Взаимные местоимения

Взаимные местоимения each other, one another «друг друга», «один другого» употребляются как без предлогов, так и с предлогами, причем предлог ставится перед этими двойными местоимениями, а не между ними, как в русском языке.

Например:

with each other - друг с другом

without one another - друг без друга

by each other - друг другом

in each other - друг в друге

on one another - друг на друга и т.д.

XXI. Прочитайте и переведите предложения:

1.The Internet can allow people from all over the world to talk to each other. 2. When all of these axes are used in combination with each other, extremely complicated geometries can be made with relative ease with these machines. 3. The reducing agent and the oxygen in a metallic oxide combine with each other, leaving pure metal; while the flux and gangue combine with each other to form a slag that is liquid at the smelting temperature and thus can be poured away from the metal.

Математические действия

Addition. Сложение.	a + b = c	«a» plus «b» equals «c»; «a» plus «b» is «c»;
Subtraction. Вычитание.	a – b = c	«b» from «a» is «c»; «a» minus «b» is «c»; «a» minus «b» is equal to «c»;
Multiplication. Умножение.	a • b = c	«a» multiplied by «b» is «c»;
Division. Деление.	a : b = c	«a» divided by «b» is «c»;
Raise to power. Возведение в степень.	a2 = b	«a» to the second power is «b»;
Evolution. Извлечение из корня.	√a =b	the square root of «a» is «b».

XXII. Прочитайте следующие формулы по английски:

F = ma; F_s = y²/2 + (q²)/gy; V = ¾ πr³; Д = 113 √В.

XXIII. Напишите несколько формул, используя различные математические знаки и действия и прочитайте их по-английски.

Text A

Metallurgy

Metallurgy is considered to be science and technology of metals, including the extraction of metals from ores, the preparation of metals for use, and the study of the relationship between structures and properties of metals. Metallurgical processes consist of two operations: concentration, separating a metal from the rock material; and refining, producing the metal in a pure or nearly pure state appropriate for use. Three types of processes are employed both for concentration and refining: mechanical, chemical, and electrical. In most cases metallurgists recommended that a combination of these methods was used.

One of the simplest methods of mechanical separation is gravity separation. This process is based on the difference in specific gravity between metallic minerals and rock materials with which they are mixed. When crushed ore is suspended either in water or an air blast, the heavier metallic mineral particles fall to the bottom of the processing chamber, and the lighter components are blown or washed away.

Flotation is known to be the most important present-day method of mechanical concentration. In its simplest form, flotation is a modified gravity process in which crushed ore is mixed, usually with a liquid. The metal or metallic mineral floats while the other compounds sink. In most modern flotation processes, the floating is supported by an oil or other surface-active agents. Use of the flotation process would have made possible the exploitation of many ore deposits of low concentration.

Everybody knows that such ores as magnetite have magnetic properties. They can be concentrated by means of electromagnets.

Electrostatic separation employs an electric field to separate minerals of different electrical properties by using the attraction between unlike charges and the repulsion between like charges.

Chemical separation methods are, in general, the most important from the economic point of view. In present-day practice we often observe chemical separation be used as a second stage after mechanical concentration. A greater tonnage of refined metal could be obtained by smelting than by any other process. In smelting, the ore is heated with a reducing agent and a flux to a high temperature. The reducing agent and the oxygen in a metallic oxide combine with each other, leaving pure metal; while the flux and gangue combine with each other to form a slag that is liquid at the smelting temperature and thus can be poured away from the metal. The production of pig iron in blast furnaces is an example of smelting, and the process is also used to extract copper, lead, nickel, and many other metals from their ores.

Задания к тексту A:

I. Прочитайте и переведите следующие выражения:

including the extraction of metals from ores; the study of the relationship between structures and properties of metals; the metal in a pure or nearly pure state; both for concentration and refining; the difference in specific gravity between metallic minerals and rock materials; either in water or an air blast; in its simplest form; such ores as magnetite; the attraction between unlike charges and the repulsion between like charges; the most important from the economic point of view.

II. Найдите в предыдущем упражнении английские эквиваленты следующих русских выражений:

такие руды, как магнитный железняк (магнетит); изучение отношения между структурой и свойствами металлов; либо в воде, либо в сильном потоке воздуха; самое важное с экономической точки зрения; различие в удельном весе между металлически минералами материалами горной породы; как для концентрации, так и для очистки; включая извлечение металла из руд; притяжение между разноименными зарядами и отталкивание между одинаковыми зарядами; металл в чистом или почти чистом состоянии; в своей наипростейшей форме;

III. Прочитайте предложения. Определите время и залог сказуемых. Поставьте предложения в прошедшее время:

1. In most cases metallurgists recommend that a combination of these methods was used. 2. Everybody knows that such ores as magnetite have magnetic properties. 3. In present-day practice we often observe that chemical separation is used as a second stage after mechanical concentration.

