl_jhf \ j_`bf_ online gm`gh khh[sblv wlhc ijh]jZff_ ^hf_gguc Z^j_k dhfivxl_jZ k dhlhjuf \u ohlbl_ k\yaZlvky _]h fh`gh ij_^klZ\blv k_[_ dZd ihqlh\uc Z^j_k [_a bf_gb ihevah\Zl_ey b kbf\heZ ©#ª GZijbf_j _keb ihevah\Zl_ev mike@oak. Oakland, edu ibr_l \Zf qlh k _]h dhfivxl_jZ fh`gh \aylv ©ih FTPª bgl_j_kgu_ \Zf nZceu \u ^he`gu ^Zlv ijh]jZff_ FTP dhfZg^m k\yaZlvky k maehf oak.oakland.edu.

Ih ih\h^m `_ bf_g b iZjhe_c kms_kl\m_l mgb\_jkZevgh_ kh- ]eZr_gb_ _keb \u g_ ij_l_g^m_l_ gb gZ qlh djhf_ h[s_^hklmiguo nZceh\ lh \ hl\_l gZ aZijhk ©loginª \\_^bl_ ©anonymous» ©Zghgbfª Z \ dZq_kl\_ iZjhey aZijhk ©password:» ) — k\hc we_dljhgguc Z^j_k LZdhc f_lh^ ^hklmiZ gZau\Zxl ©Zghgbfguf

FTP» .

FTP-maeh\ k dhlhjuo fh`gh [jZlv nZceu ih Zghgbfghfm FTP ©Zghgbfguo )73-maeh\ª \ fbj_ gZkqblu\Z_lky [hevr_ lukyqb ?kl_kl\_ggh bkdZlv gm`guc nZce f_lh^hf i_j_[hjZ bo \k_o fZehi_jki_dlb\gh QZs_ \k_]h ^ey ihbkdZ nZceh\ gZ Zghgbfguo )73maeZo ijbf_gy_lky kbkl_fZ Archie klj lZd`_ ^hklmigZy \ j_`bf_ online — dZd k ihfhsvx ki_pbZebabjh\Zggh]h $Uchie-deb_glZ lZd b q_j_a rexa Archie-WWW gZijbf_j http:// ftpsearch.ntnu.no).

IP-Z^j_kZ

:^j_kZ fZrbg \ lhf \b^_ d dhlhjhfm \u m`_ ijb\udeb gZijbf_j www. microsoft. corn bf_xl \ Bgl_jg_l_ k\hc pbnjh\hc wd\b\Ze_gl — IP- Z^j_k k dhlhjuf \ dhg_qghf kq_l_ b bf_xl ^_eh \k_ ijh]jZffu jZ[hlZxsb_ \ j_`bf_ online LZd \ur_ijb\_^_gghfm Z^j_km khhl\_lkl\m_l IP-Z^j_k ohly wlh g_ agZqbl gZijbf_j qlh © ª hagZqZ_l « corn» — kbkl_fZ ihkljh_gby,3-Z^j_kh\ kh\k_f ^jm]Zy,3-Z^j_k — Zljb[ml j_`bfZ online ihwlhfm _keb dhfivxl_j k mgbdZevguf ^hf_gguf Z^j_khf bf__l lhevdh ihqlh\h_ ih^dexq_gb_ d k_lb gbdZdh]h ,3-Z^j_kZ _fm g_ iheZ]Z_lky

Ijh]jZffu FTP b telnet ihgbfZxl dZd h[uqgu_ lZd b,3-Z^j_kZ maeh\ Dh]^Z \u ^Z_l_ dhfZg^m dZdhc-eb[h k_l_\hc ijh]jZff_ k\yaZlvky k g_dbf maehf mdZau\Zy _]h h[uqguc ^hf_gguc Z^j_k lh i_j\h_ qlh ^_eZ_l wlZ ijh]jZffZ — \uykgy_l dZdhc ,3-Z^j_k khhl\_lkl\m_l wlhfm ^hf_gghfm Z^j_km

Telnet

Telnet — wlh ijhlhdhe dhlhjuc y\ey_lky bgl_jg_lh\kdbf ZgZeh]hf h[uqghc k\yab f_`^m ^\mfy dhfivxl_jZfb \ l_jfbgZevghf j_`bf_ dhffmgbdZpbhgghc ijh]jZffu klj Wlbf ijhlhdhehf ihevamxlky ^ey lh]h qlh[u h[_ki_qblv m^Ze_gguc ^hklmi d lhc beb bghc bgl_jZdlb\ghc ijh]jZff_ gZ mae_ Bgl_jg_lZ — gZijbf_j ^ey kha^Zgby ZgZeh]Z h[uqghc BBS k ^hklmihf q_j_a Bgl_jg_l

;hevrbgkl\h maeh\ k_lb dZd \u m`_ agZ_l_ — dhfivxl_ju k hi_jZpbhgghc kbkl_fhc UNIX dhlhjZy iha\hey_l h^gh\j_f_ggh jZ[hlZlv g_kdhevdbf ihevah\Zl_eyf gZ h^ghf dhfivxl_j_ k jZaguo l_jfbgZeh\ Dh]^Z aZ k\h[h^guc l_jfbgZe kZ^blky gh\uc ihevah\Zl_ev kbkl_fZ UNIX ijhkbl _]h \\_klb \oh^gh_ bfy aZijhk « loginª b iZjhev (« passwordª :^fbgbkljZlhj maeZ fh`_l k^_eZlv lZd qlh ^hklmi d g_dhlhjuf ijh]jZffZf [m^_l \hafh`_g q_j_a mdZaZgb_ ki_pbZevgh]h \oh^gh]h bf_gb GZijbf_j gZ[jZ\ ©gopher» \ hl\_l gZ aZijhk ©loginª \u l_f kZfuf aZimkdZ_l_ ijh]jZffmdeb_gl Gopher b ihemqZ_l_ \hafh`ghklv h[sZlvky lhevdh k g_c

