Words and word combinations
should be made use of most economically – використовувались більш економ-но
we are constantly faced with the importance of finding... – ми постійно стика-ємось з тим, що потрібно знайти...
substitute material – матеріал-замінник
a more thorough consideration – більш пильна увага
severe – суворий
to take into account – брати до уваги
jet engines – реактивні двигуни
to utilize the services of a materials engineer – співпрацювати із спеціалістом по матеріалам
(Part II)
The properties of materials can be classified into two types: mechanical and physical. As you are involved in making things from materials you need to know what impact can be withstood before the material changes in any way. Various tests have been applied to determine the effect of different forces and shocks on materials and components. Such tests can reveal the following properties:
(a) Mechanical
STRENGTH: the ability to withstand force without breaking. For example, you might wish to use steel wire instead of string.
ELASTICITY: the ability to stretch and bend when subject to loads and then regain their shape.
HARDNESS: the ability to resist abrasive wear and attempts to deform the material.
TOUGHNESS: the ability to withstand big shocks.
BRITTLENESS: the tendency to tolerate only a little strain before fracturing.
DURABILITY: the ability to withstand wear and tear and corrosion.
S
TABILITY:
the ability to resist changing in size and shape. Such changes
can be caused by different temperatures and amounts of moisture.
PLASTICITY: the ability to change shape permanently without breaking.
DUCTILITY: the ability to change shape easily.
CONDUCTIVITY: the ability to let heat pass through.
(b) Physical
Materials also have distinctive physical differences. These can be modified or changed in order to meet certain aims. The main physical properties are:
COLOUR: this can be natural or artificial.
ODOUR: some materials give out a smell.
OPTICAL: this is the extent to which you can see through something.
THERMAL: the reaction to heat varies between materials.
Exercises
I. Give the Ukrainian equivalents: 1-7 (Part 1), 8- (Part 2).
1. |
Properties |
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2. |
engineering materials |
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3. |
failure of structures |
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4. |
sufficient quantities |
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5. |
alloys |
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6. |
corrosion |
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7. |
designer |
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8. |
strength |
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9. |
elasticity |
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10. |
hardness |
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11. |
toughness |
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12. |
brittleness |
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13. |
durability |
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14. |
stability |
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15. |
plasticity |
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16. |
ductility |
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17. |
conductivity |
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18. |
odour |
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