IV. Прочитайте предложения, найдите в них инфинитив, определите его функцию:

1. Electrostatic separation employs an electric field to separate minerals. 2. The flux combines with gangue to form a slag that is liquid at the smelting temperature. 3. One of the simplest methods of mechanical separation is to separate metallic minerals and rock materials by their specific gravity. 4. Flotation to be used in this process will make possible the exploitation of many ore deposits of low concentration. 5. To use the flotation process in this particular case is impossible.

V. Сделайте грамматический разбор предложения:

The reducing agent and the oxygen in a metallic oxide combine with each other, leaving pure metal; while the flux and gangue combine with each other to form a slag that is liquid at the smelting temperature and thus can be poured away from the metal.

VI. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. What is metallurgy?

2. What operations do metallurgical process consist of?

3. What processes are used for concentration and refining?

4. What is the simplest method of mechanical separation?

5. What is the process of gravity separation based on?

6. Is flotation the most important present-day method of mechanical concentration?

7. Use of the flotation process would have made possible the exploitation of many ore deposits of low concentration, wouldn’t it?

8. By what methods can magnetite concentrated?

9. What employs electrostatic separation?

10. What method of separation is the most important from the economic point of view?

11. What are the examples of chemical separation methods?

VII. Переведите текст А письменно.

Text B

Iron and Steel Manufacture

Iron and Steel Manufacture is technology related to the production of iron and its alloys, particularly those containing a small percentage of carbon. Steel in general is an alloy of iron and carbon, often with an admixture of other elements. Steels of various types contain from 0.04 percent to 2.25 percent of carbon. Open-hearth iron and wrought iron contain only a few hundredths of 1 percent of carbon. Cast iron, malleable cast iron, and pig iron contain amounts of carbon varying from 2 to 4 percent.

Classifications of Steel

Steels are grouped into five main classifications.

Carbon Steels

More than 90 percent of all steels are carbon steels. They contain varying amounts of carbon and not more than 1.65 percent manganese, 0.60 percent silicon, and 0.60 percent copper. Machines, automobile bodies, most structural steel for buildings, ships and bedsprings are among the products made of carbon steels.

Alloy Steels

These steels have a specified composition, containing certain percentages of vanadium, molybdenum, or other elements, as well as larger amounts of manganese, silicon, and copper than do the regular carbon steels. Automobile gears and axles, roller skates, and knives are some of the many things that are made of alloy steels.

High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels

Called HSLA steels, they are the newest of the five chief families of steels. They cost less than the regular alloy steels because they contain only small amounts of the expensive alloying elements. They have been specially processed, however, to have much more strength than carbon steels of the same weight. Numerous buildings are now being constructed with frameworks of HSLA steels. Beams can be made thinner without sacrificing their strength, and additional space is left for offices and apartments.

Stainless Steels

Stainless steels contain chromium, nickel, and other alloying elements that keep them bright and rust resistant in spite of moisture or the action of corrosive acids and gases. Some stainless steels are very hard; some have unusual strength and will retain that strength for long periods at extremely high and low temperatures. Because of their shining surfaces architects often use them for decorative purposes. Stainless steels are used for the pipes and tanks of petroleum refineries and chemical plants, for jet planes, and for space capsules. Surgical instruments and equipment are made from these steels. In kitchens and in plants where food is prepared, equipment is often made of stainless steel.

Tool Steels

These steels are fabricated into many types of tools or into the cutting and shaping parts of power-driven machinery for various manufacturing operations. They contain tungsten, molybdenum, and other alloying elements that give them extra strength, hardness, and resistance to wear.

Задания к тексту B:

I. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим русским выражениям:

производство чугуна и стали; высокопрочные низколегированные стали; легированные стали; углеродистые стали; мартеновское и ковочное железо; инструментальные стали; без принесения в жертву прочности; ковкий чугун; нержавеющие стали; кузова автомобилей.

II. Сформулируйте в нескольких словах содержание каждого абзаца.

III. Напишите резюме к тексту.

IV. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is Iron and Steel Manufacture?

2. What is the difference between various types of steel?

3. How many classes of steel are there?

4. What steel is the most common?

5. What is carbon steel used for?

6. What does alloy steel have as alloying elements?

7. What are made of alloy steels?

8. What steel is the newest of the five main families of steels?

9. Why do HSLA steels cost less than regular steels?

10. Where can HSLA steels be usually employed?

11. Which alloying elements do stainless steels contain?

12. Why do architects like to use stainless steels for decorative purposes?

13. What else can be made of stainless steels?

14. What makes tool steels extra strength, hardness, and resistance to wear?

V. Перескажите текст, используя в качестве плана вопросы предыдущего упражнения.