Grammar exercises

EXERCISE 1. State the functions of "to be" and "to have" and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Several months ago at the KAMAZ automobile plant there was an exhibition of the plant's production, and after that several beneficial contracts with some foreign firms were signed. 2. To prevent from corrosion metal parts have to be covered with paint. 3. The steam engine was invented by James Watt in the middle of the 18th century. 4. Diesel engines are used in tractors, buses, trucks and in various stationary power plants. 5. The existing steam railroad locomotives are being rapidly replaced with diesels. 6. The development of Siberian oil deposits is being conducted on a wide scale. 7.Some new polymers have been obtained to produce highly durable glass plastics capable to operate at temperatures of +250°C. 8. Alloys used in the manufacture of cars have to be easily machined. 9. Metal parts in cars are subjected to different loads, therefore they have to offer resistance to high temperatures and corrosion. 10. Any material, which strongly resists to the electric current flow, is called an insulator. 11. A conclusive conference devoted to the problems of utilizing the upper layers of the atmosphere was to take place in London on the first of December. 12. Protecting buildings from strokes of lightning has become the first achievement in the field of electricity employed for the good of mankind.

EXERCISE 2. State the function of the Participle I and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. While performing mechanical work steam loses heat energy. 2 .A substance having a conductivity intermediate between that of an insulator and that of a metal is called a semiconductor. 3. Being made of synthetic rubber motor tyres sometimes serve much longer than the engine. 4.The energy of falling water is widely used for generating electricity. 5. Being soft some metals such as tin and lead are often used in combination with other metals.6.The large-scale space research having been conducted all over the world, scientists discovered the nuclei of anti-matter in cosmic radiation.7.Being added to steel, nickel and vanadium increase the hardness and toughness of the steel.8.There are two valves in the cylinder of a two cycle engine, both of them being exhaust ones. 9. Having studied Lodygin's invention Edison worked out a more efficient incandescent filament lamp that was more durable and cheap. 10. Diesel engines being used at stationary power plants are independent of water supply. 11. Metals and alloys of metals being produced at the plant should be thoroughly tested because otherwise numerous breakdowns of the equipment may happen. 12. The calculations having been finished, the inventor carried out a series of experiments and made some molybdenum and tungsten filament lamps.

EXERCISE 3. State the functions of the Gerund and its Constructions and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Many solids can be changed to gases by heating. 2. Lomonosov's having made a great number of experiments both in physics and chemistry enabled him to discover the law of conservation of matter. 3. Driving a car requires definite knowledge and skill. 4. We know of man's having learned to use wood, stone and metals in prehistoric times. 5. The whole working cycle of the diesel engine consists of four strokes. 6. Raw rubber cannot be used for manufacturing wire insulation without being subjected to a special treatment. 7. The heater, lights, radio and other car-body accessories make driving a car more comfortable. 8. The combustion takes place immediately after spraying the fuel in. 9. Sliding friction and rolling friction are both examples of friction force. 10. We were told of the alchemists' having made many important discoveries. 11.Many cases of computer robbery are still undetected to the dishonest practices being very well concealed in a great mass of routine data. 12. No results on the solution of this problem were achieved in spite of its having been discussed in the United Nations Organization for a number of years.

EXERCISE 4. State the function of the Infinitive and its Constructions and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. During their practical work the students were to observe the process of

evaporating some liquids.2. Steel to be used for the manufacture of working parts of mechanical devices should contain a high proportion of carbon. 3. To decrease friction and wear all the moving parts of the engine must be oiled. 4. The members of the delegation wanted the new equipment to be packed in boxes and delivered to the port of destination as soon as possible. 5. Fuel pumps and nozzles are used in diesel engines to inject the oil into the cylinder. 6. We know the service life of an automobile to be dependent on the conditions under which it works. 7. Diesel exhaust gases are considered to be less toxic than those produced by gasoline engines. 8. Polymers have been found to reflect light, sound and radio waves much better than the natural materials.9. All substances are known to offer more or less resistance to the flow of an electric current through them. 10. The electric spark to be produced by the gasoline engine spark plug ignites the combustible mixture.

EXERCISE 5. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the use of tenses and passive constructions.

