5.5.4. Explain the uses of participles in

...how man is stepping up the pressure on the natural world;

...what most other cities of the developing Far East would like to be;

.. .since it was founded as a colony by the British;

...a pretty good symbol of the impact made on this corner of the Far East by capitalism;

...an economic system evolved in the West;

...looking at the city who could deny the triumphs of...;

...whose ancient culture is now dominated by...;

...both ideologies though usually considered irreconcilable...

...these can be achieved through science and technology;

...though some in the West are finding it prudent to qualify this nowadays;

...that the Earth resources are there to be exploited and put to use;

5.5.5. Translate the following sentences into English with special attention being given to the proper use of participles:

1. Это растение встречается только в северных районах России.

2. После перерыва членам президиума были заданы вопросы.

3. Когда он возвращается из командировки?

4. Он приезжает завтра в восемь утра.

5. Поторопись, а то мы опоздаем. — Иду!

6. Они вынуждены были признать, что в этой промышленной сфере назрел кризис.

7. Она считается хорошим специалистом в области фонетики английского языка.

8. Мы все еще думаем, куда нам лучше поехать в отпуск.

9. Комиссия все еще рассматривает этот вопрос с тем, чтобы принять окончательное решение.

10. Они снимают документальный фильм о народах Крайнего Севера.

11. Меня всегда ужасно возмущает, когда я вижу, что так обращаются с детьми.

12. Она объявила о своем намерении покинуть этот пост.

13. Толпа расступилась, пропуская машину скорой помощи.

14. Полиция обещает большое вознаграждение за любую информацию.

15. Собрание должно было состояться в среду, но нам пришлось его отложить.

16. Многие считают, что это лучшая роль в фильме.

17. — Как у Вас дела? Как дети?

— Все прекрасно, дети учатся хорошо.

18. Я обещал навестить его и узнать, не лучше ли ему.

19. Я ищу секретаря — вы его не видели?

20. Оглядываясь на XX век, люди задаются вопросом, что в нем было хорошего и что плохого.

5.5.6. Make up questions (both general and special ones) on the basis of the declarative sentences in 5.5.2., 5.5.3., 5.5.5. (see 1.4.5.)

5.5.7. Present each of the declarative and interrogative sentences from 5.5.2., 5.5.3., 5.5.5. in the form of reported speech (see 1.4.7.)

5.5.8. Make up short contexts of your own on the basis of the sentences from each section of 5.5.2., 5.5.3., 5.5.5. (a context per section — see 1.4.8.)

APPENDIX 1

PHILOLOGICAL SUBJECTS

(based on the recent publications by M. V. Davydov — see Preface, pp. 5 and 6)

————— ASSIGNMENT I —————

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the definition of "The Glide Down"?

2. What are the main functions of "The Glide Down"?

3. What is the definition of "The Interrupted Glide Down"?

4. When is "The Interrupted Glide Down" used in English speech?

5. What is the definition of "The High Jump"?

6. What can you say about the functional differences of "The Glide Down" and "The High Jump"?

7. In what way does "The Glide Up" differ from its Russian counterpart?

8. Give the definition of "The High Dive".

9. Is the sentence "She's quite pretty" with a high dive on the word "pretty" a compliment (as the words seem to suggest)?

10. What is the difference between the sentences "She doesn't speak to anybody" pronounced with "The Glide Down", "The High Jump" and "The High Dive"?

———— ASSIGNMENT II ——————

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Каким бы трудным ни казался процесс передачи знания на английском языке, это является непременным условием (насущной необходимостью) для любого настоящего филолога.

2. Филолог в подлинном (собственном) смысле этого слова не может обходиться без постоянного внимательного чтения произведений классической литературы, и только таким образом (методом исключения устаревших слов) он может придти к тем коллокациям английского языка, которые следует рекомендовать образованному филологу-иностранцу для расширения собственного словарного запаса.

3. Для обычного читателя знание языка, приобретаемое в процессе чтения художественной литературы, является, по сути дела, подсознательным.

