- •Table of Contents
- •Lexicology as a Science. The Object of Lexicology The main lexicological units. Their similarity and distinctive functions
- •Questions:
- •Types of Lexicology. Approaches to Language Study
- •Questions:
- •The Aims and Tasks of the Course of Modern English Lexicology
- •Questions
- •Links of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics
- •Questions:
- •Semasiology Meaning as a Linguistic Notion. Approaches to Meaning Study
- •Questions:
- •The Semantic Triangle. The Interrelation of Meaning with Sound-form, Referent and Concept.
- •Questions:
- •Types of Meaning
- •Questions:
- •Semantic Structure of Words. Componential Analysis
- •Questions:
- •Aspects of Lexical Meaning
- •Questions:
- •Word-Meaning and Motivation
- •Questions:
- •Polysemy and Homonymy Diachronic and Synchronic Approaches to Polysemy
- •Questions:
- •Polysemy and Context. Types of Context
- •Questions:
- •Two Processes of the Semantic Development of a Word
- •Questions:
- •Homonymy Sources of Homonyms
- •Questions:
- •Classification of Homonyms
- •Questions:
- •Polysemy and Homonymy: Etymological and Semantic Criteria
- •Questions:
- •Change of Meaning Causes of Semantic Change
- •Questions
- •Nature of Semantic Change. Metaphor, Metonymy and Other Minor Types
- •Questions:
- •Results of Semantic Change
- •Questions:
- •Historical Changeability of Semantic Structure
- •Questions:
- •Lexical Paradigmatics English Vocabulary as a System
- •Questions:
- •Types of Semantic Relations of Words
- •Questions:
- •Different Groupings of Words Morphological Groupings
- •Questions:
- •Semantic Groupings Synonyms
- •Questions:
- •Antonyms
- •Questions:
- •Syntagmatic Relations of Words Lexical and Grammatical Valency
- •Questions:
- •Types of Word-Groups
- •Questions:
- •Phraseology Criteria of phraseological units
- •Questions:
- •Classification of Phraseological Units
- •Questions:
- •The Ways of Forming Phraseological Units
- •Questions:
- •Proverbs and Sayings
- •Questions:
- •Morphological Structure of English Words and Word-Formation Morphemes, Their Definition. Allomorphs
- •Questions:
- •Classification of Morphemes
- •Questions:
- •Morphemic and Derivational Analyses
- •Questions:
- •Productive Ways of Word-Building Affixation. Synonymity, homonymity and polysemy of affixes
- •Questions:
- •Conversion. Approaches to Conversion. Synchronic and Diachronic Treatment of Conversion. Types of Relations between Converted Pairs
- •I. Verbs converted from nouns (denominal verbs).
- •II. Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal substantives).
- •Questions:
- •Compounding
- •Questions:
- •Shortening and Other Minor Types
- •Questions:
- •Questions:
- •Historical Changeability of Word-Structure
- •Questions:
- •Etymology Words of Native Origin
- •Questions:
- •Borrowings Causes and Ways of Borrowing. Criteria of Borrowings
- •Questions:
- •Assimilation of Borrowings
- •Questions:
- •Influence of Borrowings
- •Influence on semantics
- •Influence on lexical territorial divergence
- •Questions:
- •Etymological Doublets
- •Questions:
- •International Words
- •Questions:
- •Lexicological analysis of the text
- •11.Etymology.
- •Example analysis:
- •Mind-map of lexicology terms
- •Definitions Seminar 1. Lexicology as a science. The object of lexicology.
- •Seminar 2. Semasiology.
- •Seminar 3. Polysemy and Homonymy.
- •Seminar 4. Change of Meaning.
- •Seminar 6. Syntagmatic relations o words.
- •Examination Questions
Questions:
What are etymological doublets?
Give examples of etymological doublets.
International Words
I.V. Arnold, The English Word, §13.4. International Words, [pp. 260-261]
As the process of borrowing is mostly connected with the appearance of new notions which the loan words serve to express, it is natural that the borrowing is seldom limited to one language. Words of identical origin that occur in several languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from one ultimate source are called international words.
Expanding global contacts result in the considerable growth of international vocabulary. All languages depend for their changes upon the cultural and social matrix in which they operate and various contacts between nations are part of this matrix reflected in vocabulary.
International words play an especially prominent part in various terminological systems including the vocabulary of science, industry and art. The etymological sources of this vocabulary reflect the history of world culture. Thus, for example, the mankind's cultural debt to Italy is reflected in the great number of Italian words connected with architecture, painting and especially music that are borrowed into most European languages: allegro, andante, aria, arioso, barcarole, baritone (and other names for voices), concert, duet, opera (and other names for pieces of music), piano and many many more.
The rate of change in technology, political, social and artistic life has been greatly accelerated in the 20th century and so has the rate of growth of international wordstock. A few examples of comparatively new words due to the progress of science will suffice to illustrate the importance of international vocabulary:algorythm, antenna, antibiotic, automation, bionics, cybernetics, entropy, gene, genetic code, graph, microelectronics, microminiaturization, quant, quasars, pulsars, ribosome, etc. All these show sufficient likeness in English, French, Russian and several other languages.
The international wordstock is also growing due to the influx of exotic borrowed words like anaconda, bungalow, kraal, orang-outang, sari, etc. These come from many different sources.
International words should not be mixed with words of the common Indo-European stock that also comprise a sort of common fund of the European languages.
This layer is of great importance for the foreign language teacher not only because many words denoting abstract notions are international but also because he must know the most efficient ways of showing the points of similarity and difference between such words as control : : контроль; general : : генерал, industry : : индустрия or magazine : : магазин, etc. usually called 'translator's false friends'.
The treatment of international words at English lessons would be one-sided if the teacher did not draw his pupils' attention to the spread of the English vocabulary into other languages. We find numerous English words in the field of sport: football, out, match, tennis, time. A large number of English words are to be found in the vocabulary pertaining to clothes: jersey, pullover, sweater, nylon, tweed, etc. Cinema and different forms of entertainment are also a source of many international words of English origin: film, club, cocktail, jazz.
At least some of the Russian words borrowed into English and many other languages and thus international should also be mentioned: balalaika, bolshevik, cosmonaut, czar, intelligentsia, Kremlin, mammoth, rouble, sambo, soviet, sputnik, steppe, vodka.