1 . The fuel is ignited because of the contact with hot air that has been compressed in the cylinder. 2. The purpose of lubricating system is to decrease friction and wear of the moving parts of the engine. 3. In the two cycle diesel engines the air is drawn into the cylinder through ports in the cylinder wall.

4. The rotary motion of a shaft is transmitted to the car wheels by the power train so that the wheels rotate and the car moves . 5. The valves let out the spent gases after they have done their work. 6. When the piston has reached the highest position /TDC/ the combustible mixture has been compressed to 1/16 of its original volume. 7. Tremendous amounts of energy is being released at the moment of a hydrogen bomb explosion. 8. An iron-carbon alloy containing more than 1.7 percent of carbon is called cast iron. 9. When the car had been supplied with a fresh charge of fuel the engine started to operate all over again. 10. At the moment of the exhaust stroke the piston is rising and expelling the spent gases out.

11. This substance cannot be used here because it has many impurities.

12. It should be noted that electrolysis is a process by which a chemical reaction is carried out by means of the passage of an electric current.

EXERCISE 6. State the types of the Adverbial Clauses of Condition. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1 He would help you to repair the engine if you asked him about it. 2. If the designers did not change the construction of the engine, it would be difficult to avoid overheating its basic parts. 3. If you want to melt a metal, you will have to heat it to a very high temperature. 4. They would have obtained better results provided they had taken a stronger alloy. 5. Were the alloy of better quality no defects would appear. 6. Unless the conditions of work in the Far North were so deficit automobiles would serve longer there. 7. If you informed me about your difficulties, I should offer you my help. 8. What will happen if the combustible mixture is ignited with an electric spark? 9. If I were in your place. l should learn how to drive a car. 10. Were the two bodies placed in contact with each other, the temperature of the hot body would fall while that of the cold one would rise.

11. If the water flowed through a straight uniform passage with perfectly smooth walls, there would be no resistance and no energy would be lost.

12. If you try to bend the glass rod, it will break as it is brittle.

EXERCISE 7. Translate the following sentences, mind the function of "SHOULD" AND "WOULD".

1. It is necessary that numerous experiments and tests should be made before putting the new equipment into operation. 2. It would be desirable to increase the speed of the designed automobile. 3. Alloys, which cars and tractors are made of should possess high strength. 4. When constructing a car it is important that it's parts should be both strong and comparatively light in weight. 5. One who drives a car should learn how to repair it. 6. If you added aluminum, titanium, cobalt and other elements to the molecules of polymers you would obtain a strong material withstanding high temperatures. 7. It should be noted that diesel engines use less volatile, heavier liquid fuel than gasoline engines. 8. If a large proportion of solar radiation were not absorbed by the atmosphere, it would be easier to measure the temperature of satellites in orbit round the earth. 9. The scientist explained that rubber under the influence of ionizing radiation would become more thermo stable. 10. Were an isotope instrument at our disposal weshould be able to find the defect in the car. 11 .If we were to make accurate measurements, it would be necessary to use the measuring devices of the latest design. 12. Switch off the device lest it should be overheated.

EXERCISE 8. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the verb forms in bold type.

1. By burning charcoal the early men got energy necessary for smelting bronze. 2. Having switched the engine again the driver examined the ignition system. 3. The natural fuels like coal, gas and oil are far from being unlimited. 4. A new type of synthetic rubber having been produced, the service life of motor tyres was doubled. 5. The valves in the cylinder of the engine let the fresh air in, the combustible mixture being compressed and ignited. 6 Heating the metal to a temperature slightly above the critical point and cooling it greatly decreases the brittleness and increases the ductility of the metal. 7. After the workers having put a red-hot bar into the cold water the bar became much stronger. 8. This article deals with new models of automobiles being designed by the research workers of KAMAZ automobile company. 9. Crude oils differ in their boiling points. 10. Moving upward from the bottom dead centre to the top dead centre, the piston compresses the air in the cylinder. 11. One of the amazing things about computers is that although they are designed and programmed by human minds, their abilities often surpass those of its inventors. 12The computer having been applied for the analysis of these chemical compounds, the investigators could finish their work in time.

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