- •Міністерство освіти інауки, молоді та спорту україни
- •Програма
- •Затверджено на засіданні методичної ради
- •Пояснювальна записка
- •Перелік теоретичних питань, що виносяться на комплексний державний екзамен
- •Основні положення теорії мови, що виносяться на комплексний державний екзамен
- •General american / network english as the american english pronunciation standard
- •Contemporary sociolinguistic situation in the usa
- •General American phonological and phonetic description
- •Segmental differences at the phonological level
- •Systemic (differences in phonemic inventory)
- •Structural specification
- •Segmental differences at the phonetic level (realizational differences)
- •1 Pronunciation as a way of materializing of oral form of language
- •2. Phonic structure of language and its components
- •4. Units of language vs. Speech
- •4. . Ways of description of the phonic substance of language.
- •Pronunciation norm of english and its dictionary presentation
- •1. The definition of pronunciation norm and its characteristics.
- •2. Specialist dictionaries of English pronunciation.
- •Phonological and phonetic features of rp
- •Rp / bbc English as the British national standard of pronunciation
- •1.2. Phonological and phonetic dimensions of rp / bbc English
- •Word stress Outline
- •1. The nature of English word stress
- •2. Types of English word stress
- •3. Word Stress Tendencies
- •4. English word stress functions
- •5. Word accentual patterns.
- •9. Grammar in the system of language. Analytical and synthetical forms. Lingual levels. Units of language.
- •10. Parts of speech ( definition of the part of speech, classification of parts of speech, рrinciples of their classification, notional and functional parts of speech).
- •11. Noun (general characteristics (categorical meaning, formal markers, syntactic functions), the categories of number, case, gender).
- •12. Verb: (general characteristics (categorical meaning, formal markers, syntactic functions), the categories of tense, aspect, voice, mood.
- •13. Phrase. General characterisrics. Types of phrases.
- •14. Sentence. General characteristics, classification of sentences. Parts of sentence.
- •15. English Etymology (native words, borrowed words).
- •- The Scandinavian Element in the English vocabulary. The linguistic result the Viking raids on Britain which began in ad 787 and continued at intervals for some 200 years was threefold:
- •16. General characteristics of English Vocabulary (borrowed words, etymological doublets, hybrids; international words; neologisms; shortening; lexical and graphic abbreviations; acronyms).
- •17. Word-building. Affixation: prefixes, their classification; suffixes, their classification; productive and unproductive affixes.
- •18. English Phraseology.
- •19. Variants and dialects of the English Language: American / British variant of the English language and the lexical peculiarities.
- •20. The word and its meaning (denotative and connotative meanings of the word; components of the connotative meanings of the word).
- •21. Expressive means of semasiology (language units of secondary nomination; metaphor; metonymy; irony).
- •22. Syntactic stylistic means (classification of syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices; the word order; inversion; syntactic repetition).
- •Список літератури для підготовки до теоретичного питання Історія англійської мови
- •Теоретична граматика
- •Лексикологія
- •Стилістика
- •Теоретична фонетика
- •Критерії оцінювання відповіді студента з теоретичного питання
1.2. Phonological and phonetic dimensions of rp / bbc English
Now we will outline segmental parameters of RP/BBC English.
As for its PHONEME INVENTORY, this accent has 20 vowels and 24 consonants. The system of vowels embrace 12 pure vowels or monophthongs: i:, , e, , , :, , :, , u:, :, , and 8 diphthongs: e, a, , , a, , , .
According to the PHONOTACTIC SPECIFICATION of /r/ occurrence, RP is a non-rhotic or r-less accent, i.e. /r/ does not occur after a vowel or at the end of the words.
PHONEME LEXICAL DISTRIBUTION. The recent and current changes in RP embrace the decline of weak [], glottalling, l-vocalization, intrusive /r/ and yod-coalescence.
Decline of weak []. The vowel [] is becoming less frequent in weak syllables. Traditional RP [] is yielding ground:
on the one hand to [i], in final and pre-vocalic positions: happy [hpi], coffee [kfi], and prevocalically in various [vris];
on the other hand, in preconsonantal positions, to []. This trend is found particularly in the endings -less, -ness, -ily, -ity and adjectival -ate, and to some extent also in -ed, -es, -et, -ace: quality [kwlt], deliberate [delbrt], angrily [grl].
Glottalling is the switch from an alveolar to a glottal articulation of /t/, whereby [t] is pronounced as [] in a range of syllable-final environments. This is by now very firmly established in casual RP before obstruents (football [fb:l], it’s quite good [s kwa gd]) and is increasingly heard before other consonants (atmosphere [msf]).
L vocalization is the development whereby the dark allophone of /l/ loses its alveolar lateral nature and becomes a vowel of the [o] or [U] type. L vocalization is accordingly restricted to the preconsonantal and word-final environments. Examples are: milk [mok], middle [mdo].
Intrusive R is very prevalent in RP. It involves the insertion of an r-sound at the end of a word ending in a non-high vowel (usually one of , , :, :] where the next word begins with a vowel, as in put a comma [r] in, the idea[r] of it, I saw[r] it happen.
There is a strong tendency towards coalescence of yod with a preceding alveolar plosive, so that:
t+j= t, d+j=d (the process of affricatization);
s+j=, z+j= (the process of assibilation).
The words actual, mutual, education, educate, gradual, during, virtue, statue, issue, hosier, etc have common alternative forms with affricates or sibilants, the latter gaining ground as the dominant form.
Word stress Outline
The nature of English word stress.
Types of English word stress.
Word stress tendencies.
Word stress functions.
Word stress patterns.
1. The nature of English word stress
Word stress (WS) can be defined as the singling out of one or more syllables in a word, which is accompanied by the change of the force of utterance, pitch of the voice, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the sound which is usually a vowel [Леонтьева 1988:179].
The analysis of WS can be carried out according to the following parameters:
the nature of English word-stress;
its degree and syllabic location;
its functions;
basic stress patterns of the English words.
Stress can be studied from the point of view of production and of perception [Roach 1995:85]. While producing stressed syllables, speakers use more muscular energy than they do for unstressed syllables. From the perceptual point of view, stressed syllables are recognized as stressed because they are more prominent than unstressed syllables. Phoneticians claim that at least four different factors are important in making a syllable prominent: loudness, length of the syllables, pitch, quality.
English lexical stress is traditionally defined as dynamic implying the greater force (muscular energy) with which the syllable is pronounced. However, recent investigations of lexical stress in English show the existence of a hierarchy of acoustic cues to the stressed status of a syllable in English: the perceptually most influential cue is (higher) pitch, the second most important cue in the hierarchy is (longer) duration, the third is (greater) intensity and the last is segmental (sound) quality [Laver 1995:513].