Q_eh\_d k\yaZ\rbcky k dhfivxl_jhf q_j_a telnet k lhqdb aj_gby kbkl_fu UNIX — lZdhc `_ ihevah\Zl_ev dZd b lhl qlh kZ^blky aZ deZ\bZlmjm wlh]h dhfivxl_jZ Ihwlhfm dZd ijZ\beh i_j\h_ qlh \u \b^bl_ gZ wdjZg_ ihke_ mklZgh\e_gby kh_^bg_gby q_j_a telnet, — ijb]eZr_gby ©loginª b ©passwordª ?keb \u bf__l_ k\hb ijZ\Z ^hklmiZ gZ wlhc kbkl_f_ lh \\_^y k\h_ bfy b iZjhev fh`_l_ jZ[hlZlv dZd h[uqgh aZ[u\ h lhf qlh dhfivxl_j gZoh^blky g_ jy^hf k \Zfb ;he__ lh]h fh`gh aZimklblv gZ m^Ze_gghc fZrbg_ lhl `_ telnet b \hclb k g__ h[jZlgh gZ k\hc dhfivxl_j

Gh ]hjZa^h qZs_ telnet bkihevam_lky kh\_jr_ggh ihklhjhggbfb ex^vfb ^ey jZ[hlu k jZaghh[jZagufb h[s_^hklmigufb ijh]jZffZfb GZijbf_j \ kijZ\hqgbd_ ih [b[ebhl_qguf bgnhjfZpbhgguf kbkl_fZf \u fh`_l_ gZclb mdZaZgby lbiZ©telnet tolZdhc-lh Z^j_k! login = libraryª Wlh hagZqZ_l qlh qlh[u ihiZklv \ ijh]jZffm jZ[hlu k [b[ebhl_qghc [Zahc ^Zgguo gm`gh k\yaZlvky k ihfhsvx telnet k mdZaZgguf maehf b gZ[jZlv ©libraryª \ hl\_l gZ aZijhk©loginªKlhbl hlf_lblv qlh q_j_a tel-

net fh`gh jZ[hlZlv lhevdh k ijh]jZffZfb dhlhju_ bf_xl qbklh l_dklh\uc bgl_jn_ck b mijZ\eyxlky iml_f gZ[hjZ dhfZg^ k deZ- \bZlmju

LZdbf h[jZahf telnet — mgb\_jkZevgh_ kj_^kl\h ij_^hklZ\eyxs__ \k_f ihevah\Zl_eyf Bgl_jg_lZ \hafh`ghklv jZ[hlZlv k ijh]jZffZfb gZ \Zr_f dhfivxl_j_ _keb dhg_qgh \u bf wlh iha\hebl_ Ihkdhevdm ijh]jZffu b nZceu — wlh hkgh\gh_ [h]Zlkl\h ex[h]h dhfivxl_jZ FTP b telnet ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc ^\Z hkgh\guo [Zah\uo bgkljmf_glZ jZ[hlu \ Bgl_jg_l_

Gopher

Gopher (Zg]e. ©kmkebdª— [u\r__ h^gh \j_fy \_kvfZ ihimeyjguf \ Bgl_jg_l_ kj_^kl\h hj]ZgbaZpbb k_l_\uo j_kmjkh\ k ihfhsvx kbkl_fu f_gx <f_klh lh]h qlh[u \uibku\Zlv ba kijZ\hqgbdh\ fgh`_kl\h Z^j_kh\ maeh\ b ihevah\Zlvky lh tel-QHWhf lh FTP ^ey jZ[hlu k ijh]jZffZfb b ihemq_gby nZceh\ \u fh`_l_ \ua\Zlv Gopher b bkke_^h\Zlv l_ `_ \hafh`ghklb k ihfhsvx eh]bqghc b m^h[ghc kbkl_fu \eh`_gguo f_gx

DZ`^Zy kljhdZ f_gx fh`_l [ulv \oh^hf \ ih^qbg_ggh_ f_gx l_dklh\uf nZcehf lh]^Z Gopher ij_^eh`bl ijhkfhlj_lv _]h gZ wdjZg_ beb ihemqblv ih FTP), telnet-kh_^bg_gb_f dhlhjh_ Gopher lZd`_ mklZgh\bl kZfhklhyl_evgh lZd qlh \Zf g_ ijb^_lky aZihfbgZlv Z^j_k maeZ b ^Z`_ Zm^bhbeb \b^_haZibkvx dhlhju_ fh`gh ijhb]ju\Zlv k ihfhsvx g_dhlhjuo JRSKHU-deb_glh\ Gh kZfh_ ]eZ\gh_ — lh qlh \k_ wlb nZceu ijh]jZffu b ih^qbg_ggu_ f_gx fh]ml gZoh^blvky gZ jZaguo maeZo k_lb

