- •Міністерство освіти інауки, молоді та спорту україни
- •Програма
- •Затверджено на засіданні методичної ради
- •Пояснювальна записка
- •Перелік теоретичних питань, що виносяться на комплексний державний екзамен
- •Основні положення теорії мови, що виносяться на комплексний державний екзамен
- •General american / network english as the american english pronunciation standard
- •Contemporary sociolinguistic situation in the usa
- •General American phonological and phonetic description
- •Segmental differences at the phonological level
- •Systemic (differences in phonemic inventory)
- •Structural specification
- •Segmental differences at the phonetic level (realizational differences)
- •1 Pronunciation as a way of materializing of oral form of language
- •2. Phonic structure of language and its components
- •4. Units of language vs. Speech
- •4. . Ways of description of the phonic substance of language.
- •Pronunciation norm of english and its dictionary presentation
- •1. The definition of pronunciation norm and its characteristics.
- •2. Specialist dictionaries of English pronunciation.
- •Phonological and phonetic features of rp
- •Rp / bbc English as the British national standard of pronunciation
- •1.2. Phonological and phonetic dimensions of rp / bbc English
- •Word stress Outline
- •1. The nature of English word stress
- •2. Types of English word stress
- •3. Word Stress Tendencies
- •4. English word stress functions
- •5. Word accentual patterns.
- •9. Grammar in the system of language. Analytical and synthetical forms. Lingual levels. Units of language.
- •10. Parts of speech ( definition of the part of speech, classification of parts of speech, рrinciples of their classification, notional and functional parts of speech).
- •11. Noun (general characteristics (categorical meaning, formal markers, syntactic functions), the categories of number, case, gender).
- •12. Verb: (general characteristics (categorical meaning, formal markers, syntactic functions), the categories of tense, aspect, voice, mood.
- •13. Phrase. General characterisrics. Types of phrases.
- •14. Sentence. General characteristics, classification of sentences. Parts of sentence.
- •15. English Etymology (native words, borrowed words).
- •- The Scandinavian Element in the English vocabulary. The linguistic result the Viking raids on Britain which began in ad 787 and continued at intervals for some 200 years was threefold:
- •16. General characteristics of English Vocabulary (borrowed words, etymological doublets, hybrids; international words; neologisms; shortening; lexical and graphic abbreviations; acronyms).
- •17. Word-building. Affixation: prefixes, their classification; suffixes, their classification; productive and unproductive affixes.
- •18. English Phraseology.
- •19. Variants and dialects of the English Language: American / British variant of the English language and the lexical peculiarities.
- •20. The word and its meaning (denotative and connotative meanings of the word; components of the connotative meanings of the word).
- •21. Expressive means of semasiology (language units of secondary nomination; metaphor; metonymy; irony).
- •22. Syntactic stylistic means (classification of syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices; the word order; inversion; syntactic repetition).
- •Список літератури для підготовки до теоретичного питання Історія англійської мови
- •Теоретична граматика
- •Лексикологія
- •Стилістика
- •Теоретична фонетика
- •Критерії оцінювання відповіді студента з теоретичного питання
14. Sentence. General characteristics, classification of sentences. Parts of sentence.
- The sentence is the central object of study in syntax. It can be defined as the immediate integral unit of speech built up by words according to a definite syntactic pattern and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose. The correlation of the word and the sentence shows some important differences and similarities between these two main level-forming lingual units. Both of them are nominative units, but the word just names objects and phenomena of reality. It is a purely nominative component of the word-stock, while the sentence is at the same time a nominative and predicative lingual unit: it names dynamic situations, and at the same time reflects the connection between the nominal denotation of the event and objective reality, showing the time of the event. A sentence can consist of only one word, as any lingual unit of the upper level can consist of only one unit of the lower level: Why? Thanks. But a word, making up a sentence, is turned into an utterance-unit expressing various connections between the situation described and actual reality. Another difference between the word and the sentence is as follows: the word exists in the system of language as a ready-made unit, which is reproduced in speech; the sentence is produced in speech, except for a limited number of idiomatic utterances. Being a unit of speech, the sentence is distinguished by a relevant intonation: each sentence possesses certain intonation contours, including pauses, pitch movements and stresses, which separate one sentence from another in the flow of speech
- The center of predication in the sentence is the finite form of the verb, the predicate: it is through the finite verb’s categorial forms of tense, mood, and voice that the main predicative meanings are expressed.
- The primary classification of sentences is based on the communicative principle, traditionally defined as “the purpose of communication”. According to the purpose of communication, sentences are subdivided into declarative, interrogative and imperative. Declarative sentences are traditionally defined as those expressing statements, either affirmative or negative: He (didn’t) shut the window. Imperative sentences express inducements of various kinds (orders or requests); they may also be either affirmative or negative: (Don’t) Shut the window, please. Interrogative sentences express questions, or requests for information: Did he shut the window?
- On the basis of various communicative intentions of the speaker, J. R. Searle and J.Austin produced a detailed classification of so-called pragmatic utterance types. The two basic utterance types are defined as performatives and constatives (representatives): performatives are treated as utterances by which the speaker explicitly performs a certain act: I pronounce you husband and wife; and constatives (representatives) as utterances by which the speaker states something, e.g.: I am a teacher.
- Traditionally, the simple sentence has been studied primarily from the point of view of its grammatical, or nominative division. The content of the situation reflected by the sentence, which includes 1) a certain process as its dynamic center, 2) the agent of the process, 3) the objects of the process, 4) various conditions of the process form the basis for traditional syntactic division of the sentence into its nominative parts, or members of the sentence.
The syntactic functions or the members of the sentence are traditionally divided into principal (main) and secondary. The principal parts of the sentence are the subject and the predicate, which modify each other: the subject is the “person” modifier of the predicate, and the predicate is the “process” modifier of the subject. They are interdependent. The secondary parts are: the object – a substance modifier of the predicate; the attribute – a quality modifier of substantive parts, either the subject or the object; the adverbial modifier – a quality modifier of the predicate; the apposition – a substance modifier of the subject; the parenthesis (parenthetical enclosure) - a detached speaker-bound modifier either of one of the nominative parts of the sentence or of the sentence in general; the address (addressing enclosure) – a modifier of the destination of the whole sentence; the interjection (interjectional enclosure) – an emotional modifier.
Лексикологія англійської мови