- •Phonetics. It’s nature and use
- •2. Phonetics and other branches of linguistics
- •3. The theory of the phoneme in its historical development
- •4. The theory of the phoneme in foreign phonological schools
- •5. The dialectical-materialistic conception of the phoneme
- •6. Phonetics and phonology
- •7. Speech sounds and Phonemes
- •8. The phoneme alternations
- •9. Methods of phonological analysis
- •10. The distinctive and constitutive functions of segmental phonemes
- •11. Classification of Eng. Vowels
- •12. Phonological analysis of English vowels
- •13. The articulatory aspect of Eng. Vowels
- •14. Classification of Eng. Cons-s
- •15. Phonological analysis of English consonants.
- •16. The articulatory aspect of Eng. Cons-s
- •17. Assimilation
- •18. Reduction in English.
- •19. A syllable as a phonetic unit.
- •20. The principle theories of syllable formation
- •21. The syllable construction in English
- •22. Word stress in English
- •23. Place of word stress, degrees and types of word stress
- •24. Sentence-stress in English.
- •25. Three principal functions of sentence stress in English
- •26. Sentence stress and a sense group
- •27. Logic and emphatic stress in English
- •28. Intonation in English
- •29. Widened and narrowed ranges of int. Level tone
- •30. Speech melody
- •31. Two basic functions of speech melody
- •32. Tempo and timbre of speech in English
- •33. Rhythm of speech
- •34. Means of emphasis in English
- •35. Stylistic use of intonation
- •36. The main ways of notation (запись, усл. Знаки) of intonation patterns
- •37. British Received Pronunciation
- •38. American pronunciation standard
- •39. Regional variants of received pronunciation in England
- •40. Local dialects of English in g. B.
40. Local dialects of English in g. B.
Dialects are linguistic varieties which differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar from each other and from Standard English (which is itself a dialect).
The combination of differences in pronunciation and use of local words may make some English dialects almost unintelligible from one region to another.
England.
English dialect includes English-English accents which may be grouped like this:
1) Southern accents (Creater London, Cocney, Norfolk, Suffolk, Kent, Avon etc.) There are the special peculiarities of each of them. For ex. Cockney- originally the dialect of the working class of East End London.
- initial h is dropped, so house becomes /aus/ (or even /a:s/).
- /th/ and /dh/ become /f/ and /v/ respectively: think, brother.
- diphthongs change, sometimes dramatically: time > /toim/, brave > /braiv/, etc.
Besides the accent, it includes a large number of slang words
2) Nothern and Midland accents (Yorkshire, West Midland, North-West accents etc.)
For ex., the Yorkshire dialect is known for its sing-song quality, a little like Swedish, and retains its r's.
- initial h is dropped - hope /ope/
- still use “thou” (pronounced /tha/) and thee.
- aught and naught (pronounced /aut/ and /naut/) are used for anything and nothing.
Wales.
It has been strongly influenced by the Welsh language, although it is also influenced today by standard English, due to the large number of English people vacationing and retiring there.
Scotland.
Scotland actually has more variation in dialects than England. They have some common features:
- final /ai/ > /i/, e.g. dee (die), lee (lie)
- /ou/ > /e/, e.g. ake (oak), bate (boat),
- /au/ > /u/, e.g. about, house,
- /o/ > /a:/, e.g. saut (salt), law,
- /ou/ > /a:/, e.g. auld (old), cauld (cold), snaw (snow)
- /æ/ > /a/, e.g. man, lad, sat...
Ireland
Irish English is strongly influenced by Irish Gaelic:
- r after vowels is retained – word
- /th/ and /dh/ > /t/ and /d/
- Use of be or do in place of usually: Ex, I do write... (I usually write)