4. В высшей степени квалифицированные преподаватели английского языка в последнее время приходят к мнению о том, что колло-кационный аспект английского языка получает должное внимание со стороны исследователей лишь с приходом новых технических методов анализа.

5. Мы ни в коей мере не хотим умалить значение ручной обработки текстов, но необходимо отдать должное тем научным методам, которые находятся сейчас в центре внимания лингвистов.

6. Без исчерпывающего пословного анализа многочисленных контекстов невозможно достаточно убедительно показать как значения слов меняются с течением времени.

7. Реальные результаты настоящего исследования разительно отличаются от тех, которые мы имели до получения в свое распоряжение необходимого (приемлемого) метаязыка.

8. Понимание современной научно-фантастической литературы выходит за пределы (рамки) настоящего учебника, поскольку это не та разновидность английского языка, к которой мы стремимся.

9. Существуют, однако, такие случаи, когда метаязыковой уровень не может быть понят читателем, если его фоновые знания не имеют специфического (но традиционного для данной страны) характера.

10. Проблема, которую мы пытаемся решить, логически подводит нас к соотношению лингвистики и литературной критики; однако тот факт, что в последнее время стало обычным разделять языкознание и литературоведение, к сожалению, не помогает решению нашей проблемы.

11. Как уже было сказано выше, основной проблемой при овладении языком является не знание его грамматики, а усвоение огромного количества коллокаций и их функциональных особенностей.

12. Использование этого выражения выглядит крайне сомнительно с точки зрения современного словоупотребления. Этот факт очевиден даже, если мы сузим наш справочный материал и ограничимся новейшими словарями.

13. Мы исходим из того, что этим ученым были сделаны весьма компетентные наблюдения в отношении выбора и употребления слов в регистре научной речи.

14. Нам хотелось бы повторить, что мы хотим с самого начала убедиться, что этот же метод может быть применен к нашему исследованию.

15. Некоторые произведения классической литературы несомненно трудны для современного читателя, но они включены в учебный план и не может быть и речи о том, чтобы предпочесть их другим «современным» писателям.

114

16. Интересующий нас случай встречается несколько раз на с

цах этого романа; это связано с тем, что автор поднимает в ев""" книге очень важный вопрос: «Всегда ли хорошо быть впереди своего времени (опережать свою эпоху)?»

17. Приходится принять на веру, что эта тема во всей полноте будет рассмотрена в специальной публикации, которая, несомненно, вызовет большой интерес у читателя.

18. Вряд ли такого рода книга могла быть написана человеком, который связан по рукам и ногам условностями и ограничениями своего времени.

19. Весь настрой данной книги показывает, что просодия занимает особое место в системе языковых средств, автор не пытается скрыть от читателя те сложности, с которыми ему пришлось столкнуться.

20. До сравнительно недавнего времени было обычной практикой рассматривать употребление идиом как показатель знания иностранного языка. Однако на самом деле употребление чрезмерно идиоматических форм для носителя языка является скорее исключением, чем правилом.

————— ASSIGNMENT III ——————

Spelling-training exercises Write the following expressions:

1. Ключ к сюжету.

2. Отступление от общего правила.

3. Процветающая дисциплина.

4. Самые смелые планы.

5. Полилексемное образование.

6. Явное преобладание.

7. Приобретать знания.

8. Аффектированная речь.

9. Эффективные методы.

10. Малапропизм.

11. Вопрос прозрачности стекла.

12. Очевидная банальность.

13. Основательная (авторитетная) база для произношения

14. Оценивать ценность вещи.

15. Патентованная гарантия.

16. Обезличенные цитаты.

17. Лингвистический опыт.

18. Противостоять искушению.

19. Беспрерывные изменения.

20. Синонимическая конденсация.

115

——————— ASSIGNMENT IV —————

The Course of Supra-Syntactic Phonology

1. Speak about the metalanguage of English prosody.

2. Transcribe tonetically the following verses in accordance with the accepted metalanguage:

It was a lover and his lass,

With a hey, and a ho, and hey nonino, That o'er the green corn-field did pass

In the spring time, the only pretty ring time, When birds do sing, hey ding a ding, ding Sweet lovers love the spring.