<k_ JRSKHU-k_j\_ju fbjZ k\yaZgu f_`^m kh[hc b h[jZamxl _^bgh_©JRSKHU-ijhkljZg]l\hªgopherspace GZqZ\ jZ[hlZlv k h^gbf ba gbo fh`gh g_aZf_lgh ^ey k_[y i_j_clb gZ ex[hc ^jm]hc k_j\_j Ijb wlhf k\yav f_`^mJRSKHU-f_gx gZ jZaguo k_j\_jZo fh`_l [ulv dZdhc m]h^gh gZijbf_j ]eZ\gh_ dhjg_\h_ f_gx h^gh]h JRSKHUk_j\_jZ fh`_l p_ebdhf \oh^blv h^gbf imgdlhf \ f_gx ^jm]h]h k_j\_jZ b gZh[hjhl imgdlu ba g_kdhevdbo ih^f_gx k jZaguo k_j\_jh\ fh]ml khklZ\eylv dhjg_\h_ f_gx _s_ h^gh]h k_j\_jZ

F_gx kbkl_fu gopher kljhylky ih jZaguf ijbgpbiZf l_fZlbq_kdhfm l_jjblhjbZevghfm ojhgheh]bq_kdhfm b ^Z`_ ZenZ- \blghfm <iheg_ fh`gh ihkljhblv k\hc JRSKHU-k_j\_j iheghklvx gZ fZl_jbZe_ ^jm]bo k_j\_jh\ \u[jZ\ ba gbo gm`gu_ f_gx b hl^_evgu_ imgdlu b hj]Zgbah\Z\ bo ih-gh\hfm — lZd dZd ih \Zr_fm fg_gbx hgb ^he`gu [ulv hj]Zgbah\Zgu ^ey m^h[ghc jZ[hlu

Gh h[uqgh JRSKHU-k_j\_ju mklZgZ\eb\Zxl gZ maeZo ]^_ _klv fgh]h h[s_^hklmiguo fZl_jbZeh\ — [b[ebhl_d nZceh\ ijh]jZff k dhlhjufb fh`gh jZ[hlZlv q_j_a telnet b l i <k_ \hafh`ghklb wlh]h maeZ k\h^ylky \ h^gh f_gx Z djhf_ lh]h aZghkylky \ f_gx ^jm]bo Gopher-k_j\_jh\ khhl\_lkl\mxs_c l_fZlbdb

?^bgkl\_gguc Z^j_k dhlhjuc gm`gh ihfgblv ^ey jZ[hlu k kbkl_fhc Gopher, — Z^j_k h^gh]h ba *RSKHU-k_j\_jh\ \ ijbgpbi_ ex[h]h lZd dZd \k_ hgb k\yaZgu ^jm] k ^jm]hf K ^jm]hc klhjhgu \hafh`ghklb dhlhju_ \ h^ghf*RSKHU-k_j\_j_ gZoh^ylky \ dhjg_\hf f_gx k ^jm]h]h k_j\_jZ ^hklmigu lhevdh ihke_ ^he]h]h iml_r_kl\by ih f_gx b ih^f_gx Ihwlhfm klhbl aZihfbgZlv Z^j_kZ *RSKHUk_j\_jh\ — ohay_\ l_o j_kmjkh\ dhlhjufb \u qZs_ \k_]h ihevam_l_kv

Gopher ih ihql_

Kms_kl\m_l kihkh[ iml_r_kl\h\Zlv ih JRSKHU-ijhkljZgkl\m g_ ihevamykv gbq_f djhf_ we_dljhgghc ihqlu GZijZ\vl_ ibkvfh k dhfZg^hc ©helpª ih h^ghfm ba Z^j_kh\ i_j_qbke_gguo \ ijbeh`_gbb

< hl\_lghf ibkvf_ \Zf ijbrexl dhjg_\h_ f_gx Gopher-k_j\_jZ wlh]h maeZ <u[jZ\ bgl_j_kmxsb_ \Zk ih^imgdlu \ wlhf f_gx \u hlf_qZ_l_ bo [md\hc©oª ©bdkªijyfh \ l_dkl_ b ihkueZ_l_ ibkvfh h[jZlgh gZ k_j\_j < hl\_l \Zf ijb^ml l_dklu \u[jZgguo ih^f_gx eb[h l_dklh\u_ nZceu _keb mdZaZgguc \Zfb imgdl \_^_l d nZcem ?kl_kl\_ggh lZdhc kihkh[ bf__l h]jZgbq_gby

gZijbf_j imgdlu \_^msb_ d WHOQHW-kh_^bg_gbyf mdZau\Zlv g_l gbdZdh]h kfukeZ

IRC (Internet Relay Chat) — ihimeyjgh_ \ Bgl_jg_l_ kj_^kl\h `b\h]h h[s_gby ihevah\Zl_e_c \ j_`bf_ online Hgh gZihfbgZ_l i_j_]h\hju

IRC

q_j_a fh^_f \ j_`bf_ ^bZeh]Z chat mode klj gh _klv b kms_kl\_ggZy jZagbpZ \ jZa]h\hj_ fh`_l mqZkl\h\Zlv fgh`_kl\h ex^_c gZoh^ysboky gZ jZaguo maeZo Bgl_jg_lZ ih \k_fm fbjm

JZ[hlZ ihevah\Zl_ey k ,5& hkms_kl\ey_lky q_j_a ki_pbZevgmx ijh]jZffm-deb_gl dhlhjZy ijb aZimkd_ \uoh^bl gZ k\yav k [eb- `Zcrbf ,5&-k_j\_jhf <k_ ,5&-k_j\_ju k\yaZgu ^jm] k ^jm]hf b kh_^bgb\rbkv k ex[uf ba gbo \u hdZau\Z_l_kv \ _^bghf ©IRCijhkljZgkl\_ª jZa^_e_gghf g_ ih ]_h]jZnbq_kdhfm Z ih l_fZlbq_kdhfm ijbgpbim — gZ dZgZeu Ex[h_ dhebq_kl\h ihevah- \Zl_e_c fh]ml hl^_eblvky b \_klb jZa]h\hj \ k\h_f kh[kl\_gghf dZgZe_ g_ f_rZy hklZevguf <hc^y \ kbkl_fm \u fh`_l_ ijhc-

lbkv ih Zdlb\guf dZgZeZf b ihkemrZlv h q_f lZf ]h\hjyl djhf_ l_o dZgZeh\ h[blZl_eb dhlhjuo aZdjueb ^hklmi d gbf

