3. Predicative

* The effect of her words was terrifying.

Compare with Gerund: The main thing is getting there in time.

4. Part of the Complex Object

* I saw his wife talking to you on the stairs.

5. Parenthesis

* Frankly speaking .....

* Judging by appearance .....

FUNCTIONS OF PARTICIPLE II IN THE SENTENCE

1. Attribute (only of transitive verbs)

* locked door

* broken cup

* a newspaper published in Moscow

2. Adverbial Modifier (in this function Participle II is usually introduced by the conjunctions)

of Time (when, while)

* When questioned, Anny answered about her brother.

* When shown the letter she understood everything.

of Condition (unless, if)

* He never spoke unless spoken to.

* The crime if discovered might cost you a death sentence.

of Comparison, Manner (as if, as though)

* Mr. Kite shook his head as if lost in admiration.

* I did as requested.

of Concession (though)

* Her spirit, though crushed, was not broken.

NOTE : in adverbial function Participle II is mostly used in literary or formal style.

3. Predicative

* I was impressed.

* You look exhausted.

4 . Part of Complex Object

* I have found her changed.

Russian equivalents of Participles Used as Attributes

читающий

который читает reading

читавший

который читал ( тогда ) reading

прочитавший

который прочитал раньше who + attributive clause

который будет читать

применяющиеся

применяемые ( обычно ) used

применявшиеся

которые применялись ( раньше ) used

примененные

которые были применены ( тогда ) used

применяемые

которые применяются ( в момент речи ) being used

But : которые будут применяться - to be used

Russian equivalents of Participles Used as Adverbial Modifiers

читая

когда читаю ( when , while ) reading

когда читал

прочитав

когда прочитал having read

потому что прочитал

увидев

когда увидел seeing

GERUND AND PARTICIPLE I

Gerund Participle I

1 . can be used as the subject, object, ---------

part of a compound aspect predicate

* Seeing is believing.

* I like singing.

* He kept smiling.

2 . can be used as an attribute can be used as an attribute

but is preceeded by a preposition

* the idea of walking * a walking boy

3 . can be used as an adverbial modifier can be used as an adverbial

modifier

but always follow a preposition may follow when, while

* After writing * Having written

* On singing * ( While ) singing

4 . can follow a possessive pronoun or

a noun in the possessive case -------------

* his reading, boy`s singing

5. If the Gerund is part of the Compound 5. If the Participle is used as a definite

Noun, then a person or a thing expressed person expressed by a Noun, then

By this Noun doesn`t show the action this person carries out the action

expressed by the «ing» form : expressed by the «ing» form:

* A dancing hall (= a hall for dancing) * A dancing girl (= a girl who

dances)

But still there are cases when both variations are suitable and that`s why it is clear only to the speaker what is meant: the Gerund or the Participle.

* A sewing machine ( a machine for sewing and a machine that sews)

Note: The participle clause is immediately followed by the Subject of the sentence, and is separated from it by a comma. The Gerundial clause is itself the subject of the sentence, and is immediately followed by a verb.

Compare:

* Looking hard at the prisoner, he recognized his uncle.

* Looking at pictures in art-galleries was very interesting.

Note: While translating Russian sentences into English with «не + деепричастие», we translate «without doing smth». It is usually an Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances or Condition. In these cases one should ask a question «In what way? How?»

* He left without saying a word. (Att. circumstances)

* He couldn`t do it without asking for permission. (Condition)

We translate «not doing smth» if it is the Adverbial Modifier of Cause «Why? Because of what?».

* Not knowing her address he couldn`t find her.