* * *

Fear no more the heat of the sun Nor the furious Winter's rages: Thou thy wordly task hast done, Home art gone, and ta'en thy wages, Golden lads and girls all must, As chimney-sweepers, come to dust.

3. What is the difference between the logical and the emphatic stresses?

4. Speak about the isochrony of intonational contours.

5. What is the difference between the isochrony of intonational contours and the symmetry of intonational contours?

6. How can the expression "Balanced Variety" be understood from the point of view of rhythm?

7. What role is played by pauses in isochronous sequences of utterances?

8. Formulate the rules of isochronous sequences of utterances in the scientific register.

9. How can you define the concepts of "enantiosemy", "irony", and "hypocrisy"?

10. Which of the existing definitions of irony do you find more acceptable and why?

11. Speak about the connection between figures of speech and irony.

12. What are the correlations between prosody and irony?

13. Why is the description of emotions with the help of contours only is wrong?

14. What are the main layers of stratifying a text of verbal art?

15. What kinds of prosodic polyphony do you know? Give examples.

116

16. Is any author's irony good for intensifying or outlining outer images?

17. Is the maximum of expressiveness always good for reading any philological text?

18. What do you know about "Timbre II minus"?

19. What is the approximate ratio of inner and outer images in a work of verbal art?

20. What do you know about prosodic images as a weapon in scientific polemics?

APPENDIX 2 MODELS OF TEXTS: A COLLECTION

Text 1

The Russian world is the world that Russian men and women have created and lived in through centuries of history.

What is 'the Russian spirit' that runs through the history of Russia, recognized, if not always understood, by the non-Russian? To answer this question, let us first look more closely at the geographical position Russia takes between Europe and Asia, which is still considered to be the cause of its numerous problems. The country's geography has helped to shape both: its specific place in history and the psychology of the Russian character. Both were largely affected by the Russian climate — long rainy autumns, severe winters, which still remain fierce and cold despite the global warming. The knowledge, unconsciously assimilated since childhood, that one had to be strong to endure the difficulties and hardships whatever they are, encouraged people's belief in God and the Tsar, which developed and deepened throughout the history.

The Christian religion has moulded the institutions, the architecture, the literature, the customs and traditions of the Russian nation. The long centuries during which religion and power were inseparable meant that there could be a continuity of tradition in the Russian art and the Russian mentality, which distinguished them from the rest of the world.

Text 2

The Russian world is the world that Russian men and women have created and lived in through centuries of history. The achievements and failures of those centuries have moulded the institutions, the art, the religion, the economy, the country and the people of the "mysterious nation".

What were those achievements and failures? What was the character of the culture and the people that it belonged to?

To answer these questions, let us look more closely at the Russian language, which still retains its original beauty despite the catastrophes and revolutions of the past. The Russian language has helped to shape both — the history of the Russian culture and the psychology of the Russian character. The knowledge unconsciously assimilated since childhood that our mother — tongue is unique invariably encouraged a sense of pride, as a symbol of national identity. The long centuries during which the language was untouched by the outside influences meant that there could be a con-

П8

tinuity of linguistic tradition, impossible in different conditions. Russians have always been conscious of the language they speak, and, from classical masterpieces to works of modern literature, have sought at every level, to preserve and prevent their speech from corrosion and decay.

Text 3

I suppose space must be one of the most wonderful things in the world. It has always fired man's imagination and has always been a source of inspiration for scientists, magicians and writers.

The 4-th of October 1957, the day when the first artificial satellite in history was launched, is a pretty good symbol of the impact made by mankind on every corner of the Universe. Looking at the present spate of space exploration, who could deny the triumphs of the human intellect? Since the 12-th of April 1961, space was to become part of the Universe whose remote beauty until then seemed impossible to dominate.