L_fu h[km`^Z_fu_ \ IRC g_ f_g__ jZaghh[jZagu q_f l_fu l_e_dhgn_j_gpbc Usenet ohly ijbhjbl_l ijbgZ^e_`bl iheblbd_ b aeh[h^g_\guf \hijhkZf ,5& hi_jZlb\g__ q_f Usenet j_Z]bjm_l gZ ihke_^gb_ kh[ulby \ fbj_ H[km`^_gb_ qZs_ \k_]h b^_l ih-Zg]ebckdb h^gZdh _klv dZgZeu b ^ey l_o dlh ]h\hjbl ih-jmkkdb b gZ ^jm]bo yaudZo

World Wide Web

World Wide Web©<k_fbjgZy iZmlbgZªqZklh gZau\Z_fZy WWW beb ijhklh Web) — ih`Zemc kZfh_ bgl_j_kgh_ b fgh]hh[_sZxs__ kj_^kl\h hj]ZgbaZpbb k_l_\uo j_kmjkh\ Web ihy\beky iha`_ q_f Gopher gh m`_ ^Z\gh aZgye f_klh ]eZ\gh]h Z ^ey fgh]bo — b _^bgkl\_ggh]h bgkljmf_glZ Bgl_jg_lZ Fgh`_kl\h bgnhjfZpbhgguo j_kmjkh\ k dhlhjufb jZgvr_ fh`gh [ueh jZ[hlZlv lhevdh k ihfhsvx FTP beb Gopher i_j_\_^_gu b i_j_\h^ylky gZ ^hklmi q_j_a WWW.

?s_ \Z`g__ lh qlh \hafh`ghklb WWW klbfmebjh\Zeb gZdhg_p ihy\e_gb_ \ Bgl_jg_l_ ijhn_kkbhgZevguo bgnhjfZpbhgguo j_kmjkh\ >_eblvky dZq_kl\_ggh khklZ\e_gghc b hnhjfe_gghc bgnhjfZpb_c q_j_a k_lv klZeh l_i_jv g_ ijhklh \hafh`gh b bgl_j_kgh gh b \u]h^gh J_amevlZlhf wlh]h klZe \ [md\Zevghf kfuke_ keh\Z \aju\ kh^_j`bfh]h Bgl_jg_lZ dhlhjuc ijyfh gZ ]eZaZo klZgh\blky kjZ\gbfuf ih bgnhjfZpbhgghc fhsghklb k lZdbfb ljZ^bpbhggufb bklhqgbdZfb dZd dgb]b b kj_^kl\Z fZkkh\hc bgnhjfZpbb

=bi_jl_dkl b ]bi_jf_^bZ

?keb ^ey Gopher'adexq_\uf ihgylb_f y\ey_lky f_gx lh WWW kljhblky gZ hkgh\_ ]bi_jl_dklh\h]h ij_^klZ\e_gby bgnhjfZpbb ?keb \u ohlbl_ [ukljh ihgylv qlh lZdh_ ]bi_jl_dkl \kihfgbl_ kbkl_fm kijZ\db \ Windows ;he__ lhqgh_ hij_^_e_gb_ lZdh\h ]b- i_jl_dkl — wlh l_dkl kh^_j`Zsbc kkuedb gZ ^jm]b_ qZklb ^Zggh]h ^hdmf_glZ gZ ^jm]b_ ^hdmf_glu gZ h[t_dlu g_l_dklh\hc ijbjh^ua\md bah[jZ`_gb_ \b^_h Z lZd`_ kbkl_fZ iha\heyxsZy lZdhc l_dkl qblZlv hlke_`b\Zlv kkuedb hlh[jZ`Zlv dZjlbgdb b ijhb]ju\Zlv a\mdh\u_ b \b^_h\klZ\db

Ql_gb_ ]bi_jl_dklh\h]h ^hdmf_glZ keh\h ©ql_gb_ª mihlj_[ey_lky a^_kv ih ljZ^bpbb — emqr_ [ueh [u ih^h[jZlv ^jm]hc

l_jfbg gZihfbgZ_l jZ[hlm k l_ogbq_kdhc dgb]hc GZijbf_j gZqZ\ k ij_^f_lgh]h mdZaZl_ey \u hlukdb\Z_l_ ]^_ \ dgb]_ h[tykgy_lky gm`gh_ \Zf ihgylb_ IjhqblZ\ khhl\_lkl\mxsbc jZa^_e b \klj_lb\ gh\u_ g_ykgu_ l_jfbgu \u fh`_l_ i_j_clb gZ kljZgbpu mdZaZggu_ \ l_dkl_ ©kf klj ª beb _keb lZdbo hlkuehd g_l \_jgmlvky d ij_^f_lghfm mdZaZl_ex b ihbkdZlv g_ykgu_ l_jfbgu lZf Djhf_ lh]h \ l_dkl_ fh]ml \klj_lblvky mdZaZl_eb gZ jbkmgdb ©kf jbk ª lZ[ebpu gZ ^jm]b_ dgb]b b ^Z`_ gZ nZceu kdZ`_f gZ ijbeZ]Z_fhc d dgb]_ ^bkd_l_

