15. Phonological analysis of English consonants.

The phonological analysis of English consonant sounds helps to distinguish 24 phonemes: [p, b, t, d, k, g, f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ∫, ж, h, t∫, dж, m, n, ŋ, w, r, 1, j]. Consonants are known to have voice & noise combined. In case of consonants various obstructions are made. So consonants are characterized by close articulation, that is by a complete, partial or intermittent blockage of the air-passage by an organ or organs. As a result consonants are sounds which have noise as their indispensable and most defining characteristic.

On the articulatory level the cons-s change:

1. in the degree of noise

2. in the manner of articulation

3. in the place of articulation

1. DEGREE OF NOISE

- noise cons-s – in its production there is a noise component characteristic. Noise cons-s sounds vary:

1. in the work of the vocal cords (voiced – b,d,g,v,6,z;ж,дж; voiceless – p,t,k,f,0,s,ш,ч)

2. in the degree of force of articulation (strong (or fortis) – p,t,k,f,0,s,ш,ч,h; weak (or lenis) – b,d,g,v,6,z,ж,дж)

- sonorants are made with tone prevailing over noise because of a rather wide air passage – m,n,n,,w,l,r,ж

2. THE MANNER OF ARTICULATION

1. Occlusive - are sounds in the production which the air stream meets a complete obstruction in mouth (they are also called plosives). According to the work of the vocal cords stops may be voiced and voiceless. Occlusive voiced: b, d, g. Occlusive voiceless: the English [p, t, k]. Occlusive sonorants: [m, n, n,].

2. Constrictive - the air stream meets an incomplete obstruction in the resonator, so the air passage is constricted (сжато). Constrictive noise are called friсatives - f, v, 0, 6, s, z, ш, ж, h. Constrictive sonorants - w, r, l, j

3. Occlusive-constrictive (affricates) are noise consonant sounds produced with a complete obstruction which is slowly released and the air escapes from the mouth with some friction. There are only two occlusive-constrictives in English: [ч, дж]

4. Rolled are sounds pronounced with periodical momentary obstructions when the tip of the tongue taps quickly several times against the teeth ridge and vibrates in the air stream. They are the Russian [p, p'].

3. THE PLACE OF ARTICULATION

1. Labial - are made by the lips. They may be bilabial (when both lips are active - p, b, m, w) and labio-dental are articulated with the lower lip against the edge of the upper teeth - f, v

2. Lingual - are classified into forelingual, mediolingual (j) and backlingual (k,g,n,)

According to the place of obstruction forelingual consonants may be: Interdental (g,d), Dental (т,т’, д, д’ с,с', з,з', ц, л,л'], Alveolar (t,d,s,z,n,l), Post-alveolar (r), Palato-alveolar (ч,дж,ш,з).

3. Glottal - h

16. The articulatory aspect of Eng. Cons-s

Cons-s are made with air stream that meets an obstruction in the mouth or nasal cavities. That’s why in the production of cons-t sounds there is a certain degree of noise.

On the articulatory level the cons-s change:

1. in the degree of noise

2. in the manner of articulation

3. in the place of articulation

1. DEGREE OF NOISE

- noise cons-s – in its production there is a noise component characteristic. Noise cons-s sounds vary:

1. in the work of the vocal cords (voiced – b,d,g,v,6,z;ж,дж; voiceless – p,t,k,f,0,s,ш,ч)

2. in the degree of force of articulation (strong (or fortis) – p,t,k,f,0,s,ш,ч,h; weak (or lenis) – b,d,g,v,6,z,ж,дж)

- sonorants are made with tone prevailing over noise because of a rather wide air passage – m,n,n,,w,l,r,ж

2. THE MANNER OF ARTICULATION

1. Occlusive - are sounds in the production which the air stream meets a complete obstruction in mouth (they are also called plosives). According to the work of the vocal cords stops may be voiced and voiceless. Occlusive voiced: b, d, g. Occlusive voiceless: the English [p, t, k]. Occlusive sonorants: [m, n, n,].

2. Constrictive - the air stream meets an incomplete obstruction in the resonator, so the air passage is constricted (сжато). Constrictive noise are called friсatives - f, v, 0, 6, s, z, ш, ж, h. Constrictive sonorants - w, r, l, j

3. Occlusive-constrictive (affricates) are noise consonant sounds produced with a complete obstruction which is slowly released and the air escapes from the mouth with some friction. There are only two occlusive-constrictives in English: [ч, дж]

4. Rolled are sounds pronounced with periodical momentary obstructions when the tip of the tongue taps quickly several times against the teeth ridge and vibrates in the air stream. They are the Russian [p, p'].

3. THE PLACE OF ARTICULATION

1. Labial - are made by the lips. They may be bilabial (when both lips are active - p, b, m, w) and labio-dental are articulated with the lower lip against the edge of the upper teeth - f, v

2. Lingual - are classified into forelingual, mediolingual (j) and backlingual (k,g,n,)

According to the place of obstruction forelingual consonants may be: Interdental (g,d), Dental (т,т’, д, д’ с,с', з,з', ц, л,л'], Alveolar (t,d,s,z,n,l), Post-alveolar (r), Palato-alveolar (ч,дж,ш,з).

3. Glottal - h