Both manned and unmanned space flights, though usually considered irreconcilable, have some things very much in common. The first US satellite was launched on January 31 1958, only a few months after the Russian Sputnik. Both nations have participated in a space race during the decades that followed with more than 5000 successful launches of satellites and space probes of all varieties. Both believe in unlimited space expansion, that man's future is in the outer space, that the proper goals of mankind can be achieved through science and technology, and, though some people are finding it prudent to qualify this nowadays, that the Universe resources are there to be exploited and put to use, that big is beautiful, that progress is the same thing as growth.

Text 4

Last year I went to Кижи. There are few places where you can feel more clearly the mysterious spirit of our history. Кижи is what by all means can be regarded as an eighth world wonder. A potent vision of what man can create from plain wood has been amazingly seductive all over the world. For people from other countries Кижи has been a magnet since foreign tourists were permitted to visit this place. The temples of Кижи have been famously successful in surviving and preserving themselves for posterity. They can be regarded as the most fortunate in Russia. During the last 90 years about half its historical heritage has been demolished, half the churches in this country — and there used to be over 300 thousands of them — have been destroyed. Кижи has a difficult past (especially taking into account the numerous fires that occurred there) but its present problems arise from our own carelessness. Why don't we see that if we don't find enough money for restoration works Кижи shall sooner rather than later face a reckoning?

119

Whatever the case, I've certainly reached the conclusion that there are no easy answers — political or any other — to the problem of preserving our historical monuments, even if it is hard to believe sometimes that such a problem exists. We are still tempted to believe that they will manage to survive without our help.

It has been extraordinary to witness the surge of interest that there has been in Russia for other cultures over the last couple of years: the Egyptian pyramids, the Italian cathedrals, the Tower of London, the maze of Crete — these rather well-known and spectacular sights have attracted a great number of Russian tourists. But why don't we see that such places as Кижи also deserve our attention?

This is the cunning question that concerns me deeply for a number of years. I am, to say the least, no art critic. There are plenty of others who seem to know a great deal more about Кижи than I do. But I would like to raise a few questions. I've gradually come to believe that we cannot solve the problems of restoration, simply by talking about them. Our attitude towards this matter seems to unleash a whole new generation of problems. What interests me is the debate going on beneath the actual issues. It's the debates about values, about what we mean by things like history, culture and national identity.

Text 5

Our modern world is the world that many generations of people have created and lived in through centuries of history. It has its own laws and traditions and all its aspects are not separate, they are interconnected. For example, it is extraordinary to witness how social position helps to shape both — people's character and their behavior, which can go through a dramatic change as soon as a person gets to another rung of the social ladder. How does the social position affect the person's world view?

To answer this question let us first take an example from literature — Julia Lambert and Michael Gosselyn from Theatre' by Maugham. Julia was brought up in a family of a veterinary surgeon, which didn't belong to the highest social circles of the society. To tell Michael the truth about her social origin "Julia had to take her courage in both hands." "For an instant Michael's face stiffened, but he recovered himself immediately and laughed." Born and bred a gentleman in the purely social sense of the term, he may well have felt it unseemly to marry a vet's daughter. And Julia was perfectly aware of the fact.

Later, however, the knowledge (unconsciously assimilated during the long years of her theatrical career) that she was a first-class actress of her time, encouraged a sense of self-confidence, that very often slid into one of superiority.

120

Text 6

I wonder whether we shall ever know the real answer to the question what the Russian soul actually is. Fate and man between them seem, almost deliberately, to have conspired to keep the secret of the " mysterious Russian soul" at a distance from other peoples of the world. This idea runs through the history of Russia, recognized, if not always understood, by foreigners. The Russian world is the world that Russian men and women have created and lived in through centuries of history. The achievements and failures of those centuries have moulded the traditions, the art, the religion, the education and the people of Russia. What were those achievements and failures? What is the character of the country and the people that had experienced them? What is the "Russian spirit", which makes this country so attractive and mysterious for foreigners?