Dhfivxl_jguc ]bi_jl_dkl hlebqZ_lky hl l_ogbq_kdhc dgb]b ebrv l_f qlh \Zf g_ gm`gh ihfgblv ghf_jZ kljZgbp b jbkmgdh\ Z ^hklZlhqgh ebrv s_edgmlv furvx ih khhl\_lkl\mxs_fm mdZaZl_ex ijyfh \ l_dkl_ b kbkl_fZ i_j_g_k_l \Zk gZ gm`gh_ f_klh \uah\_l ^jm]hc ^hdmf_gl beb hldjh_l hl^_evgh_ hdgh k jbkmgdhf beb `b\uf \b^_hnjZ]f_glhf Ih`Zemc _^bgkl\_gguc g_^hklZlhd ]bi_jl_dklZ — lh qlh \u gbdh]^Z g_ fh`_l_ [ulv m\_j_gu qlh ijhqeb \_kv ^hdmf_gl iheghklvx lZd dZd hlke_`b\Zgb_ \k_o mdZaZl_e_c ^Z`_ \ g_[hevrhf l_dkl_ fh`_l aZgylv ]hjZa^h [hevr_ \j_f_gb q_f ql_gb_ ih^jy^ dgb]b lh]h `_ h[t_fZ

=bi_jl_dkl k g_l_dklh\ufb dhfihg_glZfb a\md \b^_h gZau- \Z_lky lZd`_ ]bi_jf_^bZ hypermedia Dhjhldh ]h\hjy ]bi_jl_dkl — wlh l_dkl dhlhjuc g_ h[yaZg [ulv ebg_cguf Z ]bi_jf_^bZ — wlh ]bi_jl_dkl dhlhjuc g_ h[yaZg [ulv lhevdh l_dklhf

HTML

NhjfZl ]bi_jl_dklh\uo ^hdmf_glh\ bkihevam_fuc \ WWW, — lhqg__ yaud bgkljmdpbc k ihfhsvx dhlhjuo wlb ^hdmf_glu jZaf_qZxlky — gZau\Z_lky HTML (HyperText Markup Language ©Yaud jZaf_ldb ]bi_jl_dklZª =eZ\gZy nmgdpby HTML — h[_ki_q_gb_ jZ[hlu kkuehd k\yau\Zxsbo ^jm] k ^jm]hf ]bi_jl_dklh\u_ ^hdmf_glu qlh[u keh\h beb bah[jZ`_gb_ \ l_dkl_ j_Z]bjh\Zeb gZ s_eqhd furvx i_j_ghky ihevah\Zl_ey \ ^jm]hc ^hdmf_gl bo gm`gh ihf_lblv ki_pbZevghc bgkljmdpb_c HTML k mdZaZgb_f URL-Z^j_kZ gZagZq_gby kf gb`_ GZ HTML lZd`_ eh`blky h[yaZgghklv k\yau\Zlv ^hdmf_gl k hlghkysbfbky d g_fm bah[jZ`_gbyfb dhlhju_ ojZgylky gZ k_j\_j_ \ \b^_ hl^_evguo nZceh\ b \klZ\eyxlky gZ k\h_ f_klh lhevdh \ hdg_ [jhma_jZ

NhjfZlbjmxsb_ dh^u HTML khklhyl g_ ba ki_pbZevguo kbf\heh\ dZd gZijbf_j \ nhjfZl_ j_^ZdlhjZ Microsoft Word Z ba hkh[h]h \b^Z l_dklh\uo dhfZg^ kh^_j`Zsbo lhevdh i_qZlZ_fu_ kbf\heu ih^h[gh kbkl_f_ \_jkldb L_O Ihwlhfm ^hdmf_glu hnhjfe_ggu_ \ HTML fh`gh d ijbf_jm i_j_kueZlv [_a \kydh]h dh^bjh\Zgby ih we_dljhgghc ihql_ klj

:^j_kZ ^hdmf_glh\

L_i_jv aZ]eyg_f \gmljv kbkl_fu WWW b ihkfhljbf dZd \ g_c hj]Zgbah\Zgu ]bi_jl_dklh\u_ k\yab DZ`^hc kkued_ \ :::-^h- dmf_gl_ ihklZ\e_g \ khhl\_lkl\b_ hkh[h]h \b^Z Z^j_k dhlhjuc ]h- \hjbl kbkl_f_ ]^_ bkdZlv ^Zgguc bgnhjfZpbhgguc j_kmjk < wlbo ki_pbZevguo Z^j_kZo dhlhju_ gZau\Zxlky URL (Uniform Resource Locators klhbl mf_lv jZa[bjZlvky lZd dZd agZy 85/ gm`gh]h bklhqgbdZ \u fh`_l_ ^Zlv:HE-deb_glm dhfZg^m i_j_clb \ g_]h kjZam, g_ ljZly \j_fy gZ ihbkd

K\hb 85/-Z^j_kZ fh]ml bf_lv kZfu_ jZaghh[jZagu_ bklhqgbdb WWW-^hdmf_glu ^hklmigu_ q_j_a FTP nZceuWHOQHW-kh_^b-g_gby b l i Ihwlhfm 85/ ^he`_g ]h\hjblv g_ lhevdh h lhf ]^_ gZoh^blky bklhqgbd gh b dZd d g_fm h[jZlblvky 85/-Z^j_k lZdbf h[jZahf khklhbl ba ^\mo qZkl_c jZa^_e_gguo ^\h_lhqb_f — ijhlhdheZ ^hklmiZ b kh[kl\_ggh Z^j_kZ

G!jKK!

