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МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ, МОЛОДІ ТА СПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ

Черкаський політехнічний технікум

Навчальні тексти

з іноземної мови за професійним спрямуванням

для студентів спеціальності:

5.05050302 “Технологія обробки матеріалів на верстатах і автоматичних лініях”

(3 курс)

Розробив: викладач іноземної мови А.М.Діденко

Розглянуто і схвалено цикловою

комісією філологічних дисциплін

Протокол № ____ від _______________ 2012 р.

Голова комісії ______________ А.О.Гаврилець

2012

Text 1

SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES

The existence of different kinds of solids, such as wood and iron, and of different kinds of liquids, such as oil and water, has been recognized by men from the very earliest times; but that similar differences exist amongst invisible gases has only been ascertained within a comparatively recent period. A solid body has a definite form, and tends to keep it; a liquid body must be kept in a vessel and adapts itself to the shape of that vessel, but so as to keep its upper surface hor­izontal, it tends, moreover, to flow from a higher to a lower level. A gas, or a gaseous body, cannot be kept in an open vessel, but must be kept in a vessel closed in on all sides; it always fills the vessel completely. Liquids and gases are both called fluids.

Most people describe water as a colourless liquid. They know that in very cold conditions it becomes a solid called ice, and heated on a fire becomes a vapour called steam. But water, they say, is a liquid. Now we know that water consists of molecules composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, which we describe by the formula H2O. This is equally true of the solid called ice and the gas called steam. Chemically there is no difference between the gas, the liquid, and the solid, all made up of molecules with the formula H2O.

And this is true of other chemical substances; most of them can exist as gases or as liquids or as solids. We may normally think of iron as a solid, but if we heat it, it will melt and become a liquid, and at very high temperatures it will become a gas. We normally think of air as a mixture of gases, but at very low temperatures it becomes a liquid and at lower temperatures still it becomes a white solid. Most substances are only familiar to us in one state, because the temperatures required to turn them into gases are very high, or the temperatures necessary to turn them into solids are very low. Water is the exception in this respect. The differ­ence between these three forms of water lies in the arrange­ment of the H2O molecules or their position with respect to each other.

Words and word combinations

to ascertaineпідтвердити

to tendнамагатися

a vessel – ємкість

H2O['eit∫ 'tu: 'ou]

at lower temperatures stillпри ще більш низьких температурах

the arrange­mentрозташування

with respect to each otherвідносно одна одної

Exercises

I. Write out the scientific terms from the text and give their Ukrainian equivalents.

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II. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Predicates.

1. He has translated the article.

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2. He had translated the article before you spoke to me.

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3. The explorers have conducted a large-scale study of the North Pole.

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4. The explorers had conducted a large-scale study of the Arctic by the end of the autumn.

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5. Electronic equipment – radars, lasers and masers represent the latest developments of research equipment.

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6. The scientists had not studied this problem before first plasma was produced.

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7. He improved his device a week ago.

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8. The scientists usually conduct the chemical experiments at the new laboratory.

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