To answer these questions let us first look more closely at the geographical position of this enormous country which doesn't really belong either to the West or to the East. Both systems of living, though usually considered irreconcilable, have influenced the moulding of the Russian nation. Russia's geography has helped to shape both the history of its people and the psychology of the Russian character. The knowledge — unconsciously assimilated since ancient times — that Russia separated the East from the West encouraged a sense of curiosity and a specific attitude towards everything new and unusual. The long centuries during which Russia fought with numerous invaders, both from the East and from the West, as well as the mediate character of its geography, meant that the influence of their culture was particularly strong and that there was a unique mixture of the two different world views and ways of life impossible in any other country. Some Russian characteristics, upon which both natives and visitors have tended to agree, have to do with national psychology: patience, forbearance, philosophical disposition, the primacy of reflection over activity and so on. Others, equally marked, have to do with this country's social and historical experience, and are more easily illustrated than described. Here we have the famous Russian hospitality, love of games and festivities of all kinds and, though some people are finding it prudent to qualify this nowadays, a preoccupation with our history and traditions.

Text 7

I suppose this must be one of the most cunning questions of all times — people and government as the two extremes, which men and women of different nationalities have tried to solve through centuries of history.

Then I suspect that the dramatic events, which have taken place recently in this country, are a pretty good symbol of the ever-lasting conflict,

121

which these two powers are constantly engaged in. Financial crisis, violence and murder, widespread corruption, the general collapse of law and order — these rather fateful phrases have gradually become part of our daily lives.

I wonder why we are still tempted to believe that people in power know better, that the situation is very much under control, and, though some people are finding it prudent to qualify this nowadays, that we still have enough reasons why to vote for this or that candidate, whose life seems to be an endless dedication to duty and public service. Looking at their fierce battles on the TV screens, which of us could deny the hardships and difficulties of our politicians' lives? This, however, is not much consolation for ordinary people, when in the last few years the inflation has reached an unprecedented level.

Whatever the case, I've gradually reached the conclusion that there are no easy answers — social or psychological — to the crisis of trust and understanding between people and government as the two opposites, which sometimes are considered irreconcilable, as if they had nothing in common and didn't have the same troubles and hopes to live in a country, which one day must be really rich, prosperous and self-reliant.

Text 8

I suppose this must be one of the most famous notions in the world — democracy and the ways to achieve it, which concerns people deeply for very many centuries. Whatever the case, numerous attempts to form 'the government of the people, by the people, and for the people', as Abraham Lincoln has put it, are a pretty good symbol of the impact made on our mind by this form of society, the idea of which has already evolved in Ancient Greece. Social equality, freedom of thought, speech and religion, the assertion of the rule of law — these rather impressive phrases have gradually become part of our daily lives. By using them all the time and insistently repeating them in mass-media in different contexts and situations, politicians make people believe that "there is none of us so mean and base" who could deny the triumphs of democracy in this country.

I am, to say the least, no political expert. There are plenty of others, who seem to know a great deal more about the subject than I do, but I think to talk about democracy is one thing, but to actually get up and 'do' it is another matter altogether.

Only a few years ago we lived in a country, whose ancient culture was dominated by communism — another system of society, which proclaimed democratic principles and forms of existence. Both ideologies, though nowadays very often considered irreconcilable, have some things very much in common. Both proclaimed an unlimited freedom of expression, that whatever criticisms we have to make and whatever points of view we may

122

share, they should necessarily be voiced and discussed openly and wholeheartedly, and, though most of us have always found it prudent to qualify our opinions not only at that time, but nowadays as well, that freedom is our final aim, that democracy has nothing to do with dictatorship.

But recently our attitude has gone through a dramatic change. We've come to value strength of spirit and personality in our leaders. It's high time we should stop accusing each other of attacking democracy, of removing our Prime Ministers, dismissing our Parliament and dissolving our governments, because the only chance for us to win, let alone survive, is to roll up our sleeves and work together for the triumph of democratic principles and speaking prowess, so that words would presuppose immediate deeds, and freedom of expression would come together with the general feeling of responsibility.