LZd _keb kkuedZ h[_ki_qb\Z_l \hafh`ghklv ihkeZlv we_dljhggh_ ibkvfh ih g_dhlhjhfm Z^j_km lh \ dZq_kl\_ ijhlhdheZ ^hklmiZ \ 85/ wlhc kkuedb mdZau\Z_lky b^_glbnbdZlhj ©mail-toª Z \ dZq_kl\_ Z^j_kZ — we_dljhgguc Z^j_k ihemqZl_ey gZijbf_j

mailto: dkOsyiiibol. ru

Dh]^Z ihevah\Zl_ev s_edg_l furvx ih lZdhc kkued_ \ hdg_ [jhma_jZ ijh]jZffZ \uah\_l l_dklh\uc j_^Zdlhj ^ey gZibkZgby ibkvfZ Z ih aZ\_jr_gbb kZfZ hlhre_l _]h ih mdZaZgghfm \ 85/ Z^j_km

Dhg_qgh kZfuc jZkijhkljZg_gguc \b^ kkuehd \ WWW — gZ ^jm]b_ ]bi_jl_dklh\u_ ^hdmf_glu >ey i_j_^Zqb ih k_lb wlbo ^h- dmf_glh\ jZajZ[hlZg ki_pbZevguc ijhlhdhe gZau\Z_fuc HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol < 85/-Z^j_kZo kkuehd \_^msbo d

WWW-^hdmf_glZf \ dZq_kl\_ ijhlhdheZ k\yab mdZau\Z_lky©http» . :^j_kgZy `_ iheh\bgZ 85/ \ wlhf kemqZ_ kZfZ jZkiZ^Z_lky gZ

^\_ khklZ\gu_ qZklb Qlh[u h^ghagZqgh mdZaZlv f_klhiheh`_gb_ WWW-^hdmf_glZ dhlhjuc k lhqdb aj_gby k_j\_jZ y\ey_lky g_ q_f bguf dZd h[uqguf nZcehf lj_[m_lky agZlv ^\_ \_sb bgl_jg_lh\kdbc Z^j_k k_j\_jZ b ihegh_ bfy nZceZ \dexqZxs__ imlv d dZlZeh]m \ dhlhjhf hg gZoh^blky GZijbf_j85/-Z^j_k

http://www.symbol.ru/dk/index.html

kh^_j`bl \ k_[_ ke_^mxsmx bgkljmdpbx [jhma_jm k\yaZlvky ih ijhlhdhem HTTP k maehf www.symbol.ru i_j_clb gZ g_f \ dZlZ-

eh] dk b \aylv hllm^Z nZce index.html Bf_ggh wlm ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv ^_ckl\bc [jhma_j b ijh^_eZ_l _keb \u s_edg_l_ ih kkued_ k lZdbf URL Ihemqb\ `_ wlhl nZce hg kjZam `_ ihdZ`_l _]h \ k\h_f hdg_ qlh[u \u fh]eb qblZlv ^hdmf_gl b \hafh`gh aZdZau\Zlv gh\u_ ^hdmf_glu ih kkuedZf \ g_f

:gZeh]bqgh mkljh_g b 85/-Z^j_k mdZau\Zxsbc gZ nZce ^hklmiguc ih Zghgbfghfm FTP < wlhf kemqZ_ lZd`_ lj_[m_lky mdZaZlv Z^j_k maeZ b dZlZeh]Z gZ g_f ?^bgkl\_ggh_ hlebqb_ — lh qlh \ dZq_kl\_ ijhlhdheZ k\yab mdZau\Z_lky©ftp» :

ftp://ftp.netcom.coin/pub/gb/gboyd/ws5earch.2ip

GZdhg_p85/-Z^j_kWHOQHW-kh_^bg_gby bf__l \ dZq_kl\_ ijhlhdheZ ^hklmiZ b^_glbnbdZlhj ©telnetª Z \ ijZ\hc qZklb mdZau\Z_lky Z^j_k maeZ

telnet://lingnet.army.mil

Qlh _klv \ WWW

Kh^_j`bfh_ khl_g lukyq :::-k_j\_jh\ jZa[jhkZgguo ih \k_fm fbjm klhev `_ jZaghh[jZagh b g_h[hajbfh dZd b kZfZ q_eh\_q_kdZy dmevlmjZ >Z`_ _keb \u Z[khexlgh m\_j_gu qlh q_]h-lh qlh bgl_j_kgh \Zf \ Bgl_jg_l_ g_l fh`gh ih[blvky h[ aZdeZ^ qlh hlkmlkl\b_ wlh \j_f_ggh_ G_ iha^g__ q_f q_j_a ihe]h^Z wlhl bgnhjfZpbhgguc dhehkk \ujZkl_l _s_ \^\h_ b khhl\_lkl\_ggh \hajZkl_l \_jhylghklv lh]h qlh \u kfh`_l_ \uykgblv bgl_j_kmxsbc \Zk nZdl gZclb gm`guc l_dkl beb magZlv \k_ h q_eh\_d_ dhlhjh]h bs_l_ < dhgp_ dhgph\ bklhqgbdhf wlhc bgnhjfZpbb \iheg_ \_jhylgh klZg_l_ \u kZfb — Zdl im[ebdZpbb \ WWW g_\_jhylgh ijhkl b m^h[_g Z hldebd Zm^blhjbb gbdh]^Z g_ aZklZ\ey_l k_[y ^he]h `^Zlv

Bgufb keh\Zfb gZ \hijhk \ug_k_gguc \ aZ]heh\hd jZa^_eZ fh`gh hl\_lblv hq_gv dhjhldh — \ WWW _klv \k_ beb ih djZcg_c f_j_ \k_ qlh gm`gh \Zf L_f g_ f_g__ ihiuldZ deZkkbnbdZpbb kh^_j`bfh]h <k_fbjghc iZmlbgu g_ ebr_gZ kfukeZ

