3. Use the appropriate form of the verb (Present, Past, Future Simple):

A. 1. There (to be) no courts in ancient societies. 2. Revenge (to be) a major component of early law. 3. After the Norman Conquest English courts (to begin) to take part in lawmaking. 4. Long ago chiefs (to rule) communities. 5. Robber (to be) a person who steals money from a person or place, especially by violence or threat. 6. Between 55 BC and AD 412 English people (to be) under Roman control, naturally they (to use) Roman law.

B. Roman Law, which (to evolve) in the 8^th century BC, (to be) still a blend of custom and interpretation by magistrates of the will of the gods. Common Law (to evolve) from the tribal and local laws in England. It (to begin) with common customs, but over time it (to involve) the courts in lawmaking that (to be) responsive to changes in society. In this way the Anglo-Norman rulers (to create) a system of centralized courts that (to operate) under a single set of laws that (to replace) the rules of earlier societies.

4. Use Present, Past, Future Perfect:

1. If the parties (to choose) a jury trial, it begins with the selection of jurors. 2. By the time we get to the place the court hearing (to finish). 3. He is a real criminal, he (to breach) the law twice already. 4. The investigator (to question) the victim already when we came. 5. (to hear) you the news? John is accused of murder. 6. They (to discuss) the judge’s decision by the next morning. 7. He (to hear) just that his wife is accused of larceny. He can’t believe it.

5. Choose the correct item:

1. Long ago each community … its own law based on its own traditions and customs.

a) has b) had c) has had

2. Private law …of the rules governing the relations between private persons or groups.

a) consist b) consists c) consisted

3. Property law …the rules for how to own or pass on the property.

a) has included b) includes c) is including

4. Since long ago it …the function of the police to enforce laws.

a) was b) is c) has been

5. They…a man during a robbery.

a) had murdered b) murdered c) have murdered

6. He…collecting the evidence when the chief inspector came to the place of crime.

a) has collected b) was collecting c) will be collecting.

6. Correct the mistakes:

1. For 2 hours the police was already preparing the description of the man wanted. 2. The accused of murder has escaped from Prinston prison 2 hours ago. 3. They were examined the victim’s clothes when the investigator came to ask for the result. 4. The victim gets compensation for the injury after the trial meeting was over. 5. She just prepared the report on procedural laws. 6. By the time the police started to search for the evidence of Brown’s guilt, poor woman has already revenged him cruelly.

The Passive Voice The Passive Voice (simple tenses)

1. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative. Change the factual information where necessary:

Example: The Supreme Court is divided into two branches: the High Court and the Court of Appeal. - Is the Supreme Court divided into two branches: the High Court and the Court of Appeal? The Supreme Court is not divided into two branches: the High Court and the Court of Appeal.

1. The written statements of the positions of the parties are called pleadings. 2. After the grand jury issues the indictment the accused person is arrested. 3. American judicial tradition holds that the truth will be reached most effectively through the adversary process. 4. The first task of the judge is to preside over the proceedings and see that order is maintained. 5. A U.S. attorney is chosen by the President with the approval of the Senate. 6. At the trial the witnesses are asked to testify by one party or another.