Text 9

As soon as we finished school and grew older, we knew it was time we should learn 'to row our boats' and move them in the right direction. It didn't matter whether they moved up or down the stream: if you failed to do so, your future would be uncertain. The great test of that was the summer of 1999 when we entered the University. And some of us had a feeling (since our life seemed to be full of problems, troubles and dangers) that it was a little bit too much of a good thing, and that there was more to life than just books and examinations. When we found we were students, our attitude has gone through a dramatic change. We felt we couldn't just relax and let nature take its course: we had to develop a sense of responsibility. Our parents always taught us that 'succeeding' is 'doing', that prosperity should come out of perseverance, not inactivity.

Text 10

Only a few years ago the English articulation basis would have been dismissed by most students as of no interest or importance. And certainly of no linguistic value: we didn't concentrate on pronunciation, we paid more attention to grammar — no one would think of the activity of the glottis, let alone, tension in it. But recently our attitude has gone through a dramatic change. We've come to value every sound in our speech precisely because otherwise we will not be understood in the course of communication. The English articulation basis has become infinitely precious to us because it is the indispensable foundation of our knowledge. We have suddenly become aware of just what a ridiculous impression we have made on our listeners speaking English with a heavy foreign accent. In the last few months, by our active and constant efforts, our pronunciation has improved greatly.

123

Text 11

I suppose it is here, in the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, that we can feel how great our culture really is and see more clearly its place and purpose in the world. There may be other opinions on the subject, but I think that the cathedral has become the embodiment of the Russian national idea and the symbol of Moscow. In the last few years I've certainly reached the conclusion that Russia cannot live without Orthodoxy.

I am, to say the least, no religious expert. But I do very much admire all those people who retained in their hearts the memory of the Cathedral as it used to be before it was destroyed in the thirties. At that time the very idea of restoring the cathedral would have been dismissed by most people as of no interest or importance. But in the last decade or so people's attitude has gone through a dramatic change and as a result this year Russia has at long last restored the beautiful cathedral. There is hardly any other place in this country where you can see more clearly how man has been striving for the homeland of our Heavenly Father.

This country may have a difficult political and economic future, but the restoration of the Cathedral seems to demonstrate that Russia is prepared to overcome its difficulties. The Cathedral is what most people coming to Moscow would like to visit. For people in the European countries it has been a magnet ever since it was built in the XlX-th century. The people who live in Russia would count themselves among the most fortunate in the world, because Russia was famously successful in paving its way towards a new society based on faith and the typically Russian world view.

Text 12

The show-business world is the world that enterprising men and women have created and lived in through years and decades of the XX- th century. The achievements and failures of its development have largely affected the lifestyle and the people all over the world. What were those achievements and failures? What is the character of show business and the people who belong to it? What is its particular spirit that runs through the course of its history, recognized, if not always understood, by ordinary people?

To answer these questions let us first look more closely at the world of theatre that still retains much of its magic charm, despite the major advances of television. The long centuries during which theatre developed as a form of art have helped to shape both: the genres and the peculiarities of stage-performance. The knowledge — unconsciously assimilated since childhood — that one can produce the words and perform the actions of any character in a theatre performance inspired many people to become

И4

actors, for this profession often encourages a sense of uniqueness, of belonging to 'the selected few' — which, however slight, could easily slide into one of superiority.

People have always been conscious of the world of theatre, and from ancient tragedies to the present-day performances have sought at every level to understand and improve the reality that surrounds them with the help of the stage.

Text 13

I suppose this must be one of the most famous questions of history — the Norse and the Anti-Norse theory worked out by Lomonosov. The formation of the Russian state seemed to be a pretty good symbol of the impact made on this country by Scandinavians — the people that had already established their own state system. According to this point of view, who could deny the validity of the Norse theory? In actual fact, however, the Scandinavians were to become part of a country whose ancient culture was created by Slavs — another people with its origins in the East. Both theories, though usually considered irreconcilable, have some things very much in common. Both insist on unlimited cultural expansion, that one civilization should affect the other, and that this should be achieved through close contacts and regular communication, and, though some historians are finding it prudent to qualify this nowadays, that the questions of history are there to be considered from different points of view, that history is unpredictable, that being proficient in this branch of historical knowledge is the same thing as profiting by its mistakes.