Ih-\b^bfhfm [uklj__ \k_]h jZkl_l k_cqZk dhjihjZlb\guc k_dlhj WWW — k_j\_jZ b kZclu klj ijbgZ^e_`Zsb_ dhff_jq_kdbf nbjfZf Keh`beky mklhcqb\uc kl_j_hlbi dhlhjhfm hgb \k_ klZjZxlky ke_^h\Zlv DZd ijZ\beh kZcl nbjfu kj_^gbo jZaf_jh\ kh^_j`bl djZldmx bgnhjfZpbx h bklhjbb b h[eZklb ^_yl_evghklb nbjfu bgnhjfZpbx beb kkuedb gZ ebqgu_ kljZgbpu kf gb`_ h __ khljm^gbdZo Z lZd`_ jZa^_eu k [he__ beb f_g__ ihegufb k\_^_gbyfb h ijh^mdpbb beb mkem]Zo nbjfu LZdhc kZcl h[uqgh ^h\hevgh klZlbq_g bgnhjfZpby gZ g_f h[gh\ey_lky g_ qZklh b g_ ihfgh]m ;he__ djmigu_ dhfiZgbb fh]ml ih-

a\heblv k_[_ ^hklZlhqgh qZklh h[gh\eylv g_ lhevdh l_dklh\mx qZklv gh b ]jZnbq_kdb_ we_f_glu k\h_]h kZclZ hklZ\Zykv l_f g_ f_g__ \ jZfdZo \u[jZggh]h klbey hnhjfe_gby DZd ijZ\beh gZ i_j\mx kljZgbpm ijb wlhf \ughkylky ihke_^gb_ gh\hklb bgnhjfZpby h lhevdh qlh \uims_gguo ijh^mdlZo b l i

?keb `_ dhfiZgby aZgbfZ_lky bgnhjfZpbhgguf [bag_khf lh dZd ijZ\beh Zgd_lgZy bgnhjfZpby hlklmiZ_l gZ \lhjhc ieZg Z kZcl ij_\jZsZ_lky \ RQOLQH-ZgZeh] `mjgZeZ beb ^Z`_ ]Za_lu k dZe_c^hkdhibq_kdb f_gyxsbfky kh^_j`bfuf GZijbf_j kZcl ba^Zl_evkl\Z ij_^eZ]Z_l ihagZdhfblvky k hlju\dZfb \uoh^ysbo dgb] kZcl l_e_dhfiZgbb — k \b^_h- b Zm^bhhlju\dZfb ba i_j_^Zq Z kZcl `mjgZeZ dZd ijZ\beh g_ lhevdh ij_^eZ]Z_l hi-line-\_jkbb \k_o \ur_^rbo ghf_jh\ gh b im[ebdm_l \ WWW wdkdexab\gu_ fZl_jbZeu jZa\b\Zxsb_ b ^hihegyxsb_ l_fu klZl_c LZdhc djmiguc kZcl m`_ h[aZ\h^blky k\hbfb kh[kl\_ggufb gZ\b]Zpbhggufb bgkljmf_glZfb lZdbfb dZd \hafh`ghklv ihbkdZ ih dexq_\uf keh\Zf \ l_dkl_ \k_o ^hdmf_glh\ dZjlZ kZclZ b ^Z`_ kbkl_fZ©ihfhsbªb hl\_lu gZ qZklh aZ^Z\Z_fu_ \hijhku

G_dhlhju_ ba lZdbo kZclh\ ijbgZ^e_`Zl g_djmiguf dhfiZgbyf ^ey dhlhjuo WWW y\ey_lky hkgh\guf jh^hf ^_yl_evghklb DZq_kl\h bgnhjfZpbhgguo j_kmjkh\ m gbo h[uqgh ^Z`_ \ur_ q_f gZ kZclZo djmiguo dhjihjZpbc — \_^v m gbo g_l gb ]jhfdh]h bf_gb gb j_deZfgh]h ihl_gpbZeZ gb ^jm]bo kihkh[h\ ijb\e_qv \gbfZgb_ ihk_lbl_e_c djhf_ dZd dZq_kl\hf k\hbo l_dklh\ b ijhn_kkbhgZevghklvx hnhjfe_gby Hkgh\ghc bklhqgbd ^hoh^h\ lZdbo dhfiZgbc — jZaf_s_gb_ gZ k\hbo kZclZo j_deZfguo kkuehd

Hkh[uc jh^ j_kmjkh\ WWW — ebqgu_ kljZgbpu home pages \ dhlhjuo Z\lhjkl\h l_dklZ hnhjfe_gby b \k_]h hklZevgh]h ijbgZ^e_`bl h^ghfm q_eh\_dm b dhlhju_ ih [hevr_c qZklb ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc g_qlh kj_^g__ f_`^m \bablghc dZjlhqdhc k nhlh]jZnb_c aZiheg_gghc Zgd_lhc b k_f_cguf Zev[hfhf EbqgZy kljZgbpZ dZd b kZcl nbjfu [m^_l ij_^klZ\eylv bgl_j_k ^ey ex^_c g_ agZdhfuo k __ Z\lhjhf lhevdh \ lhf kemqZ_ _keb Z\lhj \eh`bl \ g__ g_ lhevdh `_eZgb_ aZy\blv h k\h_f kms_kl\h\Zgbb gh b k\hx kihkh[ghklv d l\hjq_kl\m \ dZdhc [u h[eZklb hgZ gb ijhy\eyeZkv D kqZklvx WWW kZf ih k_[_ kem`bl emqrbf \^hogh\bl_e_f ^ey ex[h]h jh^Z l\hjq_kl\Z

