Table of Contents

Seminar 1.

Table of Contents 1

Lexicology as a Science. The Object of Lexicology 4

The main lexicological units. Their similarity and distinctive functions 4

Questions: 7

Types of Lexicology. Approaches to Language Study 7

Questions: 12

The Aims and Tasks of the Course of Modern English Lexicology 13

Questions 14

Links of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics 14

Questions: 17

Semasiology 18

Meaning as a Linguistic Notion. Approaches to Meaning Study 18

Questions: 22

The Semantic Triangle. The Interrelation of Meaning with Sound-form, Referent and Concept. 22

Questions: 29

Types of Meaning 29

Questions: 32

Semantic Structure of Words. Componential Analysis 32

Questions: 36

Aspects of Lexical Meaning 36

Questions: 38

Word-Meaning and Motivation 38

Questions: 43

Tasks 43

Polysemy and Homonymy 45

Diachronic and Synchronic Approaches to Polysemy 45

Questions: 47

Polysemy and Context. Types of Context 47

Questions: 50

Two Processes of the Semantic Development of a Word 50

Questions: 51

Homonymy 51

Sources of Homonyms 51

Questions: 53

Classification of Homonyms 53

Questions: 57

Polysemy and Homonymy: Etymological and Semantic Criteria 57

Questions: 58

Tasks: 58

Change of Meaning 60

Causes of Semantic Change 60

Questions 64

Nature of Semantic Change. Metaphor, Metonymy and Other Minor Types 64

Questions: 74

Results of Semantic Change 75

Questions: 76

Historical Changeability of Semantic Structure 76

Questions: 77

Tasks: 77

Lexical Paradigmatics 78

English Vocabulary as a System 78

Questions: 79

Types of Semantic Relations of Words 80

Questions: 80

Different Groupings of Words 81

Morphological Groupings 81

Questions: 84

Semantic Groupings 84

Questions: 88

Antonyms 88

Questions: 90

Tasks: 90

Syntagmatic Relations of Words 92

Lexical and Grammatical Valency 92

Questions: 94

Types of Word-Groups 94

Questions: 97

Phraseology 97

Criteria of phraseological units 97

Questions: 100

Classification of Phraseological Units 100

Questions: 104

The Ways of Forming Phraseological Units 104

Questions: 106

Proverbs and Sayings 106

Questions: 108

Tasks: 108

Morphological Structure of English Words and Word-Formation 110

Morphemes, Their Definition. Allomorphs 110

Questions: 110

Classification of Morphemes 110

Questions: 112

Morphemic and Derivational Analyses 112

Questions: 117

Productive Ways of Word-Building 117

Affixation. Synonymity, homonymity and polysemy of affixes 117

Questions: 126

Conversion. Approaches to Conversion. Synchronic and Diachronic Treatment of Conversion. Types of Relations between Converted Pairs 126

Questions: 132

Compounding 132

Questions: 141

Shortening and Other Minor Types 142

Questions: 145

Non-Productive Ways of Word-Building 145

Questions: 147

Historical Changeability of Word-Structure 147

Questions: 148

Etymology 149

Words of Native Origin 149

Questions: 150

Borrowings 150

Causes and Ways of Borrowing. Criteria of Borrowings 150

Questions: 152

Assimilation of Borrowings 152

Questions: 156

Influence of Borrowings 157

Questions: 159

Etymological Doublets 159

Questions: 160

International Words 160

Questions: 161

Lexicological analysis of the text 162

Example analysis: 163

Mind-map of lexicology terms 165

Definitions 167

Seminar 1. Lexicology as a science. The object of lexicology. 167

Seminar 2. Semasiology. 168

Seminar 3. Polysemy and Homonymy. 168

Seminar 4. Change of Meaning. 169

Seminar 6. Syntagmatic relations o words. 170

Examination Questions 172

Seminar 1