Text 14

As soon as I saw Michail Baryshnikov on the TV-screen, I knew he had that incredible individuality and approach to the Art of dancing, which you either have or don't have. It doesn't matter how bright and exact your technique is if you don't have it: you will be boring to look at. The great test of that, I remembered, was in the Bolshoy production of "The Sleeping Beauty" several years ago, when Baryshnikov had already left this country. And the director had the idea (since there were no ballet stars to join the performance) to find some young dancers who were happy to dance in the Bolshoy and jumped for joy at every opportunity that offered. The performance was lasting 3 or 4 hours, but it didn't impress the audience. The dancers were trying very hard. But everybody's eyes were on the decorations, the ceiling or the exit door, not on the action, whereas Baryshnikov always impressed his audience, even when they were watching television. I always thought that a great actor has to be, not do, that doing should come out of being.

125

Text 15

The idea of "the unnecessary man" is the one that Russian society has created and developed still further through the XlX-th century. The achievements and failures of those years have moulded the behaviour, the habits, the way of thinking and the character of the so-called "unnecessary people". What were those achievements and failures? What was the society and the people who made it? What is that special spirit which runs through the Russian literature, recognized, if not always understood by a modern person?

To answer these questions, let us first look more closely at the figure of "the unnecessary man" in the Russian literature — a lonely person who still retains much of his social importance despite his being rejected by the world. The Russian society has helped to shape both: the reason for his appearance on the Russian scene and his future life. The knowledge unconsciously assimilated since childhood that life was largely predetermined, encouraged a sense of indifference, which could easily slide into one of disappointment.

The long years during which this idea was tackled up in the literature meant that there could be a continuity of literary tradition. Russian writers have always been conscious of the social and psychological character of their contemporaries, highlighting the distinctive features of "the unnecessary man", and, from "Eugene Onegin" to Oblomov in Goncharov's novel, have sought at every level to bring out, explain and emphasize their historical significance.

CONTENTS

Preface.................................................................................................... 3

Unit 1. Video-material: 'Stage-Presence' 7

1.1. Listening Comprehension.................................................... 7

1.2. Syllables. Stress. Rhythm. Prosody...................................... 8

1.3. The English Articulation Basis — Sounds........................... 10

1.4. Words and Word-Combinations......................................... 13

1.5. Grammar.............................................................................. 20

Unit 2. Audio-Material: 'The English World'.......................................... 24

2.1. Listening Comprehension.................................................... 24

2.2. Syllables. Stress. Rhythm. Prosody...................................... 25

2.3. The English Articulation Basis — Sounds........................... 28

2.4. Words and Word-Combinations......................................... 32

2.5. Grammar.............................................................................. 39

Unit 3. Video-material:'This is Our Planet'............................................ 42

3.1. Listening Comprehension.................................................... 42

3.2. Syllables. Stress. Rhythm. Prosody..................................... 43

3.3. The English Articulation Basis — Sounds.......................... 46

3.4. Words and Word-Combinations ........................................ 52

3.5. Grammar.............................................................................. 63

Unit 4. Audio-Material: 'The English National Character'..................... 67

4.1. Listening Comprehension.................................................... 67

4.2. Syllables. Stress. Rhythm. Prosody..................................... 68

4.3. The English Articulation Basis — Sounds.......................... 72

4.4. Words and Word-Combinations ........................................ 79

4.5. Grammar.............................................................................. 87

Unit 5. Video-Material: 'The Concept of Progress in the Modern World'... 90

5.1. Listening Comprehension.................................................... 90

5.2. Syllables. Stress. Rhythm. Prosody...................................... 91

5.3. The English Articulation Basis — Sounds........................... 94

5.4. Words and Word-Combinations......................................... 100

5.5. Grammar.............................................................................. 109

Appendix 1. Philological Subjects............................................................ 113

Appendix 2. Model texts: a collection...................................................... 118