<_jhylgh kZfuf \Z`guf \b^hf j_kmjkh\ WWW k lhqdb aj_gby ihevah\Zl_ey y\eyxlky ihbkdh\u_ kbkl_fu lZd dZd ijZdlbq_kdb ex[hc p_e_\hc \uoh^ \ Bgl_jg_l \ ihbkdZo lhc beb bghc bgnhjfZpbb gZqbgZ_lky k \bablZ gZ h^gm ba lZdbo kbkl_f Ihbkdh\u_ k_j\_jZ WWW ^_eylky gZ ^\Z [hevrbo deZkkZ — Z\- lhfZlbq_kdb_ bg^_dku b l_fZlbq_kdb_ dZlZeh]b I_j\u_ ij_^-

klZ\eyxl kh[hc h]jhfgu_ [Zau ^Zgguo ojZgysb_ l_dklu \k_o ^hdmf_glh\ WWW ^h dhlhjuo m^Zehkv ^h[jZlvky hlke_`b\Zy \aZbfgu_ kkuedb ki_pbZevghc ijh]jZff_ — WWW-jh[hlm K h^gbf ba lZdbo Z\lhfZlbq_kdbo bg^_dkh\ — k_j\_jhf Alta Vista — fu ihagZdhfbebkv \ ]e klj

Ijb \k_o g_\_jhylguo \hafh`ghklyo dhlhju_ hldju\Zxl lZdb_ iheghl_dklh\u_ bg^_dku m gbo _klv ^\Z djmiguo g_^hklZldZ

\h-i_j\uo gb h^bg ba gbo g_ \ khklhygbb aZbg^_dkbjh\Zlv \_kv WWW ^h kZfuo ^Ze_dbo _]h m]hedh\ kh[kl\_ggh bf_ggh ihwlhfm lZdbo kbkl_f dhgdmjbjmxsbo ^jm] k ^jm]hf kms_kl\m_l g_kdhevdh b \h- \lhjuo gb h^bg Z\lhfZlbq_kdbc bg^_dk g_ \ khklhygbb h[gh\eylv k\hx [Zam ^Zgguo k lZdhc `_ kdhjhklvx k dZdhc h[gh\ey_lky kh^_j`bfh_ WWW Ihk_lb\ b aZbg^_dkbjh\Z\ kZcl ijh]jZffZ-jh[hl kfh`_l kgh\Z gZ\_klblv _]h g_ jZgvr_ q_f q_j_a iZjm g_^_ev ba-aZ q_]h [hevrZy qZklv _`_^g_\gh h[gh\ey_fh]h fZl_jbZeZ gbdh]^Z g_ ihiZ^Z_l \ bg^_dk Ihwlhfm _keb _klv lZdZy \hafh`ghklv ke_^m_l ihevah\Zlvky f_klgufb ihbkdh\ufb kbkl_fZfb kZclZ lZd dZd hgb \k_]^Z jZ[hlZxl k kZfufb k\_`bfb \_jkbyfb ^hdmf_glh\

?keb Z\lhfZlbq_kdbc bg^_dk — wlh [ZaZ ^Zgguo l_dklh\ ^h- dmf_glh\ ojZgysZy jZamf__lky bgnhjfZpbx b h bo f_klhiheh- `_gbb \ k_lb lh l_fZlbq_kdbc dZlZeh] ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc k[hjgbd kkuehd gZ kZclu ^hdmf_glu b ^jm]b_ j_kmjku Bgl_jg_lZ kgZ[`_gguo hibkZgbyfb b jZkdeZkkbnbpbjh\Zgguo ih l_fZlbq_kdbf jZa^_eZf b ih^jZa^_eZf Kkuedb wlb kh[bjZxlky b h[jZ[Zlu\Zxlky ex^vfb qlh bf__l ^\Z \Z`guo ke_^kl\by \h-i_j\uo \ ex[hf l_fZlbq_kdhf dZlZeh]_ kkuehd ]hjZa^h f_gvr_ q_f \ Z\lhfZlbq_kdhf bg^_dk_ Z \h-\lhjuo dZq_kl\h bgnhjfZpbhgguo j_kmjkh\ m^hklh_gguo aZg_k_gby \ lZdhc dZlZeh] \ kj_^g_f agZqbl_evgh \ur_

Ijhp_kk ihbkdZ bgnhjfZpbb k ihfhsvx dZlZeh]h\ h[uqgh [he__ ijhkl b ij_^kdZam_f dZlZeh]Zfb bf__l kfuke ihevah\Zlvky lh]^Z dh]^Z \u agZ_l_ qlh \ k_lb _klv fgh]h bgnhjfZpbb gZ bgl_j_kmxsmx \Zk l_fm b ohlbl_ gZqZlv h[ahjgh_ agZdhfkl\h k emqrbo ba bf_xsboky j_kmjkh\ GZh[hjhl Z\lhfZlbq_kdb_ bg^_dku ihe_agu \ l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z \u bs_l_ bgnhjfZpbx qbklh nZdlbq_kdmx beb `_ ijhklh j_^dmx

;jhma_j

=eZ\gZy Z g_j_^dh b _^bgkl\_ggZy ijh]jZffZ k dhlhjhc jZ[hlZ_l ihevah\Zl_ev ijyfh]h ih^dexq_gby g_ kqblZy ^jZc\_jZ TCP/ IP), — wlh deb_gl kbkl_fu WWW gZau\Z_fuc [jhma_jhf DZd fu \b^_eb \ jZa^_e_ h URL-Z^j_kZo:::-^hdmf_gl k h^bgZdh-