Seminar 4. Change of Meaning.

The discrimination (conflict) of synonyms – when a perfect synonym of a native word is borrowed from some other language, one of them may specialize in its meaning.

Linguistic analogy or attraction of meaning – as soon as one member of a synonymic set acquires a new meaning, others are to follow it.

Linguistic ellipsis – when one of the two or more words is omitted its meaning is transferred onto the part.

Metaphor – a hidden comparison, a strong analogy or likeness between the objects; if this likeness is evident, then this metaphor is accepted in the lexical system.

Metonymy – an association between two things with the result of the transferring the meaning of one thing to the other.

Hyperbole – transference of meaning when the speaker uses exaggeration.

Litotes – transference of meaning when the speaker expresses the affirmative with the negative or vise versa.

Seminar 5. Lexical Paradigmatics.

System – a unity in which various elements are regularly linked with each other and enter certain types of relations.

Lexical paradygmatics – a systematic analysis of the interconnected units of the vocabulary of a language.

Syntagmatic relations – those which the word enters when it is used in combination with other words in the flow of speech (linear relationships with neighboring words in connected speech).

Paradigmatic relations – those where the word is studied in its relationships with other words in the vocabulary system (synonymy, antonymy, functional styles).

Context– the minimal stretch of speech determining each individual meaning of a word.

Morphological groupings: 1) derivational groupings – groups which are built on a morphological principle that means derivational groupings are due to the peculiarities in the morphological structure of words.

2) word–family – groups where words are grouped on morphological principle around a root.

3) form-words and notional words – form-words express primary grammatical relationships between words (auxiliary words, prepositions, conjunctions, relative adverbs); notional words name the object of reality and lexical meaning in them is predominant.

4)LGG – a class of words which have a common lexico-grammatical meaning, a common paradigm, the same substituting elements and a characteristic set of affixes.

Semantic groupings: 1) thematic groups – based on concurrence of words in so rapidly used context.

2) Semantic groups (conceptual field) – based on a common context or semantic element, underline their meaning.

3) Lexico – semantic groups – words describing different sides of one and the same general notion.

4) Hyponymic groups –words which are grouped according to the hierarchal relationships of the general and the particular relations of inclusion.

5) Synonymic and antonyms – based ob similarity and contrast which form the basis of the classification into synonyms and antonyms.

Synonymic sets – sets of words, united on the basis of the semantic similarity to the semantic dominant, which is semantically the most elementary stylistically unmarked, having brought combinability, a broad general meaning, member of the semantic set, which have high frequency of usage and lack of connotations, it is a kind of the centre of the group of synonyms holding all together.

Euphemisms – (originally) words or phrases used in place of religious words which should not be spoken aloud.

Absolute antonyms – made up of words or of different roots, expressing polar notions.

Derivational antonyms – those having different affixes, but same roots, expressing contrary notions.

Contextual antonyms – those which are polar in a certain context.

Phraseological antonyms – polar phraseological units.