Questions:

1. What are international words?

2. What has greatly accelerated the rate of growth of international wordstock?

3. Why should teachers pay attention to words of the common Indo-European wordstock?

4. What Russian words were borrowed into English?

Appendix A

Lexicological analysis of the text

Possible lexical phenomena which can be found in the text:

1.Motivation.Which type of motivation are used (phonetic, morphological, semantic)

2.Homonyms. Which type of homonyms is used, why? (perfect homonyms, homographs, homophones, homoforms; lexical or grammatical.)

3.Synonyms. Does the word belong to any synonymic set? What is the synonymic dominant?

4.Antonyms. Does the word have any antonyms? What types of antonyms do you know?

5.Euphemisms. Is there any in the text? To which sphere does it belong?

6.Polysemy. Is the word polysemantic? What other meanings do you know? What is the central meaning?

7.Morphological groupings. To which morphological group does the word belong?(number and type of morphemes, which compose the word). On which principle is it based?

8.Change of meaning (metaphor, metonymy,litotes,hyperbole? extension, restriction, degradation, elevation). Which component undergoes the change?

9.Phraseologicalunits:

• Phraseological fusion

• Phraseological units

• Phraseological combination

• Interjectional phraseological units

• Communicative phraseological units

10.Define the type of the word building.

Productive ways of word building:

• Affixation (what types of affixes are used, are they borrowed or native? Their meanings.Allomorphs.Hybrids)

• Conversion (Types of relations between the members of converting pairs). Types of conversion.

• Composition (type of joining stems together, types of relations-coordinative, subordinative, coordinative; semantic center). Classification according to the degree of motivation: motivated, non-motivated.

• Shortening (clipping, abbreviation: a)lexical abbreviation b) graphical abbreviation)

• Type of the compound: a)Compound proper b) Compound derivative c) Compound with a shortened element)

Minor types of word building.

• Sound interchange

• Sound imitation and sound symbolism

• Reduplication

• Blends

• Back-formation

• Lexicalization of grammatical inflections

11.Etymology.

• Origin: source 1.oral 2. written

• Degree of assimilation

• Translation loans

• Semantic loans.

• Etymological doublets (1. Graphical indication of borrowings 2.Affixes indicating the origin of the word)

• Neologisms

Example analysis:

"Hist!" cried Holmes, and I heard the sharp click of a cocking pistol. "Look out! It's coming!"

There was a thin, crisp, continuous patter from somewhere in the heart of that crawling bank. The cloud was within fifty yards of where we lay, and we glared at it, all three, uncertain what horror was about to break from the heart of it. I was at Holmes's elbow, and I glanced for an instant at his face. It was pale and exultant, his eyes shining brightly in the moonlight. But suddenly they stared forward in a rigid, fixed stare, and his lips parted in amazement. At the same instant Lestrade gave a yell of terror and threw himself face downward upon the ground. I sprang to my feet, my inert hand grasping my pistol, my mind paralyzed by the dreadful shape which had sprung out upon us from the shadows of the fog. A hound it was, an enormous coal-black hound, but not such a hound as mortal eyes have ever seen. Fire burst from its open mouth, its eyes glowed with a smouldering glare, its muzzle and hackles and dewlap were outlined in flickering flame. Never in the delirious dream of a disordered brain could anything more savage, more appalling, more hellish be conceived than that dark form and savage face which broke upon us out of the wall of fog.

With long bounds the huge black creature was leaping down the track, following hard upon the footsteps of our friend. So paralyzed were we by the apparition that we allowed him to pass before we had recovered our nerve. Then Holmes and I both fired together, and the creature gave a hideous howl, which showed that one at least had hit him. He did not pause, however, but bounded onward. Far away on the path we saw Sir Henry looking back, his face white in the moonlight, his hands raised in horror, glaring helplessly at the frightful thing which was hunting him down.

hist = interjection imitating a sound

click = sound imitation, motivated phonetically

crisp – sound imitation, symbolism.

glance – glare – stare = gradation in connotation

heart – motivated semantically – has a figurative meaning

exultant = Latin borrowings

moonlight – compound noun made of two stems – fully motivated semantically

lips parted – metaphor

gave a yell – nominalization, denote an isolated act of a concrete process

paralyzed – allomorph of the Greek suffix –ize

shape = metonymy

coal-black = compound adjective, epithet

disordered = disorder = dis+order - derivational antonym of “order”

hellish = hell + adj-forming suffix “ish”

face, eyes = synecdoche

wall of fog = metaphor

fire burst = hyperbole

creature = periphrase

footstep = compound noun proper formed from stems of words existing in l-ge

recovered = re+cover =repeating action, morphologically partially motivated

fired = homonym proper to

howl = sound imitation

saw = homonym proper to “a saw” – пила

Appendix B