Polysemy - diversity of meanings, the existence within one word of several connected meanings as the result of the development and changes of its original meaning.
Prefix - an affix that is attached to the front of its base.
Productive affixes - affixes which take part in deriving new words in this particular period of language development.
Productivity- 1) the ability of being used to form (after specific patterns) new, occasional or potential words which are readily understood by the speakers of a language 2) regular use in speech as the element’s principal form of existence
Proverb – a short well-known expression that states popular wisdom , a general truth or a moral lesson in a concise and imaginative way
Reduplication – type of word- building when words are made by doubling a stem, either without any phonetic changes e.g. bye-bye or with a variation of the root-vowel or consonant e.g. ping-pong (gradational reduplication)
Referent - the set of entities to which a word or expression refers.
Remnant suffix
Reversion- type of word-building when a verb is produced from a noun by subtraction (to burgle from burglar)
Root – the morpheme that remainds after all affixes are removed.
Root word - in a complex word , the morpheme that remains after all affixes are removed
Second degree context- a contex which is used when the meaning of the word can not be correctle interpretend by a minimum contex
Secondary meaning- derived from the main meaning with some special connotations.
Semantic adaptation - adjustment to the system of meaning of the vocabulary
Semantic criterion of synonymy – definition of synonyms as words with the same denotative component but differing in connotations or in connotative components
Semantic narrowing - the process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or less inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.
Semantic structure - is a fancy term for an organization that represents meaning. For example, an English sentence is a semantic structure
Semantics - the study of the meaning of linguistic structures.
Seme – the smallest semantic component of meaning
Semi affixes- the elements occurring as independent noun such as “man”, “land”, “worthy” on the one hand and have characteristics similar to that of affixes. They stand mid-way between stems and affixes.
Semi-calque- a compound with one of the components being literally translated and the other one being calqued( matreshka doll, kievskaya cutlet)
Shortening – way of word-building including 1) making a new word from a syllable of the original word (telephone - phone) 2) making a new word from the initial letters of a word group (BBC- British Broadcasting corporation). The second type is called initial shortening
Simple lexico-grammatical partial homonyms- words which belong to the same category of parts of speech. Their paradigms have one identical form, but it never the same form. (to lay/lay – past ind. of to lie)
Synchrony - a conventional isolation of a certain stage in the development of language as the object of linguistic investigation
Slang - language of a high colloquial style, considered as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting either of new words or of current words employed in some special sense.
Sound imitation – type of word-building made by imitating different kinds of sounds that may be prodused by animals, birds, insects, human beings and inanimate objects.
Specialization=narrowing of meaning
Stages of assimilation- there are three stages such as fully assimilation, partially assimilation and unassimilation.
Standard English - refers to whatever form of the English language is accepted as a national norm in an Anglophone country.
Stem – the base to which an inflectional affix is added
Stylistic synonyms – conveying the same concept but differing in stylistics characteristics